F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o

PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS

Bearing is a mechanical element that permits relative motion between two parts, such as the shaft
and the housing, with minimum friction. Rolling contact bearings are also called antifriction
bearings or simply ball bearings. Rolling elements, such as balls or rollers, are introduced
between the surfaces that are in relative motion. In this type of bearing, sliding friction is
replaced by rolling friction. For starting conditions and at moderate speeds (50 m/s), the
frictional losses in rolling contact bearing are lower than that of equivalent hydrodynamic journal
bearing. This is because the sliding contact is replaced by rolling contact resulting in low
coefficient of friction. Therefore, rolling contact bearings are called ‘antifriction’ bearings. A
rolling contact bearing consists of four parts— inner and outer races, a rolling element like ball,
roller or needle and a cage which holds the rolling elements together and spaces them evenly
around the periphery of the shaft.
There are specific materials for the parts of rolling contact bearings. They are as follows:
(a) The balls and the inner and outer races are made of high carbon chromium steel (SAE 52100
or AISI 5210). It contains 1 per cent carbon and 1.5 per cent chromium. The balls and races are
through-hardened to obtain a minimum hardness of 58 Rockwell C.
(b) The cages are made from stampings of low carbon steel.
(c) The rollers are made of case hardened steels (AISI 3310, 4620 or 8620). They are case
carburized to obtain a surface hardness of 58 Rockwell C.
The functions of the bearing are as follows:
(i) The bearing ensures free rotation of the shaft or the axle with minimum friction.
(ii) The bearing supports the shaft or the axle and holds it in the correct position.
(iii) The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft or the axle and transmits them to the
frame or the foundation.
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

Advantages 1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds. 2. Ability to
withstand momentary shock loads. 3. Accuracy of shaft alignment. 4. Low cost of maintenance,
as no lubrication is required while in service. 5. Small overall dimensions. 6. Reliability of
service. 7. Easy to mount and erect. 8. Cleanliness.

Disadvantages 1. More noisy at very high speeds. 2. Low resistance to shock loading. 3. More
initial cost. 4. Design of bearing housing complicated
Rolling contact bearings are used in the following applications: (i) machine tool spindles; (ii)
automobile front and rear axles; (iii) gear boxes; (iv) small size electric motors; and (v) rope
sheaves, crane hooks and hoisting drums.

Classification of Bearings
(a) Depending upon the direction of force that acts on them, bearings are classified into two
categories—radial and thrust bearings,
(b) Depending upon the type of friction, bearings are classified into two main groups—sliding
contact bearings and rolling contact bearings
Types of Ball Bearings

Ball bearings: Due to point contact between the balls and races, frictional loss and the resultant
temperature rise is less in this bearing. The maximum permissible speed of the shaft depends
upon the temperature rise of the bearing. Therefore, ball bearing gives excellent performance,
especially in high speed applications. Deep groove ball bearing generates less noise due to
point contact.
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

