1

UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR AUTÓNOMA DE VERACRUZ

LICENCIATURA EN IDIOMA INGLÉS

TALLER DE CERTIFICACION DEL IDIOMA INGLÉS I

ASESOR SOLIDARIO:
LIC. GUADALUPE IVONNE BLANCA MARTINEZ

NOMBRE DEL ALUMNO:

LIAHUT SALAS ALBA ROSA

4° CUATRIMESTRE

GRUPO 401
H. VERACRUZ, VER. A 29 DE NOVIEMBRE DEL 2023.
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1.1. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

3

1.2. MODAL VERBS

7

1.3. PRESENT SIMPLE 10

1.4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS 11

1.5. PRESENT PERFECT 13

1.6. PAST SIMPLE 16

1.7 PAST CONTINUOUS 19

1.8 IDIOMATIC FUTURE 22

1.9 FUTURE SIMPLE 24

1.10 THE IMPERATIVE 27

1.11 INFINITIVE 30

1.12 GERUND 32

1.13 ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE 34

UNIT 1

GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
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1.1 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

What are regular verbs?

Regular verbs make up the majority of verbs used in English. They are those that
can be conjugated without modifying the stem. When conjugated in the present or
future tense, they are unchanged. When conjugated in the past tense, some rules
apply to add endings or suffixes.
How to conjugate regular verbs?

One of the most commonly used rules for conjugating most regular verbs in the
past tense is to add the ending -ED at the end. As with all rules, there are always
some exceptions when it comes to conjugation.
Depending on how the verb ends, the number of vowels interspersed with
consonants at the end, the type of consonant it ends with, the suffix or ending that
must be placed at the end to give it the correct conjugation will vary.
For example
present Past simple participle Translation

Talk Talked Talked Hablar

Finish Finished Finished Terminar

Watch Watched Watched Ver

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EXERCISES
REGULAR VERBS

Write the past form of the regular verbs below:

1.- worry

2.- invent

3.- cook

4.- want

5.- open

6.- employ

7.- step

8.- die

9.- copy

10.- like

11.- love
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IRREGULAR VERBS

Irregular verbs in English are those whose conjugation does not include the -ed
ending in their past participle and preterite forms. Therefore, to conjugate this type
of verbs it is necessary to contemplate specific rules and exceptions.

The importance of mastering irregular verbs is that there is an infinity of them, from
those of daily use, such is the case of the verb to be, to those of specialized uses
for different professions and jobs.

It should be emphasized that irregular verbs fulfill the same functions as regular
verbs, that is, to express states or actions, and they are placed in the same
position in the sentence as regular verbs.

For Example
Present Past Past Participle Translation

Break Broke Broken Romper

Feel Felt Felt Sentir

Make Made Made Hacer

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EXERCISES
IRREGULAR VERBS

Write the following irregular verbs adding their past simple and their past participle:

1.- be ________ / _______

2.- buy __________ / _______

3.- come ________ / ________

4.- draw ________ / ________

5.- dream __________ / __________

6.- eat ________ / ________

7.- feel ________ / ________

8.- go ________ / ________

9.- know ________ / ________

10.- lie ________ / ________

11.- say ________ / ________

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1.2 MODAL VERBS

What are modal verbs?

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs. This means that they do not conjugate with the
grammatical persons, so:
- They have no infinitive (e.g., there is no to can).
- They do not have a gerund (e.g. there is no mighting)
- They have no participle (for example, there is no willed).
A modal verb can express ability, necessity, condition or "modality" (yes, complex
ideas!), hence its meaning depends on the context of the sentence and the verbs
with which it is conjugated.

For example: My keys must be in the car.

Here the modal verb must modifies the verb to be, to indicate that it is very likely
that the keys are in the car, we are almost sure of it.
The characteristics of modal verbs.

There are four main characteristics of modal verbs:

1.- They are not conjugated .
2.- They modify other verbs, so after a modal verb there is always a verb in its
infinitive form (without the to), for example: "You can eat better".
3.- They express certainty, ability, need, disposition and obligation.
4.- The negative or interrogative form of a modal verb does not need an auxiliary,
since the verb in question is used for those purposes, for example: "I can't swim".
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EXERCISES
MODAL VERBS

select the one that is a modal verb:

1.- ____ you help me?

-Can
-May
-Should
-Must

2.- They ____ practice more if they want to win the championship.
-may
-might
-should
-would

3.- You ____ not drink and drive.

-may
-might
-would
-must

4.- ____ you always be late?

-May
-Might
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-Would
-Must

5.- I ____ like to go to New York someday.

-may
-will
-should
-would

6.- They ____ to work less.

-may
-ought
-should
-must

7.- It ____ be dangerous to drive if you are tired.

-can
-shall
-ought
-should

8.- ____ you help me move?

-Might
-Will
-Ought to
-Should
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1.3 PRESENT SIMPLE

The present tense is the base form of the verb:
I work in London.
But with the third person singular (she/he/it), we add an –s:
She works in London.

Present simple questions:

Do you play the piano?
Where do you live?
Does Jack play football?
Where does he come from?
Do Rita and Angela live in Manchester?
Where do they work?
We use do and does to make questions with the present simple. We use does for
the third person singular (she/he/it) and do for the others.
We use do and does with question words like where, what and when:
Where do Angela and Rita live?
What does Angela do?
When does Rita usually get up?
But questions with who often don't use do or does:
Who lives in London?
Who plays football at the weekend?
Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?
Here are some useful questions. Try to remember them:

Where do you come

What work do you
from?
do?
Do you come from …?
Do you like …?
Where do you live?
Do you know …?
Do you live in ...?
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1.4 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous is made from the present tense of the verb be and the –
ing form of a verb:

I am working

You are playing

He is talking

She is living

It is eating

We are staying
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They are sleeping

We use the present continuous to talk about:

1.- Activities at the moment of speaking:

I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.

Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.
2.- Future plans or arrangements:
Mary is going to a new school next term.
What are you doing next week?

