001 - QR - Unit-1 (Final) - 14688956 - 2023 - 01 - 09 - 09 - 52 - 014209

Keys 4 Success : Quick Revision NLI / 1
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

INDEX
1. Living World – 5
2. Biological Classification – 10
3. Plant Kingdom – 17
4. Animal Kingdom – 26
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
LIVING WORLD
1. Ernst Mayer, has been called “The Darwin of 20th century”. Mayer
was awarded the three prized widely regarded as “Triple crown of
Biology”.
B – Balzan Prize (1983)
I – International Prize (1994)
C – Crafoord Prize (1999)
2. Growth, Reproduction, self organise, ability to sense environment,

mount a suitable response, metabolism, ability to self replicate, interact
and emergence as unique features of living organisms.
3. Multicellular and unicellular both organism grow by cell division but

only one difference arises that in unicellular organism growth and
reproduction are synonymous process.
4. Non-living organism also grows eg.– Mountains, Boulders and sand

mounds.
5. Many organism do not reproduce like mules, sterile worker bees,

Infertile human couples. Hence reproduction cann’t be all inclusive
defining character of living
6. Metalobilism : Sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in our

body.
7. Metabolism is defining feature of all living organism without exception.

[NEET-2011] [NCERT-5]
• Isolated metabolic reaction in vitro are not living things but surely
living reactions. [NEET-2011]
8. “Self conciousness” is the only character of “Human Beings” but

conciousness is the defining feature of living organism.
9. All living organism present, past and future, are linked to one another
by the sharing of the common genetic material but to varying degree.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

10. The number of species that are known and described ranges between
1.7 – 1.8 million. This refers to Biodiversity.
11. ICBN – International code for Botanical Nomenclature.
ICZN – International code of Zoological Nomenclature.
12. Each Biological name has two components – Generic name and
specific epithet. [NEET-2019] [NCERT-7]
13. This system is called Bionomial Nomenclature. Given by Carolus

Linnaeus. [NEET-2019] [NCERT-7]
14. Name of the author appears after specific epithet.

15. Biological names are generally in Latin & written in italics. Ist word
represents Genus while second component denotes species epithet.
• When handwritten, both words are separately underlined.
16. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into

convenient categories based on some easily observable character.
17. External & internal structure, along with the structure of cell,
development process & ecological information of organism are essential
& form the basis of modern taxonomics studies.
18. Taxonomy include - characterisation, Identification, classification &

Nomenclature.
19. Linnaeus used “Systema Naturae” as the title of his publication.
20. Category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called

taxonomic category & all category together constitute taxonomic
hierarchy.
21. Plant families like convolvulaceae, solanaceae are included in the order
polymoniales mainly based on floral characters.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

22. As we go higher from species to kingdom number of common

characteristics goes on decreasing.
23. Ascending : Species  Genus  Family  Order  Class  Phylum/

Division  Kingdom. [NEET-2022] [NCERT-10]
24. Housefly belongs to order diptera and class insecta, genus Musca
• Division in case of plants and phylum in case of animals.
Note - Suffix ‘ales’ is used for order and sufix ‘acae’ is used for family
in case of plants.
25. Mango  Family  Anacardiaceae
Mango  Order  Sapindales
Mango  Fruit  Drupe [Develop from monocarpellary superior ovary]
26. Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are

dried pressed & preserved on sheets.
• Herbarium general sheet size = 29 × 41.5 cm.

[NEET-2013, 2016, 2018] [NCERT-11]
Note Plant height is not considered.
27. Botanical Garden are specialised for collection of living plants

• Famous Botanical Garden are at kew (England)
• Indian Botanical Gardn, Howrah (India)
• National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)
28. Museum have collection of preserved plant & animal specimens for
study & reference. [NEET-2019] [NCERT-12]
29. Keys : Based on contrasting characters generally occurs in a pair

called couplet. Each statements in key is called a lead. Generally
analytical in nature. [NEET-2013, 2018] [NCERT-13]
30. Flora contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants
of a given area. These provide the index to plant species found in
particular area.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

31. Manuals are useful in providing information for identification of name
of species found in an area.
32. Monographs contain information on any one taxon.
33. Catalogue is a list that enumerates methodically all the species found
in an area with brief description aiding identification
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

• Which page has the maximum –
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by

Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological character.
2. Aristotle classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided
animals into two groups on the basis of presence / absence of RBCs.
3. Linnaeus gives two kingdom system of classification included Plantae
and Animalia on the basis of cell wall.
4. R.H.Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification in 1969.
• Three kingdom of classification – Haeckel (added new kingdom
protista)
• Four kingdom classification – Copeland (added monera).
Main criteria for classification 1. Cell structure
2. Body organisation
3. Mode of nutrition
4. Reproduction
5. Phylogenetic relationship
5. Unicellular Prokaryotes – Monera
Unicellular Eukaryotes – Protista [NEET-2020] [NCERT-20]
Heterotrophic Eukaryotes (Saprophytic or Parasitic) – Fungi
Autotrophic Eukaryotes – Plantae
Heterotrophic Eukaryotes (Holozoic or Saprozoic) – Animalia
6. Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monera. Bacteria are
grouped under four categories on their shape. They are most abundant
micro organisms and are cosmopolitan.
Spherical – Coccus
Rod shaped – Bacillus
Comma shaped – Vibrium
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

Spiral – Spirillum
7. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.