1. Single row deep groove bearing. The deep groove ball bearings are used due to their
high load carrying capacity and suitability for high running speeds. The load carrying
capacity of a ball bearing is related to the size and number of the balls. Deep groove ball
bearing takes loads in the radial as well as axial direction. It is found in almost all kinds
of products in general mechanical engineering. In this type of bearing, the radius of the
ball is slightly less than the radii of curvature of the grooves in the races. Kinematically,
this gives a point contact between the balls and the races. Deep groove ball bearing is not
self aligning. Accurate alignment between axes of the shaft and the housing bore is
required. Deep groove ball bearing has poor rigidity compared with roller bearing. This is
due to the point contact compared with the line contact in case of roller bearing. It is
unsuitable for machine tool spindles where rigidity is important consideration. They are
commonly used in electric motors, compressors, fans, conveyors, gearboxes, pumps,
internal combustion engines, agricultural machinery, construction equipment, and
engineering machinery.
2. Filling notch bearing. These bearings have notches in the inner and outer races which
permit more balls to be inserted than in a deep groove ball bearing.
3. Angular contact bearing. In angular contact bearing, the grooves in inner and outer
races are so shaped that the line of reaction at the contact between balls and races makes
an angle with the axis of the bearing. This reaction has two components— radial and
axial. Therefore, angular contact bearing can take radial and thrust loads. Angular contact
bearings are often used in pairs, either side by side or at the opposite ends of the shaft, in
order to take the thrust load in both directions. Therefore, the load carrying capacity of
angular contact bearing is more than that of deep groove ball bearing. Angular contact
bearings are ideal for use in gearboxes, pumps, electric motors, and clutches or other
high-speed applications. They are commonly used in the Materials Handling, Machine
Tool, Steel Mill, and Wind Energy industries.
4. Double row bearing. These bearings may be made with radial or angular contact
between the balls and races. The double row bearing is appreciably narrower than two
single row bearings. The load capacity of such bearings is slightly less than twice that of
a single row bearing. This type of bearing is used in pumps,
5. Self-aligning bearing. These bearings permit shaft deflections within 2-3 degrees. The
self-aligning ball bearing consists of two rows of balls, which roll on a common spherical
surface in the outer race. In this case, the assembly of the shaft, the inner race and the
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

balls with cage can freely roll and adjust itself to the angular misalignment of the shaft. It
is particularly suitable for applications where considerable shaft deflections or
misalignment are to be expected. They are used in agricultural machinery, ventilators,
and railway axle-boxes
6. Thrust ball bearings
The thrust ball bearings are used for carrying thrust loads exclusively and at speeds below
2000 r.p.m. At high speeds, centrifugal force causes the balls to be forced out of the
races. Therefore at high speeds, it is recommended that angular contact ball bearings
should be used in place of thrust ball bearings. A thrust ball bearing consists of a row of
balls running between two rings—the shaft ring and the housing ring. Thrust ball bearing
carries thrust load in only one direction and cannot carry any radial load. The use of a
large number of balls results in high thrust load carrying capacity in smaller space.

Types of Roller Bearings

1. Cylindrical roller bearings. When maximum load carrying capacity is required in a
given space, the point contact in ball bearing is replaced by the line contact of roller
bearing. A cylindrical roller bearing consists of relatively short rollers that are
positioned and guided by the cage. These bearings have the lowest coefficient of
friction of any form of heavy duty rolling-contact bearings. Such type of bearings are
used in high speed service. In general, cylindrical roller bearing cannot take thrust
load. Cylindrical roller bearing is not self-aligning. It cannot tolerate misalignment. In
machine tool spindles double row cylindrical roller bearings or taper roller bearings
are used under these conditions. These bearings are found in many aircrafts, bearings
for jet engines, electric motors, alternators etc
2. Spherical roller bearings. A spherical roller bearing is shown in Fig. 27.6 (b). These
bearings are self-aligning bearings. The self-aligning feature is achieved by grinding
one of the races in the form of sphere. These bearings can normally tolerate angular
misalignment in the order of ± 1.5 °. These bearings are used in turbo compressors,
bevel gear track, turbines, vibrators, shakers, conveyors,
3. Needle roller bearings. Needle bearings are characterised by cylindrical rollers of
very small diameter and relatively long length. They are also called ‘quill’ bearings.
The length to diameter ratio of needles is more than four. Needle bearings are used
with or without inner and outer races. The needles run directly on the surface of the
shaft. The shaft is hardened and ground with a surface hardness of 50 HRC. This type
of construction is suitable where limited radial space is available. These bearings are
used when heavy loads are to be carried with an oscillatory motion, e.g. piston pin
bearings in heavy duty diesel engines, where the reversal of motion tends to keep the
rollers in correct alignment. Needle bearings are widely used industrial bearings,
having roller bearings of high length-to diameter ratios. Mostly used in aircraft
construction equipment, gear pumps, gasoline engines, and other engine components
like rocker arm pivots, compressors, pumps, and transmissions.
4. Tapered roller bearings. . In taper roller bearing, the line of resultant reaction
through the rolling elements makes an angle with the axis of the bearing. Therefore,
taper roller bearing can carry both radial and axial loads. In fact, the presence of
either component results in the other, acting on the bearing. In other words, a taper
roller bearing subjected to pure radial load induces a thrust component and vice versa.
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

