In such instances, transnational national communities are

constructed and religious hierarchies perform dual religious and secular

functions that ensure the groups’ survival . Fundamentalist or revivalist
(164)

movement attempt to construct pure religion that sheds the cultural tradition
in which past religious life was immersed . (165)

Transnational religion is used to describe cases of institutional

transnationalism whereby communities living outside the national territory of
particular states maintain religious attachments to their home churches or
institutional . (166)

Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are processes that

register the ability of religion to mould into the fabric of different
communities in ways that connect it intimately with communal and local
relations . Global -local or glocal religion represents a genre of
(167)

expression, communication and individual identities . It involves the

(168)

consideration of an entire range of responses as outcomes instead of a

single master narrative of secularization and modernization . (169)

Forms of Glocalization

1. indigenization

2. vernacularization

3. nationalization
4. transnationalization

Indigenization is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic

groups whereby religion and culture were often fused into a single unit. It is
also connected to the survival of particular ethnic groups.
Vernacularization involved the rise of vernacular language endowed with
the symbolic ability of offering privileged access to the sacred and often
promoted by empires . (170)

Nationalization connected the consolidation of specific nations with

particular confessions and has been a popular strategy both in Western and
eastern Europe . Transnationalization complemented religious
(171)

nationalization by forcing groups to identify with specific religious traditions

of real or imagine national homelands or to adopt a more universalist vision
of religion . (172)

References: