ROCK & MINERALS

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ROCK AND A

MINERAL?

• Minerals are homogeneous,

naturally occurring, inorganic
solids. Each mineral has a
definite chemical composition
and a characteristic crystalline
structure. A mineral may be a
single element such as copper
(Cu) or gold (Au), or it may be a
compound made up of a number
of elements. About 2,500
different minerals are there.
Rocks are made up of one or more mineral s.
 ROCKS & MINERALS
• Most rocks are made • Minerals are not rocks,
from more than one rocks are made of
mineral, but there are minerals.
quite a few kinds that
are made from only one
mineral.
 ROCK CYCLE
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• Granite and
Basalt are
igneous rocks
with crystals

• Limestone, • Marble, slate,

sandstone and schist and gneiss
mudstone are are examples of
sedimentary metamorphic
• rocks. rock.
 EROSION and SETTLING

IGNEOUS MELTING
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS ROCKS

CHANGE EROSION and

SETTLING

MELTING CHANGE
Metamorphic
ROCKS
Describe the ROCK CYCLE
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Magma, Sedimentary Rock, Igneous Rock
Sediments, Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic Rock
 How are SEDIMENTARY, IGNEOUS, &
METAMORPHIC rocks formed?
• ROCK CYCLE
 Describe Igneous Rocks
Means “fire
formed.”
• Igneous rocks form
when molten rock cools
and becomes solid.

• Molten rock is called

magma when it is below
the Earth’s surface and
lava when it is above.
Describe Metamorphic Rocks
• Formed from older
"parent" rock (either
igneous or sedimentary)
under intense heat
and/or pressure at
considerable depths
beneath the earth's
surface (the word
metamorphic means to
“change form.”) NO
MELTING!!
Foliated or BANDED : Have obvious layers. Are formed by pressure in one direction.
Non foliated with no bands formed with pressure from all directions.
 Uses of Metamorphic Rocks
• Marble is used as a building material.
– The Lincoln Memorial

• Slate is used as roofing tile.

Describe Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
make up about
three-quarters of the
rocks at the Earth’s
surface They form at
the surface in
environments such as
beaches, rivers the
ocean, and anywhere
that sand, mud, and
other types of sediment
collect.
 Sedimentary Rocks are formed by
TWO PROCESSES
• Cementation –
• process in which dissolved
minerals crystallize and glue
• Compaction - sediment together.
process that presses
sediments together.

*At first, the sediment

fits together loosely.
Over long periods of
time the layers build
up.
*The layers are heavy
and press down on
each other.
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Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
preserve a record of the
environments that existed
when they formed. By
looking at sedimentary
rocks of different ages,
scientists can figure out
how climate and
environments have
changed through Earth’s
history
Describe Fossils

• Fossils of ancient living

things are preserved in
sedimentary rocks too.
• Simply put, a fossil is
the remains or evidence
of any creature that
once lived on the Earth.
How do we know Dinosaurs walked the
earth?
 FOSSILS are found in sedimentary rocks.

• How did you

decide which is the
oldest layer of rock
containing a variety
of fossils in each
layer?
 Explain how you would determine if a rock
contains calcite.

• Powdered calcite will

fizz in white vinegar.

• Or, if you use weak acid the

acid will start to fizz like
crazy!
How are rocks different from shells?
 Sea shells
• Sea shells are animals.
The hard, rigid outer covering of certain animals is
called a shell. While many animals, particularly those
that live in the sea, produce exoskeletons, usually
only those of mollusks are considered to be shells.
• The shell is usually made of nacre, an organic mixture
and its followed by an intermediate layer of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
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