Therefore, taper roller bearings are always used in pairs to balance the thrust
component. Taper roller bearing has separable construction. The outer ring is called
‘cup’ and the inner ring is called ‘cone’. Taper roller bearing cannot tolerate
misalignment between the axes of the shaft and the housing bore. Taper roller
bearings are costly. Taper roller bearings are used for cars and trucks, propeller shafts
and differentials, railroad axle boxes and as large size bearings in rolling mills
5. cylindrical roller thrust bearings
Standard Dimensions and Designations of Ball Bearings
ABCC (6315)
A: The first digit gives the information about types of bearing. 7: angular contact ball
bearing, 6: deep groove ball bearing, 4: double row ball bearing, 3: double row angular
contact ball bearing, 2: self aligning ball bearing.
B: The second digit designates the series of the bearing. The most common ball bearings are
available in four series as follows : 1. Extra light (100), 2. Light (200), 3. Medium (300), 4.
Heavy (400). The extra light and light series are used where the loads are moderate and shaft
sizes are comparatively large and also where available space is limited. 3. The medium series
has a capacity 30 to 40 per cent over the light series. 4. The heavy series has 20 to 30 per cent
capacity over the medium series. This series is not used extensively in industrial applications.
CC: The last two digits (CC) from 04 onwards, when multiplied by 5, give the bore diameter
in millimetres. Notes : 1. The standard dimensions are given in millimetres. There is no
standard for the size and number of steel balls. The If a bearing is designated by the number
305, it means that the bearing is of medium series whose bore is 05 × 5, i.e., 25 mm.
STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY (CO)
Static load is defined as the load acting on the bearing when the shaft is stationary. It
produces permanent deformation in balls and races, which increases with increasing load.
The permissible static load, therefore, depends upon the permissible magnitude of permanent
deformation. From past experience, it has been found that a total permanent deformation of
0.0001 of the ball or roller diameter occurring at the most heavily stressed ball and race
contact, can be tolerated in practice, without any disturbance like noise or vibrations. The
static load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the static load which corresponds to a
total permanent deformation of balls and races, at the most heavily stressed point of contact,
equal to 0.0001 of the ball diameter. Formulae are given for calculating the static load
carrying capacity of different types of bearings. However, while selecting the bearings, it is
not necessary to use these formulae. The values of static load carrying capacities are directly
given in the manufacturer’s catalogues, which are based on the above formulae. Where
conditions of friction, noise and smoothness are not critical, a much higher permanent
deformation can be tolerated and consequently static loads up to four times the static load
carrying capacity may be permissible.

Static Equivalent Load for Rolling Contact Bearings

 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

The static equivalent load may be defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or
roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied,
would cause the same total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed ball (or
roller) and race contact as that which occurs under the actual conditions of loading.

Rating life (L10)

The life of a ball bearing is limited by the fatigue failure at the surfaces of balls and races.
The dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing is, therefore, based on the fatigue life of
the bearing. The life of an individual ball bearing is defined as the number of revolutions
(or hours of service at some given constant speed), which the bearing runs before the first
evidence of fatigue crack in balls or races. Since the life of a single bearing is difficult to
predict, it is necessary to define the life in terms of the statistical average performance of a
group of bearings. Bearings are rated on one of the two criteria—the average life of a group
of bearings or the life which 90% of the bearings will reach or exceed. The second criterion
is widely used in bearing industry. The rating life of a group of identical ball bearings is
defined as the number of revolutions that 90% of the bearings will complete or exceed before
the first evidence of fatigue crack. There are a number of terms used for this rating life. They
are minimum life, catalogue life, L10 life or B10 life. The average life of a group of identical
ball bearings is defined as the number of revolutions that 50% of the bearings will complete
or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue crack. The life of an individual ball bearing
may be different from rating life. Statistically, it can be proved that the life, which 50% of a
group of bearings will complete or exceed, is approximately five times the rating or L10 life.
This means that for the majority of bearings, the actual life is considerably more than the
rated life.
DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY (C)
The dynamic load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the radial load in radial
bearings (or thrust load in thrust bearings) that can be carried for a minimum life of one
million revolutions. The dynamic load carrying capacity is based on the assumption that the
inner race is rotating while the outer race is stationary. The formulae for calculating the
dynamic load capacity for different types of bearings are given. However, the manufacturer’s
catalogues give ready-made values of dynamic load capacities of bearings.
EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD (F)
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