Present continuous questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of the subject:
Are you listening?
Are they coming to your party?
When is she going home?
What am I doing here?

Present continuous negatives

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after am, is or are:
I'm not doing that.
You aren't listening. (or You're not listening.)
They aren't coming to the party. (or They're not coming to the party.)
She isn't going home until Monday. (or She's not going home until Monday.)
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1.5 PRESENT PERFECT.

To form the present perfect tense we use the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present
simple tense, as well as the past participle of the principal verb. For regular verbs,
the past participle of verb is the regular past simple form (verb+"-ed").

The structure in it's affirmative form:

The structure in it's negative form:

The structure in it's question form:

Uses.

1.- The present perfect is used for actions or events that occurred at an unspecified
time before the present. The specific time is not important and therefore we
generally do not use specific time expressions ("this morning", "yesterday", "last
year"...) with the present perfect.
On the other hand, we can use nonspecific time expressions with the present
perfect ("never" "ever", "many times", "for" "since", "already", "yet"...). This concept
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of nonspecific time is quite difficult to understand and so below you will find further
explanation of the particular uses of the present perfect.

2.-The present perfect is used to describe an experience (It is not used for specific
actions).

I have never flown in a plane.

He has worked in a many different museums.

•We use the present perfect to express change over time.

He has learned to be more patient.

I have become more timid in my old age

•The present perfect is used for accomplishments

Dan has finished writing his first novel.

Scientist have succeeded in curing many illnesses.

•We use the present perfect for actions or events that have not yet happened.
The use of the present perfect in these cases indicates that we are still expecting
the event or action to occur. Therefore, we frequently use the adverbs "yet y "still"
with the present perfect.

The plane hasn't arrived yet.

You haven't finished your homework yet?

•The present perfect is used to discuss actions or events that ocurred at various
times in the past. The use of the present perfect in these cases indicates that
further actions or events are possible in the future.

Our team has played 4 games so far this year.

We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement.

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EXERCISES
PRESENT PERFECT

Complete the sentences with the present perfect tense of the verbs in the brackets.

1. __________ you never___________ to the USA? Yes, I have. (BE)

2. She_________ never ___________ cabbage before. (EAT)
3. We __________ recently ___________ an airplane. (FLY)
4. __________ he never ____________ your movie? No, he has not. (SEE)
5. You __________ the tango for years. (DANCE)
6. __________ you ever __________ a pet? Yes, I have (HAVE)
7. I _________ that song since last year. (NOT HEAR)
8. __________ you ever ___________ a big gift from your uncle? (GET)
9. You _________ to Brazil. (GO)
10. They __________ recently __________ a new house. (BUY)
11. She ___________ her first watch. (NOT FIND)
12. _________ she ___________ a house before? No, she has not. (RIDE)
13. He ___________ never ___________ alcohol. (DRINK)
14. We ___________ recently ___________ him. (MEET)
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1.6 PAST SIMPLE.

With most verbs, the past tense is formed by adding -ed.

Example:

Lived

But there are a lot of irregular past tense forms in English.

Example:

Affirmative form:
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Negative form:

Question form:

Uses.

We use the past tense to talk about:

Something that happened once in the past.

Example:

I met my wife in 1983.

We went to Spain for our holidays.

Something that happened several times in the past.

Example:

Something that was true for some time in the past.

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Example.

I lived abroad for ten years

He enjoyed being a student

EXERCISES
PAST SIMPLE

1. Complete the sentences with the correct verb form using the past simple.

My family and I _________ (ride/lived) in the suburbs. My wife and I _________

(worked/work) near here, so we ___________ (walked/walk) to work. Our
daughter Megan __________ (working/worked) downtown, so she
___________ (drive/ drove) to work. Our son __________ (didn't/ don't) drive.
He ___________ (rode/ride) to school.

2. Write the simple past form of the verbs below.

Meet ___________

Go ____________

Drive ____________

Sleep ____________

Ride _____________

Come ____________

Cry ______________

Fight _____________
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Become ___________

See ______________

1.7 PAST CONTINUOUS

1.- It's about expressing actions or states that were being carried out in the past
when another action interrupts it.

● I was walking when I saw an eagle.

2.- Give information about facts or situations at a specific time.

● Last year, I was studying for the exams.

3.- Talk about two or more actions from the past that happened at the same time.

● While my son was playing video games, I was sleeping in his bedroom.

Structure of Past Continuous

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EXERCISES
PAST CONTINUOUS

Make the past continuous.

1. (they / take the exam?)

______________________________________________________________

2. (when / he / work there?)

______________________________________________________________

3. (you / make dinner?)

______________________________________________________________

4. (they / drink coffee when you arrived?)

______________________________________________________________
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5. (when / we / sleep?)
______________________________________________________________

6. (they / study last night)

______________________________________________________________

7. (we / talk when the accident happened)

______________________________________________________________

8. (he / not / exercise enough)

______________________________________________________________

9. (I / talk too much?)

______________________________________________________________

10. (it / not / snow)

______________________________________________________________

11. (how / they / feel?)

______________________________________________________________

12. (they / not / talk)

______________________________________________________________

13. (where / I / stay?)

______________________________________________________________

14. (why / he / study on a Saturday night?)

______________________________________________________________

15. (I / go to school when you saw me)

______________________________________________________________
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1.8 IDIOMATIC FUTURE

It is used to express actions that will occur in the immediate future.

1.- When reference is made to a future, probable and inevitable event.

● I am going to study.

2.- To highlight an action in the future and when the determination to do something
in particular has already been taken.

● I am not going to do my homework.

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Structure of Idiomatic Future

EXERCISES
IDIOMATIC FUTURE

Put the verbs into the correct form (future I). Use going to.

1.- It (rain)_______________________________________________.

2.- They (eat)_________________________________________stew.

3.- I (wear)_________________________________blue shoes tonight.

4.- We (not / help) ______________________________________you.

5.- Jack (not / walk)_____________________________________home.

6.- (cook / you)_______________________________________dinner?

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7.- Sue (share / not)________________________________her biscuits.