Fungi show extensive habitat diversity.
8. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria on the basis of different cell

wall structure and this features is responsible for survival in extreme
conditions. [NEET-2014, 2022] [NCERT-19]
9. Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cell

called heterocysts. e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.
[NEET-2012, 2010] [NCERT-19]
10. Bacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic autotrophs

and heterotrophs.
• Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature.

11. Mycoplasma : – Prokaryotes
– Completely lack cell wall
– Smallest living cells

– Can survive without oxygen

[NEET-2015, 2017] [NCERT-20]
• Mycoplasma can pass through 1 micron. [NEET-2022] [NCERT-20]
• Size of mycoplasma is 0.3 m.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

– Pathogenic to plants and animals
12. Boundaries of kingdom protista are not well defined they show
connection to three kingdom – Plantae, Animalia and Fungi.
• All protista are single celled i.e., unicellular.
13. Diatoms (Chrysophytes) cell walls form two thin overlapping shells,
which fit together as in a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica
and walls are indestructible. [NEET-2015] [NCERT-20]
14. Chrysophytes are microscopic and float passively in water currents.
15. Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans.[NEET-2018] [NCERT-20]
16. Dinoflagellates (Fire algae)
– Mostly marine and photosynthetic.
Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) undergo rapid multiplication that
they make the sea appear red (Red tides). Release toxin that may kill
other marine.
Red sea is caused by Trichodesmium erythrium
17. In Euglenoids instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer
called pellicle which makes their body flexible. Nutrition-Mixotrophic
(Photosynthetic + Heterotrophic).
18. Euglena are connecting link between plants and animals.
19. Under favourable condition slime moulds (Saprophytic protists) form
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

aggregation called plasmodium and during unfavourable condition
plasmodium differentiate and form fruiting bodies bearing spores at
thir tips. Spores posses true walls and dispersed by air current.
20. Primitive relatives of animals are protozoans. All protozoans are

heterotrophs protozoa classify into four groups on the basis of
locomotary structure.
Amoeboid : Amoeba and Entamoeba
Flagellated : Trypanosoma
Cilliated : Paramaecium [NEET-2018] [NCERT-22]
Sporozoans : Plasmodium
(Should be italicised)
21. Cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin and polysaccharides fungi are
saprophytes, parasites and symbiotics. [NEET-2016] [NCERT-22]
Chitin is homopolymer..
22. Symbionts – in association with algae as lichen and with roots of

higher plants as mycorrhiza.
23. In fungi sexual cycle involve – Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis

in zygote.
24. Dikaryophase found in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
25. Yeast are used to make bread and beer [NEET-2012] (NC-I-22)
Botanical name of yeast is saccharomyces cerevisiae.It is known

as bakers as well as brewers yeast. It is member of ascomycetes.
It is member of arcomycetes. It is the only unicellular and non-
filamentous fungi.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

26. Fungi are Filamentous with the exception of yeasts which are unicellular
[NEET-2015] (NC-I-22)
27. Fungi bodies consist of long, slender thread like structure called
hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as mycelium
[NEET-2019] (NC-I-22)
Note :- (i) Early blight of potato - Alternaria (Deuteromycetes)
(ii) Late blight potato - Phytopthara (Phycomycetes)
28. Ascomycetes are mostly multicellular eg. Penicillium or rarely

unicellular eg. yeast [NEET-2015] (NC-I-23)
29. In ascomycetes asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously

on the special mycelium called conidiophores. [NEET-2019] (NC-I-24)
30. In all three classes of fungi mycelium is septate and branched but in
phycomycetes it is aseptate and unbranched and coenocytic.
31. Edible fungi are morels and truffles, are the members of
ascomycetes. [NEET-2019] [NCERT-24]
32. Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work.

• It is known as Drosophilla of plant kingdom. Neurorpora is member

of ascomycetes.
33. Agaricus (mushroom) is an example of Basidiomycetes.