In actual applications, the force acting on the bearing has two components—radial and thrust.
It is therefore necessary to convert the two components acting on the bearing into a
single hypothetical load, fulfilling the conditions applied to the dynamic load carrying
capacity. Then the hypothetical load can be compared with the dynamic load capacity.
The equivalent dynamic load is defined as the constant radial load in radial bearings (or
thrust load in thrust bearings), which if applied to the bearing would give same life as that
which the bearing will attain under actual condition of forces. The expression for the
equivalent dynamic load is written as,
F = (X.V.Fr + Y.Fa)C s
where, F = equivalent dynamic load (N)
Fr = radial load (N)
Fa = axial or thrust load (N)
V = race-rotation factor
X and Y are radial and thrust factors respectively and their values are given in the
manufacturer’s catalogues. The race-rotation factor depends upon whether the inner race is
rotating or the outer race. The value of V is 1 when the inner race rotates while the outer race
is held stationary in the housing. The value of V is 1.2 when the outer race rotates with
respect to the load, while the inner race remains stationary. In most of the applications, the
inner race rotates and the outer race is fixed in the housing.
When the bearing is subjected to pure radial load Fr , F = Fr
When the bearing is subjected to pure thrust load Fa , F = Fa
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

D-2019: A single row deep groove ball bearing operating at 2000 r.p.m. is acted by a 10 kN
radial load and 8 kN thrust load. The bearing is subjected to a light shock load and the outer ring
is rotating. Determine the rating life of the bearing.

Solution
Given Fa = 8000 N, Fr = 10000 N, Cs=1.5, V= 1.2
Assume Bearing = No. 6310
Step I X and Y factors
Referring to Table 18.14, the capacities of bearing No. 6310 are,
C = 47070 N and C o = 34720 N
Also, Fa = 8000 N, Fr = 10000 N
Fa/V.Fr= 0.66
Fa/Co = 0.23
Referring to Table 15.4,
Fa/V.Fr >e

The value of Y is obtained by linear interpolation.

Y= 1.31- (1.31-1.15)*(0.23-0.17)/(0.28-0.17)
Y=1.22
X=0.56
F=Cs(V.X.Fr+Y.Fa) = 24745 N
L10 = (C/F)a = 6.88*106 revolutions (a=3)

Dec-2018: - A single row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a radial force of 8 kN and
thrust load of 3 kN. The shaft rotates at 1200 rpm. The expected life of bearing is 20000 h.
The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft is 75 mm. Select a suitable ball bearing for
this application.
Solution: Given Fr=8000 N, Fa =3000 N, N= 1200 r.p.m., rating life = 20,000 hrs.
1. Actual life of bearing (cycles or revolution)
L10 =20000*60*1200=1440*106 revolutions
2. Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Cs =1 (There is no shock loading)
V=1 (Assume inner race is rotating)
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

Assume Fa /Co =0.56 as initial approximation to select the bearing

Table 18.4, e= 0.44 and Fa/ VF r=3000/8000= 0.375<e
So, X =1, Y=0
F= 1(1*1*8000 +0*3000)
F= 8000 N
3. Dynamic load

L10 = (C/F) a*106

a= 3 (ball bearing)
C=11.29*8000= 90340 N
4. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6316 is selected and for this bearing C= 94140
N, C o 78450 N.
5. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Fa /Co =0.038
Table 18.4, e= 0.26 and Fa/ Fr=3000/8000= 0.375>e

So, X =0.56, The value of Y is obtained by linear interpolation.