8.- (leave / they)____________________________________the house?

9.- (take part / she)______________________________in the contest?

10.- I (not / spend) _______________________my holiday abroad this year.

1.9 FUTURE SIMPLE

The simple future is a verb tense that's used to talk about things that haven't
happened yet. This year, Jen will read War and Peace. It will be hard, but she's
determined to do it.

EXAMPLES:
They will dance all night long.

Next month he will be ten years old.

How old will he be next month?

It will be very cold in the winter.

This winter will not be so cold.

I hope you will have a successful trip.

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I hope you will not be disappointed.

He won't be late again.

Will you come with us?

We won’t tell anyone about it

Yes / no' questions:

 Will I go?
 Will you come early?
 Will she dance?
 Will he arrive soon?
 Will we cook?
 Will they leave?

'wh' questions:

 Where will I go?

 Why will you come early?
 When will it be cold?
 Who will she dance with?
 What time will he arrive?
 What will we cook?
 When will they leave?

How do you identify future simple?

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The ‘simple’future(le futur) is so-named because it is a one-word tense.in other

words,its formation is simple because there is no auxiliary. The endings for the
simple future are:-ai,-as,-a,-ons,-ez,-ont.the future stem for -er and -ir verbs is the
infinitive.

Simple future tense

The simple future tense expresses on action that has not yet happened.
Present tense: I enjoy virtual reality games
Simple future tense: I will enjoy virtual reality games

EXERCISES
FUTURE SIMPLE
Rewrite each sentence. changing the verb to simple future tense.
1-. I work every Saturday.
2-. I help my mother.
3-. I upgrade things around the house.
4-. John drives to school.
5-. The dog barks all day.
6-. I read many books.
7-. Things are better.
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8-. George stays after school to study.

9-. Ki gets cought up on her work.
10-. Shannon does her best.
11-. We are having a quiet afternoon
12-. We are thankful for the help.

1.10 THE IMPERATIVE

The imperative mood is a verb form used to make a demand or to give advice or
instructions (e.g., “slow down!”).

The imperative mood is one of three grammatical moods in English, along with the
indicative mood and the subjunctive mood.

Sentences in the imperative mood imply a second-person subject (i.e., “you”), but
they normally don’t actually include the word “you” or any other subject.

Examples: Imperative mood sentences

Stop!

Don’t touch!

Go to your room.

How to use the imperative mood

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The imperative mood can be used to make a demand or suggestion or to issue a

warning. It’s commonly used in recipes and instruction manuals, on road signs, in
GPS navigation, and when giving instructions or advice aloud.

Verbs in the imperative mood don’t follow subject-verb agreement. Instead, they
take the infinitive form (e.g., “run,” “look”). The subject of sentences in the
imperative mood is implicitly the second-person pronoun “you.” However, the
pronoun is almost always omitted.

Exclamation points are commonly used in imperative sentences to emphasize the

intensity of a demand. However, this is not obligatory and can seem overly
dramatic depending on the context.

Examples:
The imperative mood
Tidy your room.
Hide!

Turn left and walk to the end of the street.

Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.

Note: Depending on the context, statements in the imperative mood (e.g., “Get
back to me as soon as possible”) may be considered rude or abrupt. To soften the
tone of an imperative statement, add the word “please” or rephrase the sentence
as a question using a modal verb (e.g., “would,” “could”).

 Please get back to me as soon as possible.

 Could you get back to me as soon as possible, please?

Negatives
Negative constructions in the imperative mood are formed by adding “do not” (or
the contracted form “don’t”) before the imperative verb.

Examples: Negative imperative statementsDo not enter!

Don’t answer the phone!

First-person plural imperatives

First-person plural imperatives are used to suggest that both the speaker and
the addressee do something. They’re expressed using the imperative verb along
with a combination of the verb “let” and the first-person plural object pronoun “us”
(i.e., “let’s”).

Examples: First-person plural imperativesLet’s dance!

Let us hope it never happens again.
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Negative first-person plural imperatives are formed by adding the adverb “not” after
“let us” or “let’s” and before the imperative verb.

Examples: Negative first-person plural imperativesLet’s not eat here again.

Let’s not forget to book a hotel room.

Imperative mood and reflexive pronouns

Because the imperative mood typically uses the implied second-person pronoun
(“you”), the only reflexive pronouns used in imperative sentences are “yourself”
(singular) and “yourselves” (plural). All other pronouns use the object form (e.g.,
“me,” “us,” “him,” “her”).

Examples: Imperative mood and reflexive pronouns

 Give myself a break.

 Give me a break.
 Give you a break.
 Give yourself a break.

EXERCISES
THE IMPERATIVE

Chose a word from the

box , fild in the blanks an
numer the pictures
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doors teacher name Question

Walk Notebook Run Door
Hands bookcase cheat

1.- Don´t________ in the corredors!

2.- Raise your________!
3.- Dom´t________ in the exam!
4.- Write you’re________ in the board!
5.- Open the________!
6.- Write them on your________!
7.- Answer the________!
8.- Close the________!
9.- Don´t________ on the grass!
10.- Keep the________ tidy!
11.- Listen to your________ careful!

1.11 INFINITIVE
An infinitive is the 'to' form of the verb. The infinitive can be used as the
subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. However, as subjects or
complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas
infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more
natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the
possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. As a rule of
thumb, a gerund is best most of the time.

Normal subject Abstract subject

Learning is important. To learn is important.
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Normal complement Abstract complement

The most important thing is learning. The most important thing is to
learn.

To learn is important. (subject)

The most important thing is to learn. (complement)
He wants to learn. (object)

 Infinitives are made negative by adding 'not'.

I decided not to go out tonight.