[NEET-2015] (NC-I-24)
34. Some members of deuteromycetes are saprophytes or parasites while

large no. of them are decomposer of litter and help in mineral cycling.
[NEET-2015] (NC-I-24)
• Examples of deutromycetes are Trichoderma, Alternaria and
Colleotrichum.
35. Example of Deuteromycetes are Alternaria, Trichoderma and
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

Colletotrichum. [NEET-2015] (NC-I-24)
36. Kingdom animalia lacks cell walls [NEET-2014, 2015] (NC-I-25)
37. M.W. Beijerinek (1898) demonstrated that extract of the infected plant
of tobacco cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as
contagium vivum fluidium (infectious living fluid)
[NEET-2015] (NC-I-26)
38. Viruses are obligate parasites [NEET-2015] (NC-I-26)

39. Capsomere are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms
[NEET-2012] (NC-I-26)
40. In viruses protein coat called capsid whose smaller sub unit called
capsomere [NEET-2010, 2014] (NC-I-26)
41. Viruses cause disease in plants, the symptoms can be mosaic
formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing
and stunted growth [NEET-2015] (NC-I-26)
42. In 1971 T.O. Diener discovered new infections agent called viroid
[NEET-2016] (NC-I-27)
43. Viroid lacked the protein coat [NEET-2017] (NC-I-27)
44. Viroid are smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease.
Free RNA of low molecular weight. [NEET-2015] (NC-I-27)
45. Prions consisted of abnormally folded protein [NEET-2020] (NC-I-27)
• Prions are similar in size with virus.
46. The most notable diseases caused by prions are BSE (Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and its
analogous variant Cr-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans.
[NEET-2019] (NC-I-27)
47. Lichens are symbiotic association i.e. mutually useful association b/
w algae and fungi [NEET-2012] (NC-I-27)
48. In lichen algae component is phycobiont and fungal component called
mycobiont.
Lichens are pollution indicator. [NEET-2019] (NC-I-27)
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

PLANT KINGDOM
1. Artificial Systems gave equal weightage to vegetative & sexual
characteristic, this is not acceptable since the vegetative characters
are more easily affected by environment. This system Given by
Linnaeus
2. Natural classification system for flowering plants was given by George
Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker & is based on natural affinities
among the organisms & consider not only external features but also
internal features.
3. Numerical taxonomy is based on all observable characteristics. In
this way each character is given equal importance & at the same time
hundreds of characters can be considered.
4. Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosomes
number, structure, behaviour.
5. Chemotaxonomy uses the chemical constituents of plant to resolve
confusions.
6. At present Phylogenetic classification system based on evolutionary
relationship between the various organisms are acceptable.
7. Algae
• Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic & largely
aquatic organism. They occurs in a variety of other habitats. The
form & size of algae is highly variable like colonial volvox, filamentous-
ulothrix & spirogyra.
• Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through fusion of gametes.
Gametes can be
• At least a half of total CO2 fixation on earth is carried out by algae
through photosynthesis.
Isogamous : Flagellated & similar in size e.g. Ulothrix
Non-flagellated and similar in size e.g., Spirogyra
[NEET-2013,2014] [NC-I-30]
Anisogamous e.g., Eudorina
8. In oomycetes, male gamete is smaller and motile, while female
gamete is larger and non-motile [NEET-2013][NC-I-30]
Oogamous e.g., volvox & fucus
9. Colonial alga is volvox. [NEET-2017][NC-I-30]
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

10. Most common Asexual reproduction via a spore called zoospore.
11. At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried by
alga through photosynthesis.
12. Chlorella and Spirulina are protein rich unicellular algae.
[NEET-2020][NC-I-32]
13. Many species of porphyra, Laminaria & Sargassum are among the 70
species of marine algae used as food.
14. Certain marine brown algae (Algin) & Red algae (carragen) produce
large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substance) used
commercially. Gelidium & Gracilaria are used to grow microbes & in
preparation of ice-creams & jellies. Agar also optained from Gelidium &
Gracilaria [NEET-2021, 2022] [NC-I-32]
15. Polysiphonia is an example of red algae and red algae has no motile
gametes. [NEET-2018][NC-I-32, 33]
16. Chlorophyceae are grass-green due to the dominance of pigments
chlorophyll a & b various shape of chloroplast are found.
Most of the members have one OR more storage bodies called pyrenoids
(contain proteins besides starch) located in the chloroplast.
17. Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made up of inner cellulose &
an outer layer of pectose. Number of flagella are 2-8, equal & apical.
18. Store food in Green algae are starch OR in the form of oil droplets
Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
19. Primarily in marine habitats. They show great variation in size & form
simple branched, filamentous form - Ectocarpus & profusely branched
form - kelp (may reach a height of 100 meters).
20. Dominant pigment chlorophyll a,c, carotenoids & xanthophylls. Food
stored as complex carbohydrates like mannitol & laminarin & no. of
flagella are 2, unequal & lateral. [NEET-2021][NC-I-33]
21. Plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a Hold fast, & has
a stalk, the stripe & leaf like photosynthetic organ - frond.
22. Zoospore & gametes both laterally attached & pear shaped.
Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
23. Red algae are red due to predominance of red pigment, r-phycoerythnin
majority are marine with greater concentrations found in warmer areas.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