Y= 1.99- (1.99-1.71)*(0.038-0.028)/(0.56-0.28)
Y=1.89
F= 1(0.56*1*8000 +1.89*3000)
F= 10150 N
6. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) ax106
C=114618.2 N
7. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6319 is suitable for this load C= 117680 N, Co
=107870 N.
8. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Fa /Co =0.027
Table 18.4, e= 0.19 and Fa/ Fr=0.375>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1.99
F= 1(0.56*1*8000 +1.99*3000)
F= 10450N
9. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) ax106
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

C=118006 N
Single row deep groove bearing number 6320 is suitable for this load
D-16: Determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of deep groove ball bearing with least bore
size and which is required to resist the radial load of 4 kN and axial load of 3 kN. The shaft
rotates at 1400 rpm. The bearing is required to be in operation for 1200 hours with 90%
reliability.
Solution: Given Fr=4000 N, Fa =3000 N, N= 1400 r.p.m., rating life = 1200 hrs.
1. Actual life of bearing (cycles or revolution)
L10 =1400*60*1200=100.8*106 revolutions
2. Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Cs =1 (There is no shock loading)
V=1 (Assume inner race is rotating)
Assume Fa /Co =0.56 as initial approximation to select the bearing
Table 18.4, e= 0.44 and Fa/ VF r=3000/4000= 0.75>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1
F= 1(1*0.56*4000 +1*3000)
F= 5240 N
3. Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) a*106
a= 3 (ball bearing)
C=4.65*5240= 24387 N
4. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6307 is selected and for this bearing C= 25300 N, Co
=16970 N.
5. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Fa /Co =0.176
Table 18.4, e= 0.34 and Fa/ Fr=3000/4000= 0.75>e
So, X =0.56, The value of Y is obtained by linear interpolation.
Y=1.31
F= 1(0.56*1*4000 +1.31*3000)
F= 6170 N
6. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) ax106
C= 28715 N
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

bu
2.0

2.0
to

to
re

re
he

he
k

k
lic

lic
C

C
w om w om
w

w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c

7. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6308 is suitable for this load C= 31380 N, Co
=20990 N.
8. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Fa /Co =0.142
Table 18.4, e= 0.34 and Fa/ Fr=0.75>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1.38 (by linear interpolation)
F= 1(0.56*1*4000 +1.38*3000)
F= 6394N
9. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) ax106
C=29732 N
Single row deep groove bearing number 6308 is suitable for this load
D-16: A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearings supporting
the shafts are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 kN for 10 percent of time, 2 kN
for 20 percent of time, 1 kN for 30 percent of time and no-load for remaining time of cycle. If the
total life expected for the bearing is 20 x 106 revolutions at 95 percent reliability, calculate the
dynamic load rating of the ball bearing.
 F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y

Y
er

er
ABB

ABB
y

y
bu

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Q V: Solution: - Given: - Fr= 3000 N, N = 720 r.p.m, L95h = 10000h

1. Bearing life with 95 % reliability: -
L95 = 60*N*L95h/10 6 =60*10000*720/1000000 = 432 million revolutions.
2. Bearing life with 90 % reliability: - (equation 18.23)