The choice between a gerund and an infinitive as the object of a sentence is

harder to determine. In this case gerunds and infinitives are not normally
interchangeable. Usually, the main verb of the sentence determines the use of a
gerund or an infinitive.
He enjoys swimming. ('enjoy' requires a gerund)
He wants to swim. ('want' requires to)

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE:

Example: She threatened to quit if she didn't get a raise.

agree remain need

appear request neglect
arrange resolve offer
ask say pay
attempt seek plan
beg seem prepare
can/can’t afford shudder pretend
can/can’t wait strive profess
care struggle promise
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chance swear prove

choose claim refuse
fail come tend
get consent threaten
grow (up) dare turn out
guarantee decide venture
hesitate demand volunteer
hope deserve wait
hurry determine want
incline elect wish
learn endeavor would like
manage expect yearn
mean

1.12 GERUND
A gerund is a noun made by adding '-ing' to a verb. The gerund of the verb
'read' is 'reading'. The gerund can be used as the subject, the complement, or the
object of a sentence.

Reading helps you improve your vocabulary. (subject)

Her favorite hobby is reading. (complement)
I enjoy reading. (object)
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 Gerunds are made negative by adding 'not'.

The best thing for your health is not drinking

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND:

Example: He misses playing with his friends.

abhor endure postpone

acknowledge enjoy practice
admit escape prevent
advise evade put off
allow explain recall
anticipate fancy recollect
appreciate fear recommend
avoid feel like report
be worth feign resent
can’t help finish resist
celebrate forgive resume
confess give up (stop) risk
consider keep (continue) shirk
defend keep on shun
delay mention suggest
detest mind (object to) support
discontinue miss tolerate
discuss necessitate understand
dislike omit urge
dispute permit warrant
dread picture

EXERCISES
INFINITIVE AND GERUND

1. Dan enjoys __________________ science fiction. (read)

2. Cheryl suggested _____________ a movie after work. (see)

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3. I miss ____________________ in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job
back. (work)

4. Where did you learn _______________ Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin

America? (speak)

5. Do you mind _____________ me translate this letter? (help)

6. He asked ____________ to the store manager. (talk)

7. You've never mentioned ___________ in Japan before. How long did you live
there? (live)

8. If he keeps _______________ to work late, he's going to get fired! (come)

9. Debbie plans ______________ abroad next year. (study)

10. I agreed ______________ Jack wash his car. (help)

1.13 ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE

The active voice and the passive voice are two ways of structuring sentences in
English that convey information in different ways.
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Active Voice:
In an active voice sentence, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.
The typical active sentence structure is subject + verb + object.

Estructure:
(Subject) + (Verb) + (Object)

Example:
The leopard (subject) chased (verb) the antelope (object).

PASSIVE VOICE
In a passive voice sentence, the object of the action becomes the subject of the
sentence. The typical structure of a passive sentence is object + verb (in passive
form, usually using the verb "to be" + past participle) + by (optional) + agent
(optional).

Estructure:
(Subject) + (Verb) + (Agent)

Example:
The antelope (subject) was chased (verb) by the leopard (agent).
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EXERCISES
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE
1. A letter was written.
Active voice
Passive voice

2. They often read e-mails.

Active voice
Passive voice
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3. They are listening to their music.

Active voice
Passive voice

4. Bingo is played in Britain.

Active voice
Passive voice

5. The bus driver was hurt.

Active voice
Passive voice

Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice.

1. The mechanic repairs cars.

2. Frank takes photos.

3. The electricians test the fire alarm.

4. Levi Strauss invented the blue jeans.

5. John cleaned the bathroom.

Rewrite the sentences in Active voice.

1. The computer is used by Patrick.

2. The bag was packed by his mother.

3. The club was founded by Ron and Peggy.

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4. Football is played by the children.

5. The exercise is completed by the teacher.

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UNIT 2

NOUNS, PRONOUNS, DETERMINANS,

ADEJECTIVES, ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS
AND CONECTORS
2.1 SINGULARS AND PLURALS (REGULAR
AND IRREGULAR FORMS)
39

2.2 ABSTRACT NOUNS

45

2.3 COMPOUND NOUNS 46

2.4 NOUN PHRASES 49

2.5 GENITIVES
51

2.6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS (SUBJECTS,

54
OBJECT, POSSESSIVES)

2.7 THE IMPERSONAL 57

2.8 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

58

2.9 QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS

59

2.10 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

64

2.11 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

69

2.12 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

72
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2.1 SINGULARS AND PLURALS (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR FORMS)

Regular and irregular forms refer to how nouns, verbs, and some adjectives
change in their grammatical structure when transitioning from singular to plural,
present to past, etc.

Regular Forms: Regular forms pertain to verb conjugations, noun declensions,

and adjective comparatives that follow predictable and consistent patterns. These
forms adhere to specific grammatical rules, making them easier to learn and
apply.

Nouns
In most cases, to form the plural of a noun in English, you simply add "s" to the
singular. Some examples include:

Singular Plural
Car Cars
Book Books
House Houses

Verbs in Simple Past Tense

Most regular verbs form the simple past tense by adding "-ed" to the verb's
infinitive. Example:

Present Past
Walked walked

Adjectives

Most adjectives do not undergo significant changes between their singular and
plural forms. Example:
Singular Plural
Fast Fast
Common Exceptions to General Rules

Substantives ending in "-s," "-x," "-z," "-sh," o "-ch":

Singular Plural
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Bus Buses
Box boxes

Substantives ending in vowel + "y":

Singular Plural
Boy boys
Day days

Substantives ending in consonant + "y":

Singular Plural
City cities
Baby Babies

Substantives ending in "-o":

Singular Plural
Potato Potatoes
Tomato Tomatoes

Irregular Forms
Instead of following the general rules, some nouns have irregular plural forms.
Here are some common examples:

Singular Plural
Man Men
Woman Women
Child Children
Tooth Teeth
Mouse Mice
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Irregular forms must be memorized, as they do not follow predictable patterns like
regular forms. In summary, regular forms follow predictable and common
patterns, while irregular forms require memorization, as they do not follow
consistent grammatical rules.
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EXERCISES
SINGULAR AND PLURAL

Singular o Plural: Choose the correct form for each noun.