24. Dominant pigments are chlorophyll a,d & phycoerythrin & stored food
are floridean starch (similar in structure to amylopectin and glycogen).
Cell wall are made up of cellulose, pectin & polysulphate esters.
[NEET-2020][NC-I-33]
25. They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores & sexually by non-
motile gametes. Sexual reproduction is oogamous & accompained by
complex post fertilisation development.
26. Ulothrix is an example of green algae and mannitol is the storage
product of brown algae. [NEET-2022][NC-I-33]
Bryophytes
27. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of plant kingdom because these
plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
First plant group in which Embryo is found.
28. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gamete requires
water. [NEET-2016] [NC-I-35]
29. Rhizoids are both unicellular (liverworts) & Multicellular (Mosses).
30. They lack true roots, stem OR leaves, they possess root like, leaf-like
& stem like structure. Sex organ are multicellular.
31. The main plant body are haploid, it produce gametes hence called
gametophytes.
32. Mosses along with lichen are the first organism to colonise rocks, and
hence are of great ecological importance.
33. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling
rain & prevent soil erosion.
34. Sphagnum is responsible for peat formation that has been used as
fuel and as packing material for trans shipment of living material because
of their capacity to hold water. [NEET-2014][NC-I-35]
• Sphagnum is only bryophyte to have economical importance.
• Bryophytes are of little economic importance but of great ecological
importance.
Liverworts
35. Plant body is thalloid. The thallus is dorsiventral & closely oppressed to
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

the substrate.
36. The leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the
stem-like structures.
37. Asexual reproduction : Via Fragmentation OR by formation of
specialised structures called gemmae.
38. Gemmae are green, multicellular, Asexual buds, which develops on
small receptacles called Gemma cup, located on thalli.
[NEET-2021] [NC-I-35]
39. Sporophytes is differentiated into a food, seta & capsule. Sporophytes
are totally dependent on gametophytes.
Mosses
40. Gametophytes consists of two stages
Protonema stage - Develop directly from a spore, creeping, green,

branched, frequently filamentous.
Leafy stage - Development from secondary protonema as a lateral bud.

This stage bears sex organ, upright, slender axes, bearing sprially
arranged leaves.
41. Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation & budding in the secondary

protonema.
42. After fertilisation zygote develops into sporophytes, consist of foot, seta
& capsule. The capsule contains spore. Mosses have elaborate
mechanism of spore dispersal.
• Sporophyte of mosses is more elaborated than liverworts
43. Sporophytes are partially dependent & partially independent or semi-

parasite on gametophytes.
44. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free living in
Sphagnum. [NEET-2010] [NC-I-35]
45. Archegoniophore is present in Marchantia. [NEET-2011] [NC-I-34]
Pteridophytes
46. Evolutionary, they are the first terrestial plants to possess vascular tissues
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
like xylem & phloem contains spore.
47. Main plant body are sporophytes & posses true root, stem & leafs.
48. Leaves in pteridophytes are small (Microphyll) as in selaginella OR

large (Macrophylls) as in fern.
49. Sporophylls may form distinct compact structure called strobill OR cones
eg: selaginella & equisetum. [NEET-2020] [NC-I-36]
50. Prothallus are inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly

photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes.
51. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, the gametophytes

of vascular plants tend to be Smaller and to have smaller sex organs.
[NEET-2011] [NC-I-38]
• Pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.
• In majority of pteridophytes all spores are of similar kinds, such plants are
called homosporous.
Heterospours : - Produce two kinds of spores - macro (large) and micro

(small) spores, selaginella and salvinia.
52. Origin of seed habit can be traced in heterospous pteridophytes.

[NEET-2012] [NC-I-38]
• This step is considered to be an important step towards evolution.
53. Majority of pteridophytes are Homosporous. Genera like selaginella &

salvinia are Heterosporous (produce two kinds of spores)
[NEET-2021] [NC-I-38]
• Algae and bryophytes are homosporous.
• Pteridophytes are both homosporous (mostly) and heterosporous.
• Angiosperms and gymnosperms are only heterosporous.
54. In Heterosporous pteridophytes female gametophytes retained on the

parent sporophytes for variable periods. Development of the zygotes
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

into young embryos takes place within female gametophytes. This is

precursor to seed habit. Considered as important step of evolution.
[NEET-2019] [NC-I-38]
Gymnosperms
Gymmo - Naked
Sperma - Seeds
55. The gametophyte in pteridophytes is known as prothallus.
56. In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall & remain
exposed, both before & after fertilisation while in angiosperms ovules
are covered by ovary wall.
57. Tallest free species - Sequoia sempervirens (giant coast red wood tree).
58. Roods are generally tap roots. In Pinus Mycorrhizal roots are present
but in cycas coralloids root (associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria)
are present.
59. The stems are unbranched in cycas & Branched in Pinus & cedrus
60. The leaves in Gymnosperms are well-adapted to with stand extremes of

