CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 2 – literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Many different test methods have been developed in attempts to characterize the properties of
SCC. So far, no single method or combination of methods has achieved universal approval and
most of them have their adherents. Similarly, no single method has been found which
characterizes all the relevant workability aspects so each mix design should be tested by more
than one test method for the different workability parameters.

This chapter will outline some of the significant studies conducted on SCC. The first section it
will delineate a brief research on properties of fresh SCC, strength and mechanical properties of
SCC. The aims of studies are obtaining a concrete of high performance, better and more reliable,
improved durability, high strength and faster construction. While the second section will be
discussed mix design method for SCC. It is generally important to use superplasticizers in order
to obtain high mobility. Some volume of powdered materials such as silica fume, fly ash, glass
filler, stone powder, etc. is also involved. Self-compacting concrete has been successfully used.

2.2 SCC in previews world

There are many abundant waste powders that generated from by product industry and
construction industry and this waste contributed to environmental problem. So that the
researchers in many parts of the world have been executed to examine the impact of replacement
of cement with powders in SCC.

S. El-Dieb et al. (2012) used metakaolin (MK) as cement replacement material from (0 to 20%).
Three w/b ratios 0.32, 0.38 and 0.45 were adopted. The addition of MK resulted in increase in
workability and rheological properties of SCC, even without any use of VMA. A remarkable
enhancement of the order of 27% in compressive strength was observed at 14 days. A similar
trend was observed in case of tensile strength. It was reported that the compressive strength can
be predicted by regression model in terms of UPV. The use of MK reduced water absorption of
SCC below 3%. Overall 10% MK is proposed as optimum dosage as cement replacement in
SCC.
K. S. Shobana et al (2012) used silica fume (SF) in SCC with 10%, 12.5% and 15% replacement.
Slump flow, V-funnel, J-Ring, LBox, U-Box tests were conducted in order to measure the fresh
properties of SCC. UPV and compressive strength by using rebound hammer were conducted to
measure mechanical characteristics of SCC. The results revealed enhanced properties of SCC
both in wet and hardened state. Maximum 6% SF dosage is suggested. Authors in

H. Y. Wang & C. C. Lin (2013) investigated the fresh and hardened properties of SCC
experimentally by using furnace slag as partial replacement of cement. The w/b ratio was kept
constant at 0.37. The slag was used from 0% to 30% by cement weight. The effect of slag was
investigated in terms of slump flow, shrinkage and compressive strength by UPV. It was
observed that the slump flow varies with the dosage of slag and it was within the designed value
of 550 mm to 700 mm when 15% of slag was used exhibiting maximum compressive strength.
The drying shrinkage increased with an increase in slag dosage but SCC with slag had not any
sign of bleeding pores and segregation of aggregates.

M. M. Ranjbar et al (2013) carried an experimental study to understand the influence of natural

zeolite (NZ) on different properties of SCC. NZ was used from 0 to 20% with an increment of
5% with different water binding ratios. The results revealed increase in passing ability and
viscosity of SCC with the addition of NZ but loss in flow ability with hauling time. Also the
increase in NZ dosage caused decrease in slump flow. The compressive and tensile strength of
SCC with NZ were found to be dependent upon w/b ratio and the enhanced compressive strength
was achieved with slump flow more than 550 mm. The UPV values were independent of NZ
particularly at high compressive strength. Water absorption of SCC with NZ was decreased with
passage of time.

K. S. Shobana et al (2013) used cement kiln dust (CKD) as partial cement replacement to
develop high performance SCC. Cement was replaced by weight (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%)
while keeping other constitutes constant. The results showed that flow ability and mechanical
properties decrease with increasing CKD replacement. However, high strength SCC could be
produced with 20% CKD replacement while high performance SCC could be produced with
30% CKD replacement. CKD in SCC reduces the dynamic modulus of elasticity and increases
the damping capacity.
S. Barbhuiya (2011) as concluded, DP alone can be used as a filler material but not as pozolanic
material in SCC because increase amount of DP alone will decrease compressive strength in
SCC. However, combination of DP with FA at 25, 50 and 75% at constant amount of 290 kg/m3
shown value of compressive strength achieved over 30 MPa. So it could contribute to reduce
environmental pollution and part of producing sustainable product through utilizing DP in mix
proportion in SCC.

H. Thanh (2015) at early stage, RHA content decrease compressive strength at 3 days and 7 days
but increase compressive strength at 28 days according to mix design strength. This is due to
pozolanic reaction that has refine porosity effect at the early stage. Somehow, utilizing of RHA
with combination of LS have benefit in producing high strength of concrete. This will indirectly
contribute to generate economic value to rice husk demand in the future.

Mayur B. Vanjare & Shriram H. Mahure (2012) carried out an experimental study on to focus on
the possibility of using waste Glass Powder (GP). The use of the waste (GP) was proposed in
different percentage as an instead of cement for production of self-compacting concrete. The
addition of glass powder in SCC mixes reduces the self-compatibility characteristics like filling
ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. The flow value decreases by an average of
1.3%, 2.5% and 5.36% for glass powder replacements of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively.

Surabhi.C.S et al (2009) Carried out an experimental study on cement content in the SCC mix is
replaced with various percentage of limestone powder and the fresh and hardened properties
were studied. It is observed that limestone powder can be effectively used as a mineral additive
in SCC. Then conclude that result the 7 day and 28 day compressive strength increases with
increase in content of limestone powder up to 20%. The improvement in compressive strength at
28 day is about 20% for a replacement of 20% of cement with limestone powder. But further
addition of limestone powder reduces the strength. All the hardened properties like cylinder
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity improves
with the addition of limestone powder.

Suraj N. Shah. Et al carried out an experimental study on to find out the effect of addition of red
mud, which is a waste product from the aluminum industries, and foundry waste sand, which is a
waste product from foundry, on the properties of self-compacting concrete containing two
admixtures and experimentation combinations of admixtures which is taken Super plasticizer &
VMA. It can be concluded that maximum compressive strength of self-compacting concrete with
the combination of admixtures (SP+VMA) may be obtained by adding 2% foundry waste sand
which is a waste material of ferrous industry (foundry).

Summary of literature review

 The development of SCC has a flexibility and no unique mix design as long as it can
perform to real application, practical and economy during it fresh and hardened state.
 a wide variety of waste powders is used as cement replacement in SCC.
 The optimum mix proportion and dosage levels of mineral and chemical admixtures used in
the experimental investigations are reviewed.