international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant

planning for the production and transportation of
liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt

Larissa Breuning*, Andrea Cadavid Isaza, Julia Gawlick, AnCelka Kereke
s,

Thomas Hamacher
Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany

highlights graphical abstract

Eleven hydrogen supply chain

configurations from Egypt to Ger-
many are analyzed.

The levelized costs of hydrogen,
including the transport, are 7.17
e12.31 V/kg.

Energy losses of the harvested en-
ergy are between 52 and 61%.

Wheeling scheme increases sys-
tem flexibility and decreases the
costs significantly.

Low costs found in the literature
can be achieved in highly flexible
systems.

article info abstract

Article history: For the production of renewable hydrogen in Egypt and its transport to growing hydrogen
Received 25 April 2023 demand centers such as Germany, relatively low costs are given in the literature. These low
Received in revised form costs are attracting investors. However, due to the scope of the respective studies, not all
24 June 2023 techno-economic aspects of the supply-chain that influence levelized costs of hydrogen are
Accepted 10 July 2023 considered. This work represents a systematical analysis of the levelized costs of hydrogen in
Available online xxx Egypt by using wind and solar power for producing 40 kt per year of green hydrogen. A
maximal investment volume of four billion euros, and an available area of 37 km2 in central
Keywords: Egypt is assumed. The techno-economic evaluation of the system, from the production site
Green hydrogen to the selling location, is conducted by a mixed-integer linear optimization model. Depending
Levelized cost of energy on the system configuration and production site, the study reveals energy losses of 52e61%
Egypt resources of the harvested energy and a levelized costs of hydrogen of 7.17e12.31 V/kg.
Techno-economic analysis © 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Global supply chains
Mixed-integer linear programming

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: larissa.breuning@tum.de (L. Breuning).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
0360-3199/© 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
2 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Egypt as an opportunity for hydrogen market investments