temperature, humidity & wind.
61. In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface are, their thick
cuticle & sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss.
[NEET-2016] [NC-I-38]
62. Sequoia, member of gymnosperm is one of the tallest trees.
[NEET-2016] [NC-I-39]
63. All Gymnosperms are Heterosporous, along with angiosperms, while
pteridophytes are both homosporous and heterosporous.
64. The male OR female cones OR strobili may be borne on same tree
hence called monoecious plant eg - Pinus
65. The male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees hence
called Dioecious plant e.g., - Cycas.
66. The gametophyte is not an independent, freeliving generation in Pinus.
[NEET-2011] [NC-I-39]
• In gymnosperms only mode of spore dispersal is by wind currents.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
• Pollination with air is Anemophlly.
67. Winged pollen grains are present in Pinus. [NEET-2018] [NC-I-39]
• Pinus pollengrain show sulphur shower.
68. Endosperm in Gymnosperm is Haploid , tissue found before fertilization
while in angiosperms (3N) Triploid.
69. The male & female gametophytes do not have independent free-living
existence.
70. Pinus is monoecious. Male and female cones are borne on same
tree. [NEET-2017] [NC-I-38, 39]
• Pollination in pinus is anemophilous.
• Wings of pollen grain help in pollination.
• Plant life cycle & Alternative of Generations.
1. Haplontic life cycle - Mostly in algae
But some exceptions are there.
Brown Alga : Fucus - Diplontic life-cycle
71. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having Motile sperms.
[NEET-2012] [NC-I-39]
• Brown Alga : Ectocarpus & kelp.

Red Alga : Polysiphonia
Meiosis in zygote result in the formation of Haploid spores.
72. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of algae. e.g., Chlamydomonas.

[NEET-2017] [NC-I-42]
2. Haplodiplontic life cycle
All Bryophytes & pteridophytes exhibit this condition.
3. Diplontic life-cycle
All seed bearing plants like Gymnosperms & Angiosperms follow

this pattern.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

73. Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively are Haplodiplontic,

Diplontic. [NEET-2017][NC-I-43]
74. Plant with the kind of life cycle it exhibits. [NEET-2022][NC-I-43]

(a) Spirogyra – Dominant haploid free-living
gametophyte
(b) Fern – Dominant diploid sporophyte
alternating with reduced
gametophyte called prothallus
(c) Funaria – Dominant haploid leafy gametophyte
alternating with partially dependent
multicellular sporophyte
(iv) Cycas – Dominant diploid sporophyte
vascular plant, with highly reduced
male or femeal gametophyte
75. The sporophyte of mosses is more elaborate than liverworts.
In pinus male and female cones are borne on same tree. i.e.,
monoecious. [NEET-2011] [NC-I-36, 38, 39]
Angiosperm -
76. Microscopic angiosperm tree : wolffia
77. Tallest angiosperm - Eucalyptus regnans (over 100 metres)
78. Most reduced male gametophyte or minimum no. of cells in male
gametophyte is present in angiosperm. (3 celled male gametophyte).
79. Double fertilization : An event unique to angiosperm.
80. The synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilization.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. All animals are multicellular.
2.
3. Organ system level of organisation, Bilateral symmetry and True

coelomates with segmentation of body – Annelida, Arthropoda and
Chordata [NEET-2019][NC-I-49]
4. *Echinodermata exhibit radial/ Bilateral symmetry depending on the
stages of life.
5. Body organisation
1. Protoplasmic level e.g.,: Protozoa
2. Cellular level e.g.,: Porifera
3. Tissue level e.g.,: Coelenterata & ctenophora
4. Organ/ organ system level e.g.,: Platyhelminthes to chordata
6. Incomplete digestive system have only single opening outside the
body. e.g:- Platyhelminthes, coelenterata & ctenophora
[NC-I-47]
• Excretory system started from platyhelmenthes.

7. One example of animals having a single opening to the outside that
serves both as mouth as well as anus is Fasciola. [NEET-2010]
8 Complete digestive system has two opening. e.g:- Aschelminthes
to chordata
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

9. Mode of Respiration can be via body surface, cutaneous, Branchial &
pulmonary.
10. Open circulatory system:- Arthropoda, mollusca, Echinodermata,
hemichordata
11. Closed circulatory system :- Annelida & Chordata
12. In Diplobastic Animals an undifferentiated layer, Mesoglea is
present in between Ectodem and Endoderm.
13. Flat worms are triploblastic. [NEET-2010] [NC-I-49]
• All worms are triploblartic but all triploblartics are not flatworms.
14. Metamerism (metameric segmentation) present in Annelida,
Arthrodpoda & chordata.
15. Metagenesis refers to Alternation of generation between asexual and
sexual phases of an organism. [NC-I-48]
Ex : obelia
16 Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on
the dorsal side during embryonic development in chordates.
Porifera
17. Generally marine but spongilla is fresh water, having water canal system
OR water transport system.
• Water vascular system is possesed by Echinodermata.
18. Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined with food filtering
flagellated cells and indirect development are the characteristics of
phylum Porifera. [NEET-2015] [NC-I-49]
19. Central cavity – Spongocoel, choanocytes OR collar cells lined the

spongocoel & canals. [NEET-2017, NC-I-49]
20. Body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules/ Spongin fibres.
21. Sponges are hermaphrodites, Digestion are intracellular.
Examples : Sycon (Sypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge), Euspongia