Example: Dog – Dogs

1. Write the plural of the following nouns:

 Child
 Knife
 Mouse
 City

2. Decide if the word is singular or plural:

 Women
 Book
 Sheep
 Teacher

3. Write the singular of the following plural nouns:

 Feet
 Mice
 Teeth
 Geese
4. Complete with the correct plural form:

The cat caught two (mouse).

 44

5. Complete with the correct plural form:

They usually (study) in the library.

6. Write the plural of the following adjectives:

 Tall
 Happy
 Red

7. Decide if the word is singular or plural:

 Men
 Tree
 Fish
 Child

8. Write the singular of the following plural nouns:

 omen
 Oxen
 Cacti

9. Choose the correct form of the verb:

The team always (win).

10. Complete with the correct plural form:

My sister has two (child).

11. Decide if the word is singular or plural:

 Boxes
 Friend
 45

 Deer
 Cities

12. Write the singular of the following plural nouns:

 Radios
 Criteria
 Phenomena


13. Choose the correct form of the verb:

The birds in the sky (fly) south for the winter.

14. Write the plural of the following adjectives:

 Fast
 Happy
 Green
 46

2.2 ABSTRACT NOUNS

Abstract nouns in English refer to words that represent ideas, concepts, qualities,
or states that are intangible or not physically perceptible. These nouns denote
things that you cannot experience through your senses. Examples of abstract
nouns include:

 Love: Represents the deep feeling of affection.

 Happiness: Denotes a state of well-being and joy.
 Courage: Describes the ability to face fear or adversity.
 Justice: Refers to the concept of fairness and equity.
 Freedom: Represents the absence of restrictions or limitations.
 Truth: Denotes conformity with facts or reality.
 Hope: Expresses positive anticipation of future events.
 Wisdom: Represents deep knowledge and the ability to make
informed decisions.
 Peace: Describes the absence of conflict or disturbance.
 Imagination: Denotes the ability to visualize and create mentally.

These abstract nouns play a crucial role in language to express ideas and
emotions that may not always have a concrete, physical form.

EXERCISES
ABSTRACT NOUNS

1. Complete with the correct abstract noun:

She radiates kindness and .

2. Choose the abstract noun in the sentence:

"His honesty is admirable."

3. Find a synonym for the abstract noun. "Peace."

4. Complete the definition: "Wisdom is the ability to make

decisions based on knowledge and experience."
 47

2.3 COMPOUND NOUNS

A characteristic of English is the large number of compound nouns it has. They are
words made up, in turn, of two or more terms with their own meaning.
Example: bedroom, washing machine.

It is necessary to distinguish this type of names from mere unions of words.

"Compounds" are pronounced as if they were a single word and, generally, have
the accent on the first syllable.

First part: type and Second part: what or Compound noun

function who
police mand policeman
boy friend boyfriend
fish tank fish tank
dining table dining-table

Compound nouns can be written as a single word, with a hyphen between both
components, and as two separate words. There is no clear rule on this. Generally,
we can write the most common compound nouns as a single word and the others
as two separate terms. A compound noun can be formed with different
grammatical elements.

Elements Examples
noun + noun bedroom water tank
motorcycle
printer cartridge

noun + verb rainfall haircut

train-spotting

noun + adverb hanger-on passer-by

 48

verb + noun washing machine driving

licence swimming pool

verb + adverb lookout take-off

drawback

adverb + noun onlooker bystander

adjective + verb dry-cleaning public speaking

adjective + noun greenhouse software

redhead

adverb + verb output overthrow

upturn input

Pronunciation
Stress is important, as it distinguishes a noun composed of an adjective + a noun.
In compound names, the stress normally falls on the first syllable. Examples:

Stress
a 'greenhouse a green 'house

a 'bluebird a blue 'bird

 49

EXERCISE
COMPOUND NOUNS

Match the nouns and find compounds.

Book, party, case, holidays, shoes, windows, machine, list, party, juice.

 Shopping -
 pencil -
 exercise -
 orange -
 birthday -
 bedroom -
 football -
 summer -
 mind -
 washing –
 50

2.4 NOUN PHRASES

A noun phrase is a word or group of words in a sentence that acts as a noun.

Example:

You could say, "I met Joan."

In this sentence the word Joan is a noun. You could replace Joan with a group of
words (a phrase) and say, "I met your sister."

Your sister is a phrase (a group of words without a finite verb) and functions as a
noun in the sentence. Therefore, we call it a noun phrase. Examples:

 All the kids were sleeping.

 The boy in the blue jeans says he'll do it.

 He bought her a beautiful red dress.

 Mom baked tasty chocolate cookies.

 Julia was thinking about her friends back home.

 Will you talk with these rude people?

 You are a true hero.

 My dog is my best friend.

 51

EXERCISE
NOUN PHRASES

Identify the noun clauses in the following sentences.

I hope to win the first

prize. I tried to solve
the puzzle.
Did you enjoy reading this
book? The boy wants to
go home.
Horses prefer living in dark stables.

The accused refused to answer the

question. The boy denied stealing the
money.
To write such rubbish is
disgraceful. I dislike having to
punish my kids.
I will hate to do such a thing.
 52

2.5 GENITIVES

The genitives (or the genitive case) are predominantly used for showing
possession. With nouns, it is usually created by adding 's to the word or by
preceding it with "of." Examples:

 Carl's haircut
 The edge of the table
 Dog's bone
 The bone of the dog

There are several other ways of forming the genitive case using an apostrophe:

Type Example Genitive Case

singular noun dog dog's dinner
plural noun dogs dogs' dinner
singular noun ending s Chris Chris' hat or Chris's hat
plural nouns not ending s Men Men's room

The "genitive case" is also called the "possessive case." The two terms are
interchangeable, but "possessive case" is more common in English study.
However, as this case does not always show possession, some grammarians like
to make a distinction between the genitive case and the possessive case. For
example:

Dan's bike

(No one would argue this is the genitive case and the possessive case. It is the
bike of Dan. It is about possession.)
 53

Children's songs

(This is not about possession. It's about songs for children. For this reason, some
argue this is the genitive case and not the possessive case.)