Nomenclature
Egypt, as one of the North African regions, has a high potential
a life time
for wind and solar energy with magnitudes of 4e10 m/s wind
C costs
speed [4] and 1,900e2,200 W/m2 solar irradiance [5], and is
D energy demand
surrounded by 2,450 km of coastline [5] which provides it with
E energy flow
a good access to water and port facilities. According to the
l losses
national strategy “Egypt Vision 2030" [6] the share of renew-
m quantity
able energies in the Egyptian electricity mix is to be increased,
n number
which offers also the potential for the production of green
s distance
hydrogen in Egypt. Due to growing international interest in
Dt time duration
green hydrogen, the Egyptian government aims to develop an
v velocity
Egyptian hydrogen industry [7] and has included green
X binary decision variable
hydrogen production in the national energy strategy [8]. This
Y maximal yearly yield
also opens opportunities for foreign countries and investors to
Superscripts enter the hydrogen market through new projects in Egypt.
dir direction Hence, various companies are studying the feasibility of green
loc location hydrogen production projects in Egypt [9]. TAQA Arabia (based
prod-loc production location in Cairo) signed a letter of intent with MAN Energy Solutions
[10] and Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) a
Subscripts
framework agreement with Siemens Energy [11] for Egyptian
ec energy carrier
green hydrogen projects. Furthermore, the Belgian Deme
fix fix
Group agreed corresponding pilot projects in Egypt [12].
in input
inv investment
Germany as a growing hydrogen demand center
M&R maintenance and repairs
out output
Germany is expected to become a substantial hydrogen de-
p personnel
mand center. At present time, around 55 TWh (~1,650 kt) to
pro process
60 TWh (~1,800 kt) of hydrogen are produced and consumed in
R route
Germany [13,14]. Only about 5% (~82 kt to 90 kt) is covered by
sto storage
green hydrogen [13,14]. Recent studies assume the hydrogen
t timestep
demand in Germany to become 250 TWh (~7,500 kt) to
tra means of transport
800 TWh (~24,000 kt) by 2050 [15]. Current German energy and
var variable
climate policies which promotes green hydrogen imports,
List of abbreviations makes selling hydrogen to Germany interesting for investors.
AEL alkaline water electrolysis
BESS battery energy storage system Green hydrogen production in Egypt - active research field
GH2 gaseous hydrogen
LH2 liquefied hydrogen From investors perspective the economic analysis and inves-
LCOH levelized cost of hydrogen tigation of factors influencing costs are particularly relevant.
PEM polymer electrolyte membrane For this reason, the focus is on techno-economic analysis of
P2LH2 power-to-liquified hydrogen hydrogen production in Egypt, including the transport costs to
PV photovoltaic Germany.
RES renewable energy sources Runge et al. [16] calculate the costs of E-fuels over the entire
TEU twenty equipment unit process chain if it would take place in Germany but also for
U unit competing international locations, including Egypt, for the year
WindOn wind onshore 2035. Neglecting the filling stations costs, to make it comparable
with other studies named in this paper, their study concludes
that levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) including transport from
Introduction the Gulf of Suez to Germany account for 5.57 V/kg1 [16]. Due to
the time horizon of 2035, the study assumes that the LH2 will be
As part of the ongoing energy transition and decarbonization, transported by tankers [16]. Bra € ndle et al. [17,18] determine the
hydrogen is a big pillar in the current global economic and long-term production and supply costs of various low-carbon
political strategies [1]. When generated within an electrolyzer hydrogen technologies from 2020 to 2050. The photovoltaic
powered by renewable energies, (green) hydrogen offers the (PV) and wind capacity factors on a country level were derived
possibility of replacing conventional fossil energy sources [2]. from different sources extracted and divided into four classes
The high renewable energy potential of North African regions (PV1-PV4, Wind1-Wind4) [17,18]. The behavior of the storage
also means a high potential for green hydrogen production [3], technologies cannot be represented with the annual resolution
which can be further transported to growing hydrogen de-
mand centers. 1
Calculation factor: 1 US dollars ¼ 0.97 euro.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
in the tool [17,18]. The availability of LH2 tankers and hydrogen
pipelines is assumed from 2020 [17,18]. Only intercontinental
transport is considered as a transport route, but no domestic
transport [17,18]. Using the H2 Cost Tool of Bra € ndle et al. [17,18],
LCOH can range from 6.07 V/kg1 (PV1) to 6.75 V/kg1 (PV4) in the
base case and between 4.91 V/kg1 (PV1) and 5.43 V/kg1 (PV4) in
the optimistic case. Studies [19,20] do not consider transport to
hydrogen demand centers as an additional cost component
because it was not part of their investigations. Considering this,
Habib et al. [19] calculated hydrogen production costs with
polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis of 2.64 V/kg1 -
5.38 V/kg1 or with alkaline water electrolysis (AEL) 2.49 V/kg1 -
5.43 V/kg1. In their study the costs of the electricity generated
from renewable sources are covered by an assumed electricity
price. Nasser et al. [20] aims to perform a complete assessment
of a hydrogen production system from PV and wind in a case
study for Egypt. For the production costs of gaseous hydrogen
from a water electrolysis, this study determines 3.62 V/kg1 e
4.52 V/kg1 [20]. A hydrogen gas compressor and tank are used
for gaseous hydrogen storage in their study. An electricity
storage is not necessary, since no hourly demand profile is
taken into account.
Green hydrogen production is also being discussed in other
suitable regions besides Egypt with a comparable climate loca-
tion, like Oman, a country in Western Asia. Okonkwo et al. [21]
(wind and PV resources), Barhoumi et al. [22] (wind resources)
and Barhoumi et al. [23] (PV resources) conducted a techno-
economical analysis of green hydrogen production for
different system configurations in Salalah city, Oman. Okonkwo
et al. [21] study a hybrid energy system given by a wind-PV-fuel
cell-hydrogen tank to meet Salalah electrical and hydrogen
needs. This study determines 1.12 V/kg1 for the production of
green hydrogen in Salalah [21]. Barhoumi et al. [22] analyze
three configurations, standalone wind-park hydrogen refueling
station with backup batteries, wind-park hydrogen refueling
station with backup fuel cells, and grid-connected wind-park
hydrogen refueling station. The LCOH of the grid-connected
wind-park hydrogen refueling solution results in 6.24 V/kg,
whereas the wind-park hydrogen refueling station with backup
batteries amounts to 11.50 V/kg [22]. The analysis of Barhoumi
et al. [23] has shown that grid-connected PV refueling station
system for green hydrogen production results in LCOH of 5.5
V/kg. The LCOH for a stand-alone PV system with batteries, and
stand-alone PV system with fuel cells are 5.74 V/kg and 7.38
V/kg [23]. The hydrogen transport from production location to
possible more distant demand centers influencing the LCOH is
not the subject of the aforementioned studies in Oman.
The wide range of potential costs for hydrogen production in
Egypt and comparable climate locations, as well as its transport
costs to the demand centers partly results from different as-
sumptions. If the hourly capacity factors of PV and wind do not
match the hourly hydrogen demand profile, flexibilities such as
storage are necessary. Therefore, in studies like [17,19] flexi-
bilities are not needed, since they take into account average
capacity factors for PV and wind, which affects the costs.
Nasser et al. [20] includes the possibility of storing hydrogen in
a tank with an hourly resolution, but neglects to meet a given
hourly hydrogen demand profile due to a different research
objective. Consequently, storing electricity is not necessary in
this study. Studies like [16,21e23] include the merging of hourly
Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
3
capacity factors of PV and wind and demand time series pro-
files in their analyses. Runge et al. [16] and Bra€ ndle et al. [17]
consider the impact of intercontinental hydrogen transport
from Egypt to Germany on the LCOH. Bra € ndle et al. [17] de-
scribes the costs for hydrogen transport from 2020 to 2050. In
2020 it is not mentioned that they currently have no infra-
structure for LH2 tankers or that liquefaction in the seaport
terminals is not available yet. In the study of Runge et al. [16]
the costs and technology assumptions relate to the year 2035.
Power grid usage concepts like wheeling scheme2 as well as buy
and sell principle3 can influence the costs and operation of a
PV-wind-supplied electrolyzer system, which none of the
aforementioned studies in Egypt has addressed. From a private
investor perspective investigating the influence of these factors
is crucial.
Scope and objective of this study
This study's goal is to examine a cost-optimal plant from an
investor's perspective for geen hydrogen production from
solar and wind energy in Egypt for domestic usage and export
to Germany. Hydrogen should be sold both domestically and
abroad to enable a certain modularity of the plant, so that it
can be scaled up and extended step by step. It is assumed that
total investment volume is contraint to V4 billion and that
available area accounts to 37 km2. The plant is to be con-
structed in the year 2023. The key novelties compared to the
literature discussed in Section Green hydrogen production in
Egypt - active research field can be summarized as follows:

Use of currently available generation, storage, and trans-
port technologies.

Consideration of current domestic and intercontinental
infrastructural and infrastructure-related flexibility expan-
sion constraints along the potential hydrogen transport
chain.

Investigation of the impact of flexibility on the entire supply
chain costs and operation. Flexibilization is considered in
terms of reduced minimal part load of the liquefaction
plant and interaction of a power-to-liquified hydrogen
plant (P2LH2) with a virtual market design (power grid
usage, considering contract concepts for Egypt). An hourly
temporal resolution is taken into account.

Systematic scenario analysis to investigate the impact of
land use criteria, site selection, different electrolysis and
transport concepts on the costs and operation of a indi-
vidual PV-wind-electrolysis plants taking into account the
transport to domestic and more distant demand centers.
Methods and optimization model
An overview of the used methods and tools is represented in
Fig. 1. To find the cost-optimal supply solution, taking into
2
At the end of the year electrical energy fed into grid must be
equal to the energy taken from the grid. There are grid connection
fees (wheeling charge) via network connection contracts.
3
Buying and selling electrical energy from and to the grid for a
given price.
4 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1 e Combined PV and wind power plant planning for the production and transportation of liquefied green hydrogen in
Egypt using the renewable-potential-map-generator pyGRETA and energy-system-generator urbs. (For interpretation of the
references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

account technical, geographical and infrastructural re-
strictions, the linear optimization model urbs [24], an energy-
system-generator, is used for expansion planning of distrib-
uted energy systems. In the present work, a single year calcu-
lation with an hourly resolution was chosen. For the
geographical resolution, the production site was modeled as a
single node in the model urbs. The renewable-potential-map-
generator pyGRETA [25] is used to generate high-resolution
potential maps and availability time series profiles of solar
and wind energy for Egypt. The tool pyGRETA takes MERRA-2 as
well as Global Wind Atlas data to provide high resolution
renewable energy potentials and capacity factors for user-
defined regions within the globe [25]. It takes into account the
land use availability, topography, bathymetry, slope, etc. [25].
The obtained solar and wind time series are subsequently input
parameters, explained in Section Site selection and load profile
of solar and wind, for the energy-system-generator urbs.
Further input parameters implemented in urbs are described in
Sections Hydrogen production system, Hydrogen consumption,
Transport infrastructure and concept, and include processes,
storages and transport systems, infrastructural constraints as
well as demand time series. The introduced reference energy
system in urbs is shown in Section Resulting reference energy
system.
Site selection and load profile of solar and wind
The technical usability of PV and wind onshore systems is
limited by land use criteria such as highly populated areas or
natural reserves. Satellite data for weather conditions in
2019 are used as input data for pyGRETA [25]. To choose a
suitable location, a combined analysis of the available po-
tential of the region and the full load hours is conducted.
Fig. 2 shows the results of the solar and wind energy poten-
tial investigation in Egypt using pyGRETA [25]. The site se-
lection analysis show that PV production in terms of
potential and full load hours is similar across Egypt
(~2,100 h). Furthermore, due to smoother time series,