(Bath sponge)
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

Coelentrata (Cnidaria)
22. Mostly marine, name cnidaria derived from the cnidoblasts/Cnidocytes

present on the tentacles & body wall.
23. Cnidaria represents both marine and fresh water species.
[NEET-2014] [NC-I-50]
• Cnidoblasts are the most specialised cells in animal kingdom.
• Corals have skeleton made of calcium carbonate.
24. Central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth on
hypostome present.
25. They exhibit two basic forms called polyp & medusa.
Poly e.g :- Hydra & Adamsia
Medusa e.g :- Aurelia/ Jelly fish
26. Metagenesis : Polyps produce medusae asexually & medusae form
the polyps sexually.e.g:- Obelia
e.g:- Physlia (Portuguese man-of-war), Pennatula (Sea-Pen), Adamsia
(Sea anemone) , Gorgonia (Sea-fan), Meandrina (Brain Coral)
27. Sea-fan (Gorgonia) completely lacks a cell wall.

[NEET-2014] [NC-I-50]
Ctenophora
28. Commonly known as sea walnuts / comb Jellies.
29. Exclusively marine. Body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb
plates, help in locomotion.
30. Comb plates, help in locomotion
31. Bioluminescence property is well- marked.
Eg:- Pleurobranchia, Cternoplara
Platyhelminthes
32. They have dorso-ventrally fattened body hence called flatwoms.
• Flame cells for excretion.
• Have high regeneration capacity. (planaria)
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

33. Mostly endoparasite, hooks & suckers are present in parasitic forms.
34. Specialised cells called. flame cells help in Osmoregulation &
excretion.
35. Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. [NEET-2014, NC-I-51]
Eg:- Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciole (liver fluke)
36. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals –

Platyhelminthes [NEET-2020] [NC-I-51]
Aschelminthes
37. Body is circular in cross-section hence called Round worms.
38. Alimentary canal is complete with a well- developed muscular pharynx.
39. Dioecious animal. An excretory tube removes body wastes from the
body cavity through the excretory pore.
40. Female are longer than males. Sexual dimorphism is seen here.
Eg:- Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria ( Filaria worm) Ancylostorm (hook

worm)
Annelida
41. Metameric segmented body. Excretion & osmoregulation by Nephridia.
• Possess longitudinal and circular muscles help in locomotion.
42. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages called

parapodia. Earth worm bosses setae. [NEET-2016] [NC-I-52]
43. Neural system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to

a double ventral nerve cord.
44. Nereis – Dioecious

Earthworm
& Leeches
Eg:- Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm)
Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

Arthropoda
45. Largest phylum of Animalia. Its largest clas is insecta. Over two-
thirds of all named species on earth are Arthropods.
46. Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton. Body posses head, Thorax

& Abdomen. They have jointed appendages.
47. Exoskeleton is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land.
[NEET-2015] [NC-I-53]
48. Respiration by Gills, Book gills, Book lungs OR Tracheal system.
49. Sensory organ like Antennae, eyes (simple & compound), statocysts.
(balancing organ).
50. Excretion by malpighian tubules.
Examples
Economically important insects –Apis (Honeybee), Bombyx (Silkworm)
Laccifer (Lac insect)
Vectors – Anopheles, culex, Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Gregarious Pest – Locusta (locust)
Living fossil – Limulus (king crab)
51. House fly, butterfly, tsetsefly, silverfish- Insecta[NEET-2013] [NC-I-53]

52. Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta animals belong to the arthropoda.
[NEET-2013][NC-I-53]
53. One of the representatives of Phylum Arthropoda is silverfish.
[NEET-2013][NC-I-53]
Mollusca
54. Second largest animal phylum.
55. Body covered by a calcareous shell & is unsegmented with a distinct