Constable's paintings

(This is not about possession. It's about paintings by Constable. Some would
argue this is the genitive case and not the possessive case.)

Genitive Adjectives and Pronouns

Possessive determiners (called possessive adjectives in traditional grammar) and

possessive personal pronouns are also forms of the genitive case. For example:

our carpet

("Our" is a genitive form of

"we.") Can I use yours?
("Yours" is a genitive form of "you.")
 54

EXERCISE
GENITIVES

Write the correct form of the possessives:

 Sarah is aunt. (Emily)

 These are our cats. (Friends)
 Let's meet at or lunch. (Giovanni)
 Where is the shower? (Ladies)
 This is our car. (Boss)
 My dad is my uncle. (Cousin)
 Did you read newspaper? (Yesterday)
 and bags are black. (Jack – Joe)
 Our grandparents live in an old home. (People)
 That sandwich would not be to taste. (Everyone)
 55

2.6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS (SUBJECTS, OBJECT, POSSESSIVES)

A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper
name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the
grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he,
she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal pronouns.

First-, second-, and third-person pronouns

A personal pronoun can be in one of three “persons.” A first-person pronoun

refers to the speaker, a second-person pronoun refers to the person being
spoken to, and a third- person pronoun refers to the person being spoken of. For
each of these three grammatical persons, there is a plural as well.

Subject and object pronouns

Personal pronouns can be either subjects or objects in a sentence. Subject

pronouns are said to be in the nominative case, whereas object pronouns are
said to be in the objective case.

Person Nominative Objective

First Singular I me
Second singular you you
Third singular he, she, it him, her, it
First plural we us
Second plural you you
Third plural they them

The interrogative pronouns for all three persons are the same: who (nominative)
and whom (objective). Many people get confused about when to use the
interrogative objective pronoun whom, but it is quite easy to learn. Example:
 56

Mrs. Khan asked that the package be delivered to her at the office. (her = third
person singular objective).

To whom should I address my letter? (whom = interrogative objective; I = first

person singular nominative).

We would like to invite Stacy to join us for dinner. (we = first person plural
nominative; us
= first person plural objective).

Second person singular vs. plural

One pitfall of English is that it uses the same word, you, for both the second
person singular and plural. Many other languages do not have this problem,
because they use distinct words for each. But in English, we need a context to
determine whether you are singular or plural. Example:

Would you like to come over for dinner?

From this sentence alone, we can’t determine whether one person, or two, or five
hundred people are being invited to share a meal. This is why in some parts of
the world, we hear additions to you when a plural is indicated, like you lot in the
UK or you all (or y’all) in America. It probably goes without saying that you should
keep this out of your formal writing.

The singular they

While the second person has a number issue, the third person has a gender
solution for cases when the gender of the third-person singular pronoun is
indeterminate or neutral.

Using he or she and him or her is preferred by most style guides, but informally, a
singular they is often used. Example:

If a customer wants to speak to a manager, they can phone after 10 o’clock

 57

EXERCISE
PERSONAL PRONOUNS (SUBJECTS, OBJECT, POSSESSIVES)

Use the correct personal pronouns.

 is dreaming. (George)
 is green. (the blackboard)
 are on the wall. (the posters)
 is running. (the dog)
 are watching TV. (my mother and I)
 are in the garden. ()
 is riding his bike. (Tom)
 is from Bristol. (Victoria)
 has got a brother. (Diana)
 Have got a computer, Mandy?
 58

2.7 THE IMPERSONAL

The impersonal or passive impersonal is one in which a specific subject is not

mentioned, it is used to refer to a thought, belief or assumption.

Impersonal Structure

It is + Verb (past participle) that...

It is + Verb (said, thought, claimed, understood, etc.)

Positive
It is believed that dogs are loyal

Negative
It is believed that dogs are not loyal

Interrogative
Is believed that dogs are loyal?

EXERCISE
THE IMPERSONAL

Write 3 sentences where you use the impersonal.

1.-

2.-

3.-
 59

2.8 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns show or point to objects or things, indicating the

closeness or distance indicated by person who pointed it out, it can be plural or
singular.

Location Singular Plural

Close This These
Far That Those

Example:

Positive Negative Interrogative

I have this car. I don't have this Do I have this car?
I will buy that house. I won't buy that house. Will I buy that house?
I broke these glasses. I didn’t break these glasses. Do I break these glasses?
I drove those cars. I didn’t drive those cars. Do I drive those cars?

EXERCISE
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Write 4 sentences using the demonstrative pronouns.

1.

2.

3.

4.
 60

2.9 QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS

What is a quantifier pronoun and how do we use it?

A pronoun is a word we use in the place of a noun that has already been
mentioned or that is already known, often to avoid repeating the noun. Thus, a
quantitative pronoun is a form of indefinite pronoun, which takes the place of a
noun for an amount that is unknown or unnamed.

There are quantifiers to describe large quantities (a lot, much, many), small
quantities (a little, a bit, a few) and undefined quantities (some, any). There are
also quantifiers that express the idea of a sufficient amount (enough, plenty).
Here is a list of more quantifiers.

Uncountable nouns Countable nouns Undefined

Much Many All
A little Few Enough
A bit (of) Several Some
A great deal of A few A lot
A large amount of A number of Lots of
Some
Any

The positive, negative and interrogative form.

In positive sentences, we use a lot of / lots of with countable or uncountable nouns

to talk about a big quantity of something.

 He eats a lot of apples.

 I drink lots of milk.

In negative sentences, we use many with countable nouns.

 We don't have many books. (= We have a small number).
 61

Much with uncountable nouns.

 I don't have much money. (= I have a small amount).

Negative sentences with countable or uncountable nouns.

 We don't eat lots of potatoes.
 I don't have a lot of time.

How many with countable nouns.

 How many books has she got?
 How many cars are there?

How much with uncountable nouns.

 How much money do you need?
 How much cheese do you eat?