=0.54
Therefore L10 = L95/0.54 = 432/0.54 = 800 million revolutions.
3. Dynamic load carrying capacity of bearing: -
C = Fr (L10)1/3 = 3000 (800) 1/3 = 27849.5 N
4. Reliability of four bearing in system: -
Rs = (R)n = (0.95)4 = 81.45 %
Dec-2013: -select a bearing for a 40mm shaft to carry 1700 N stationary radial load and
2600 N axial load at a shaft speed of 500 r.p.m. The rating life required is 6000 hrs. There is
no shock loading.
Solution: Given Fr=1700 N, Fa =2600 N, N= 500 r.p.m., rating life =6000 hrs.
1. Actual life of bearing (cycles or revolution)
L10 =6000*60*500=180*106 revolutions
2. Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Cs =1 (There is no shock loading)
V=1 (Assume inner race is rotating)
Assume Fa /Co =0.56 as initial approximation to select the bearing
Table 18.4, e= 0.44 and Fa/ Fr=2600/1700= 1.52>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1
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F= 1(0.56*1*1700 +1*2600)
F= 952+2600=3552 N
3. Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) a*106
a= 3 (ball bearing)
C=5.64*3552=20055 N
4. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6208 is selected and for this bearing C= 22165 N, Co
=15495 N.
5. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Cs =1 (There is no shock loading)
V=1 (Assume inner race is rotating)
Fa /Co =0.167
Table 18.4, e= 0.34 and Fa/ Fr=2600/1700= 1.52>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1.31
F= 1(0.56*1*1700 +1.31*2600)
F= 4358 N
6. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) a*106
a= 3 (ball bearing)
C=5.64*4358=24580 N
7. Bearing selection
Single row deep groove bearing number 6308 (40 mm shaft diameter) is suitable for this load C=
31380 N, Co =20990 N.
8. New Equivalent dynamic load
F=Cs (X*V* Fr +Y* Fa)
Cs =1 (There is no shock loading)
V=1 (Assume inner race is rotating)
Fa /Co =0.123
Table 18.4, e= 0.3 and Fa/ Fr=2600/1700= 1.52>e
So, X =0.56, Y=1.417
F= 1(0.56*1*1700 +1.417*2600)
F= 4637 N
9. New Dynamic load
L10 = (C/F) a*106
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a= 3 (ball bearing)
C=5.64*4637=26408 N
Single row deep groove bearing number 6308 is suitable for this load
BEARING FAILURE—CAUSES AND REMEDIES
There are two basic types of bearing failure— breakage of parts like races or cage and the
surface destruction. The fracture in the outer race of the ball bearing occurs due to overload.
When the bearing is misaligned, the load acting on some balls or rollers sharply increases and
may even crush them. The failure of the cage is caused due to the centrifugal force acting on
the balls. The complete breakage of the parts of the ball bearing can be avoided by selecting
the correct ball bearing, adjusting the alignment between the axes of the shaft and the
housing and operating within permissible speeds. In general, the failure of antifriction
bearing occurs not due to breakage of parts but due to damage of working surfaces of their
parts. The principal types of surface wear are as follows:
(i) Abrasive Wear: Abrasive wear occurs when the bearing is made to operate in an
environment contaminated with dust, foreign particles, rust or spatter. Remedies
against this type of wear are provision of oil seals, increasing surface hardness and
use of high viscosity oils. The thick lubricating film developed by these oils allows
fine particles to pass without scratching.
(ii) Corrosive Wear The corrosion of the surfaces of bearing parts is caused by the entry
of water or moisture in the bearing. It is also caused due to corrosive elements
present in the Extreme Pressure (EP) additives that are added in the lubricating oils.
These elements attack the surfaces of the bearing, resulting in fine wear uniformly
distributed over the entire surface. Remedies against this type of wear are, providing
complete enclosure for the bearing free from external contamination, selecting proper
additives and replacing the lubricating oil at regular intervals.
(iii) Pitting: Pitting is the main cause of the failure of antifriction bearings. Pitting is a
surface fatigue failure which occurs when the load on the bearing part exceeds the
surface endurance strength of the material. This type of failure is characterised by
pits, which continue to grow resulting in complete destruction of the bearing
surfaces. Pitting depends upon the magnitude of Hertz’ contact stress and the number
of stress cycles. The surface endurance strength can be improved by increasing the
surface hardness.
(iv) Scoring Excessive surface pressure, high surface speed and inadequate supply of
lubricant result in breakdown of the lubricant film. This results in excessive frictional
heat and overheating at the contacting surfaces. Scoring is a stick-slip phenomenon,
in which alternate welding and shearing takes place rapidly at high spots. Here, the
rate of wear is faster. Scoring can be avoided by selecting the parameters, such as
surface speed, surface pressure and the flow of lubricant in such a way that the
resulting temperature at the contacting surfaces is within permissible limits.
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