Head, muscular foot & visceral hump.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
56. A soft & spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
The space between the hump & the mantle is called mantle cavity in
which feather like gills present.
• Gills for respiration and excretion.
57. Mouth contain a file-like rasping organ for feeding called Radula.
58. Example:- Pila (Apple snail), pinctada (Pearl oyster), sepia (Cuttle
fish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea- hare), Dentalium
(Tusk shell), Chaetopleura ( chiton).
Echinodermata
59. Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles, All are marine.
60. Adult Echinodermates are radially symmetrical & larvae are bilaterally
symmetrical.
61. Most distinctive feature is presence of water vascular system, which
help in locomotion to capture and transport of food and for respiration.
62. An excretory system is absent.
63. Example: Asterias (star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily),
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Ophiuria (Brittle Star)
Hemichordata
64. Earlier placed as a sub-phylum under chordata, but now it is placed as
a separate phylum under non-chordata.
65. Have a rudimetary structure in collar region called stomochord,
similar to noto chord.
66. Small group of worm-like marine animals. Body is cylindrical & composed
of proboscis, collar & Trunk.
67. Excretion by proboscis gland
Example:- Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus
68.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

69. Assertion (A): All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not
vertebrates.
Reason (R) : Notochord is replaced by vertebral column in the adult
vertebrats. [NEET-2022] [NC-I-55]
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
70. In Vertebrata notochord is present during the embryonic period
only, Central nervous system is dorsal and hollow in chordata.
[NEET-2020] [NC-I-55]
71.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

72. Urochordata – Notochord only in larval tail. Example - Ascidia, Salpa,
Doliolum
73. Cephalochordata – Head to tail & Persistent throughout their life.
Examples: Branchiostoma (Amphoxious OR Lancelet)
74.. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous OR Bony vertebral column

in the adult So, All Vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not
Vertebrates.
Class- Cyclostomata
75. Ectoparasite on some fishes. Elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of

gill slits.
76. Sucking & circular mouth without jaw Scales & paired fins are absent.
77. Cranium & vertebral column are cartilaginous.
78. Cyclostomes are marine & migrate for spawning to fresh water & after
spawning within few days they die. their larva after metamorphorsis,
return to the ocean.
E.g:- Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hag fish)
79. Petromyzon is a jawless fish, which lays eggs in fresh water and
whose ammocoetes larvae after metamorphosis return to the ocean.
[NEET-2015] [NC-I-56]
Class– chondrichthyes
80. Cartilagionous endoskeleton, mouth ventral, Notochord persistent

throughout life
81. Operculum absent Skin & Teeth are modified placoid scales.
82. Due to absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid
sinking.
NOTE : Air bladders are found in orteichthyes but airsacs are found in
aves.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

83. In male pelvic fins bear claspers. [NEET-2011] [NC-I-57]
84. Many of them are viviparous.
Examples:- Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (saw fish), Carcharodon (Great

white shark), Trygon (Sting ray), Electric organ (Torpedo)
[NEET-2014] [NC-I-57]
Class-Osteichthyes
85. 4 pair gill slits present, operculum present, skin is covered by cycloid
or ctenoid scales. Air bladder is present to regulate buoyancy.
86. Mostly oviparous
Examples: Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse);
Freshwater – Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur);
Aquarium – Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).
Class Amphibia
87. Body divided into head & trunk. Neck & tail absent. but tail. May be
present in some.
88. Skin moist without scales.

89. Alimentary canal, urinary & reproductive tracts open into common
chamber and opening is called cloacal aperture.
90. Example:- Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), salamandra
(Salamander) Ichthyophis (limbless amphibia)
Class– Reptilia
91. Creeping OR Crawling mode of locomotion.
• 12 pair of cranial nerves.
92. Skin is dry & cornified, epidermal scales OR Scutes present.
93. Snake & Lizards shed their scales as skin cast.
Examples:- Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree
lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator
(Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard).
• Only crocodiles have 4 chambered heart.
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

Aves :-
94. Aves are characterized by crop and gizzard in its digestive system.
• Skin is dry with oil glands at base of trail.[NEET-2018], [NC-I-58]
Note - Reptiles, Aves and Mammals are amniotes.
95. Chelone or turtle is are reptiles hence poikilotherms.
[NEET-2018], [NC-I-58]
96. Pavo, Psittacula, Corvus – are aves and hence digestive tract has
additional chambers like crop and gizzard [NEET-2022], [NC-I-58]
97. Neophron is a member of aves and bears hollow and pneumatic long
bones. [NEET-2021], [NC-I-58]
• Bones are pneumatic bones (air cavities) helps to make body light.
Class-Mammalia
98. Most unique mammalion character is presence of mammary gland.
99. Skin is unique is possessing hair.
100. Different types of teeth are present in jaw.
101. Viviparous with few exception.
102. Birds are oviparous. [NEET-2016][NC-I-60]
Examples: Oviparous– (egg laying mammales)
eg. Ornithorhynches (Platypus)
Few are marssupials – Pouched mammals with brood pouches

macropus (Kangaroo) [NEET-2015][NC-I-60]
Viviparous – Macropus (kangaroo), Pteropus (flying fox), Camelus