“Some” is used in affirmative sentences with countable nouns. And it is also used
with uncountable nouns.

 They have some apples in the freezer.

Any is used in questions, negative statements with plural countable nouns and
negative statements with plural uncountable nouns.

 Is there any milk?

 They don't have any pears.
 She doesn’t have any money.

Exceptions

When we make requests, offers and invitations, we usually use ‘some’

instead of ‘any’.
 Can I have some water please?
 62

 Would you like some chocolates?

Common mistakes

Using Quantifiers without Nouns

Quantifiers must always be used in combination with a noun. For example, we
cannot say “I have few” or “She has a lot”.

Using Countable Quantifiers with Uncountable Nouns

When referring to uncountable nouns, it is important to use uncountable
quantifiers such as “little”, “much”, or “a lot of”. For example, we cannot say “I
have few money left” or “She has many work to do”.

Using Uncountable Quantifiers with Countable Nouns

When referring to countable nouns, it is important to use countable quantifiers
such as “few”, “many”, or “a lot of”. For example, we cannot say “I have little
friends” or “She has a lot of hobbies”.
 63

EXERCISES
QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS

A) Choose the correct answer using “a few” or “a little”.

1. electricity.

2. suitcases.

3. rice.

4. water.
5. bottles of water.

6. coal.

7. scarves.

8. gold.

9. dollars.

10. sand.

B) Choose the correct answer using “much” or “many”.

1. CDs.

2. music.

3. cups.

4. juice.

5. time.

6. pencils.

7. cheese.

8. cornflakes.

9. pizzas.

10. lemonade.
 64

C) Choose the correct answer using “some” or “any”.

1. We need bananas.

2. You can’t buy posters in this shop.

3. We haven’t got oranges at the moment.

4. Peter has bought new books.

5. She always takes sugar with her coffee.

6. I have seen nice postcards in this souvenir shop.

7. There aren’t folders in my bag.

8. I have magazines for you.

9. There are apples on the table.

10. Pam does not have pencils on her desk.

D) Choose the correct quantifier (lots of, much, many, any, few, little a lot, most,
etc.).
1. They have had homework in mathematics recently.

2. How time do you need to finish the work?

3. There are too students in the library.

4. Have you visited foreign countries?

5. Although he’s very ill, he didn’t take medicine.

6. people know as much about linguistics as John does. 7. They say

knowledge is a dangerous thing.

8. He’s having of trouble passing his driving test.

9. I spend of my time reading novels.

10. He knows English. He knows enough English to manage.

 65

2.10 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount or
thing in particular. We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without
saying exactly who or what they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one
for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things.

People Things Places

Body One Thing Where
Some Somebody Someone Something Somewhere
Any Anybody Anyone Anything Anywhere
No Nobody No one Nothing Nowhere
Every Everybody Everyone Everything Everywhere

The positive, negative and interrogative form.

People Place Thing

All Everyone Everywhere Everything

Everybody
Part (Positive) Someone Somewhere Something

Somebody
Part (Negative) Anyone Anywhere Anything

Anybody
None No one Nowhere Nothing

Nobody
 66

Affirmative

In affirmative sentences, indefinite pronouns using some are used to describe an

indefinite quantity, the indefinite pronouns with every are used to describe a
complete quantity, and the pronouns with no are used to describe an absence.
Indefinite pronouns with no are often used in affirmative sentences with a
negative meaning, but these are nevertheless not negative sentences because
they are lacking the word not. Examples:

 Everyone is sleeping in my room.

 Someone is sleeping in my bed.
 No one is sleeping in my bed.
 I gave everything to Sally.
 He saw something in the garden.
 There is nothing to eat.
 I looked everywhere for my keys.
 Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
 There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris

Any and the indefinite pronouns formed with it can also be used in affirmative
sentences with a meaning that is close to every: whichever person, whichever
place, whichever thing, etc. Examples:

 They can choose anything from the menu.

 You may invite anybody you want to your birthday party.
 We can go anywhere you’d like this summer.
 He would give anything to get into Oxford.
 Fido would follow you anywhere.
 67

Negative sentences

Negative sentences can only be formed with the indefinite pronouns that include
any. For example:

 I don’t have anything to eat.

 She didn’t go anywhere last week.
 I can’t find anyone to come with me.

Negative questions Indefinite pronouns with every, some, and any can be used to
form negative questions. These questions can usually be answered with a "yes"
or a "no".

Pronouns formed with any and every are used to form true questions, while those
with some generally imply a question to which we already know or suspect the
answer. Examples:

 Is there anything to eat?

 Did you go anywhere last night?
 Is everyone here?
 Have you looked everywhere

Common mistakes
Confusing “anybody” and “nobody”
“Anybody” and “nobody” are both indefinite pronouns that refer to people.
However, they have opposite meanings. “Anybody” means “any person,” while
“nobody” means “no person.”

 Incorrect: Nobody wants to come to the party, but I’m sure anybody will
change their mind.
 Correct: Nobody wants to come to the party, but I’m sure somebody will
change their mind.
 68

To avoid this mistake, make sure you use the correct indefinite pronoun
depending on the meaning you want to convey.
Using “none” as a plural pronoun
“None” is an indefinite pronoun that means “not any.” However, many people make
the mistake of using it as a plural pronoun. For example:

 Incorrect: None of the students did their homework.

 Correct: None of the students did his or her homework.

To avoid this mistake, use a singular pronoun like “his” or “her” instead of a plural
pronoun like “their” when referring to “none.”

Using “all” with a negative verb

Another common mistake is using “all” with a negative verb. For example:
 Incorrect: All of the students didn’t pass the test.
 Correct: None of the students passed the test.

To avoid this mistake, use a negative pronoun like “none” instead of “all” with a
negative verb.
 69

EXERCISES
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Write the correct form of indefinite pronouns.

1. They have to offer to our community.
2. I’m afraid there isn’t to eat.
3. He knows about me. We are very close friends.
4. She’s a very rebellious person. She does that you say to her.
5. Would you like to eat?
6. Could you speak slowly, please? I can’t understand
7. Let’s go to a restaurant. There’s to eat at home.
8. She’s got stuck in her eye.
9. Thanks, but I don’t want to drink.
10. Life is full of surprises. can happen in the next hour.