(Camel), Macaca(Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat),
Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common Dolphin),
Balanoptera (Blue Whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
103. Chondrichthyes : possess cartilaginous endoskeleton
[NEET-2011][NC-I-57, 58, 60]
104. Trichinella spiralis is an endoparasites of humans and show viviparity.
[NEET-2015][NC-I-59]
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE
105. Mammary gland; hair on body pinnae; two pairs of limbs is
characteristics of Mammalia. [NEET-2015][NC-I-57, 58, 59]
Summary of this chapter
106. External fertilisation occurs in :

a. Coelentrata
b. Ctenophora
c. Annelida
d. Hemichordata
e. Osteichthyes
f. Echinodermata
g. Amphibia
107. Circulatory system first time came in phylum annelida.
Two chamber Heart eg: Fishes
Three chamber Heart eg: Amphibians, Reptiles
Four chamber Heart eg: Aves, Mammals, Crocodiles
108. Aves & Mammals are homoiothermous (Warm-blooded), rest of all are
Poikliothermous (Cold-Blooded)
109. Respiratory system first time came in phylum Arthropoda.
110. Exclusively marine Animals present in :-

a. Ctenophora
b. Echinodermata
c.
111. Spongilla has special collared cells called choanocytes.
[NEET-2010][NC-I-49, 52, 59]
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

112. Salamandra an Amphibian has tympanum which represent ear and

has external fertilisation. [NEET-2011][NC-I-50, 52, 57]
113. 6–15 pairs of gill slits – Cyclostomes [NEET-2020] [NC-I-57]
Heterocercal caudal fin – Chondrichthyes
Air Bladder – Osteichthyes
Poison sting – Trygon

114. Gregarious polyphagous pest – Locusta
Adult with radial symmetry and larva with bilateral symmetry –Asterias
Book lungs – Scorpion
Bioluminescence – Ctenoplana
[NEET-2020][NC-I-50, 53, 54]
115. Metamerism – Annelida [NEET-2021] [NC-I-49, 50, 51, 52]
Canal system – Porifera
Comb plates – Ctenophora
Cnidoblasts – Coelenterata
116. Physalia – PortugueseMan of War
Limulus – Living fossil [NEET-2021] [NC-I-50, 53]
Ancylostoma – Hookworm
Pinctada – Pearl oyster
117. Metamerism is observe in chordata, annelida and arthropoda.
Round worms have organ - system level of organisation
[NEET-2021] [NC-I-51, 52, 54]
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

TEST FRANCHISES
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

TEST FRANCHISES
NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

001 - QR - Unit-1 (Final) - 14688956 - 2023 - 01 - 09 - 09 - 52 - 014209

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

001 - QR - Unit-1 (Final) - 14688956 - 2023 - 01 - 09 - 09 - 52 - 014209

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Keys 4 Success : Quick Revision NLI / 1

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

B – Balzan Prize (1983)

I – International Prize (1994)

C – Crafoord Prize (1999)

2. Growth, Reproduction, self organise, ability to sense environment,

3. Multicellular and unicellular both organism grow by cell division but

4. Non-living organism also grows eg.– Mountains, Boulders and sand

5. Many organism do not reproduce like mules, sterile worker bees,

6. Metalobilism : Sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in our

7. Metabolism is defining feature of all living organism without exception.

8. “Self conciousness” is the only character of “Human Beings” but

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

11. ICBN – International code for Botanical Nomenclature.

ICZN – International code of Zoological Nomenclature.

13. This system is called Bionomial Nomenclature. Given by Carolus

14. Name of the author appears after specific epithet.

• When handwritten, both words are separately underlined.

16. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into

18. Taxonomy include - characterisation, Identification, classification &

19. Linnaeus used “Systema Naturae” as the title of his publication.

20. Category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

22. As we go higher from species to kingdom number of common

23. Ascending : Species  Genus  Family  Order  Class  Phylum/

• Division in case of plants and phylum in case of animals.

25. Mango  Family  Anacardiaceae

Mango  Order  Sapindales

Mango  Fruit  Drupe [Develop from monocarpellary superior ovary]

26. Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are

• Herbarium general sheet size = 29 × 41.5 cm.

Note Plant height is not considered.

27. Botanical Garden are specialised for collection of living plants

• Famous Botanical Garden are at kew (England)

• Indian Botanical Gardn, Howrah (India)

• National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)

29. Keys : Based on contrasting characters generally occurs in a pair

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

32. Monographs contain information on any one taxon.

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

• Which page has the maximum –

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

1. Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

7. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.

Fungi show extensive habitat diversity.

8. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria on the basis of different cell

9. Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cell

10. Bacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic autotrophs

• Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature.

11. Mycoplasma : – Prokaryotes

– Completely lack cell wall

– Smallest living cells

– Can survive without oxygen

• Mycoplasma can pass through 1 micron. [NEET-2022] [NCERT-20]

• Size of mycoplasma is 0.3 m.

NEW LIGHT INSTITUTE

– Pathogenic to plants and animals

connection to three kingdom – Plantae, Animalia and Fungi.

• All protista are single celled i.e., unicellular.