Choose the correct form of: Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere,

something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody,
everybody.

1. I am sure I put down my keys .

2. Calm down. There is to worry about.
3. Let's sit down and talk.
4. I heard a knock at the door but there was there.
5. We didn't see .
6. The restaurant was really crowded. had a good time.
7. Be quiet! is coming.
8. I don't think knows the answer to that question.
9. She can't go without people recognizing her.
10. I've got to tell you.

Write the correct indefinite pronoun: something, somewhere, anybody,

anything, anywhere, nobody, nothing, nowhere, everybody, everything,
everywhere.

1. She wants to live by the sea.

2. She put in the box, all the things that she had.
3. Does have a charger?
4. We went this weekend. We stayed at home.
5. She didn’t bring to the party.
6. Is there in the room?
 70

2.11 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that’s used to introduce a relative clause. The

main English relative pronouns are which, that, who, and whom. These words
can also function as other parts of speech—they aren’t exclusively used as
relative pronouns.
A relative clause introduces further information about the preceding noun or
noun phrase, either helping to identify what it refers to (in a restrictive clause)
or just providing extra details (in a nonrestrictive clause).

The relative clause comes after a noun or noun phrase (called the antecedent)
and gives some additional information about the thing or person in question. The
relative pronoun represents the antecedent.

Pronoun Usage Example

Wich  Refers to things My bike, wich I’ve owned for three
 Used the nonrestrictive years, is in need for some
clauses maintenance.
That  Refers to things The last bike that I owned wasn’t
 Used the restrictive very resilient.
clauses
Who  Refers to people The man who lives next door to me
 Used as a subject pronoun is called Jamil.
Whom  Refers to people I don’t know the names of my other
 Used as an object neighbors, whom I’ve never met.
pronoun

Which vs. That

That and which are both normally used when the antecedent is an animal or thing,
not a person. Which one you use depends on whether the relative clause is
restrictive or nonrestrictive.

A restrictive clause provides essential identifying information about the antecedent.

In other words, if you removed a restrictive clause, the meaning of the sentence
would change drastically, becoming much less specific. You should use that to
 71

introduce a restrictive clause.

Who vs. Whom
The difference between who and whom is rarely observed in everyday speech
nowadays—people mostly just say “who”—but you should distinguish between
them in formal and academic writing.

 Who functions as the subject of the clause (i.e., the person/people

performing the action).
 Whom functions as the object of the clause (i.e., the person/people
being acted upon).

Examples: She was the last person to whom I wanted to speak, but I
greeted her warmly all the same.
I don’t like people who only talk about themselves.

My neighbor Jamil, whom I’d never met before, came over to introduce
himself yesterday.
 72

EXERCISES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Fill the blanks (Choose Which, That, Who, Whom).

1. We always like people speak the truth.

2. Can you tell pen this is?

3. This is Natasha I was praising.

4. The boy I met in Delhi stays near our house.

5. This is the house in John Keats lived.

6. These are the saplings my mother and I planted together.

7. The teacher punished the students were shouting.

8. I don’t think there’s anyone doesn’t like chocolates.

9. Are these the people about you were

talking?

10. The car my uncle brought is quite

expensive.

11. Do you know car is parked in front of

our gate?
12. I found the documents I had been looking for.
13. A teacher helps all children is considered good.
14. I know the one did this.

Identify the relative pronoun.

1. The movie that I saw yesterday was very interesting.

2. My sister, whom I admire, is leaving for Harvard University 3. The boy

who got injured came back to attend classes.

4. The lady whose cat died was very sad.

5. Raj has a problem with people who are too extroverted.

6. We saw the pastor in the market whom we spoke to earlier.

 73

2.12 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

Quantifier is a word or phrase used before a noun to indicate an amount or

quantity of a thing. Examples of quantifiers include many, much, a lot of, and a
little. Some quantifiers can only be used with countable nouns, while others are
only used with uncountable nouns, and some can be used with both. Here are
three lists of quantifiers for use with uncountable and countable nouns and those
you can use with both. And below are some exercises so you can practice using
quantifiers:

QUANTIFIER
Uncountable Countable nouns Both
nouns
Much Many All
A little A few Enough
Little Few More/most
Very little Very few Less/least
A bit A great number of No/none
A great deal of A majority of Not any
A large amount of A number of some
A large quantity of A large number of Any
several A lots of
Lots of
Plenty of

Using quantifiers requires a distinction to be made between countable

and non- countable nouns.

 A countable noun can be modified by a number and has both a singular and
plural form.
 Countable nouns can be counted, e.g. an apple, two apples, three apples,
etc.
 Uncountable nouns cannot be counted, e.g. air, rice, water, etc. When you
learn a new noun, you should check if it is countable or uncountable and
note how it is used in a sentence.

 Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

Countable nouns can be counted, e.g. an apple, two apples, three apples,
etc.
 74

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted, e.g. air, rice, water, etc.

*When you learn a new noun, you should check if it is countable or uncountable
and note how it is used in a sentence

Count nouns are perceived as individual items that can be multiplied and
counted (chairs, essays, ideas, sentences, etc.), whereas non-count nouns
are masses, abstractions, or things that do not take a fixed shape and thus
cannot be counted (water, information, research, oxygen. etc.).
 75

EXERCISE
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
Fill the blanks.
1. I have good idea.

2. That's interesting job!

3. They have found gold in that old mine.

4. Do the Smiths have yellow van?

5. Look! He's having water.

6. He always likes piece of chocolate.

7. I have homework to do for tomorrow.

8. There's nice girl in the red car.

9. Would you like milk with your cookies?

10. How about grapes?

Fill the blanks with either (A little) or (A few).

1. sugar

2. time

3. houses

4. cheese

5. cars

6. money

7. children

8. girls

9. coffee
10. hobbies