Fig. 2 e Potential analysis of wind a) and solar b) energy in Egypt using pyGRETA.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

onshore wind production can play a significant role,

although the potential is lower (~1,850 h). The distance be-
tween the location and the port facilities as well as to sea
water supply is considered in the site selection (see Section
Hydrogen production system). Sea water can be processed to
fresh water by desalination. Three options are identified as
suitable locations for the project implementation and
examined below. In the base case, hydrogen is produced at
location 1.

Hydrogen production system

The implemented reference system of the P2LH2 plant, shown

in Fig. 4, combines PV panels and wind turbines for generating
electricity for the electrolyzer. Furthermore, the expansion of
battery energy storage system (BESS) is a possible option in the
model. PEM-electrolyzer-system can be installed to produce
gaseous hydrogen (GH2) on low pressure-level (30 bar). A
desalination plant to supply fresh water to the electrolysis
plants is available to the model. If required, the fresh water
can be temporarily stored in a freshwater tank. Turbines and
compressors are implemented in the model as conversion
processes between high (300 bar) - and low (30 bar) -pressure
hydrogen. There is also the possibility of building a high-
pressure hydrogen storage facility (300 bar) or a liquid
hydrogen storage facility (1 bar). The process of the liquefac-
tion plant serves to liquefy the low-pressure hydrogen (LH2).
The provision of a liquefaction plant as part of the hydrogen
production is justified in Section Transport infrastructure and
concept. The power requirements of the compressor, desali-
nation and liquefaction plant should be covered by the elec-
tricity generated on the production site. In the base case, there
is no exchange with the power grid.
Hydrogen consumption
The annual hydrogen production of 40 kt H2 results from the
energy potential of the production site. Egypt already has an
existing hydrogen demand for the fertilizers4 production as
well as for refinery5 processes [19]. Fig. 3 presents an overview
of the identified domestic consumer locations Alexandria,
Cairo, Suez and Ain Sokhna. Based on the estimation of the
domestic hydrogen demand of the industry, the export vol-
ume of hydrogen is to be determined. The plant could cover
further 1.6% to 2.2% of the current German hydrogen re-
quirements (see Section Germany as a growing hydrogen
demand center). In the year 2050 the amount of hydrogen
from the plant would correspond to a share of 0.2%e0.3% (see
Section Germany as a growing hydrogen demand center) and
can thus be well established in the growing hydrogen market.
Since industrial consumers are planned to be supplied, a
constant demand profile is assumed.
Fig. 3 e Distribution of domestic hydrogen consumers and
investigated infrastructure in Egypt (own representation;
data from Refs. [33e42]).
Transport infrastructure and concept
Based on the analysis of the existing transport infrastructure
availability, considering suitable roads, railways, waterways
and ports including different terminal types, as represented in
Fig. 3, road transport (trailer) and container ship (40-foot ISO
containers) are determined as the main transport options for
the base scenario. Since there are currently no existing
hydrogen pipelines in Egypt [31,32], the associated increased
planning and construction effort for building a pipeline sys-
tem is considered to be out of the scope for a private investors.
Depending on the production site (Location 1, 2 or 3), the
distance to domestic consumers from Section Hydrogen
consumption amount for the road transport to
260e1,029 km. Road transport distances to the domestic port
facilities, shown in Fig. 3, are determined to be between 288
and 1,053 km. Ports in the north (Rotterdam, Netherlands) or
south (Napoli, Italy) of Europe are examined as the import
container terminal. The respective sea routes are determined
using the tool SeaRates [36]. Depending on the port of depar-
ture in Egypt, distances between 1,848e2,199 km (destination
port Napoli, Italy) and 5,808e6,175 km (destination port Rot-
terdam, Netherlands) are to be deposited. On the European
mainland, road transport from port facilities (Rotterdam,
Netherlands; Napoli, Italy) to consumers (Germany) is taking
between 508 and 1,494 km. The transport distances for each
direction can be found in Appendix A, Table A1.
LH2 transport is chosen based on Yang et al. [43], taking
into account the distance and hydrogen flow per day. Fig. 4
provides an overview of transporting in the base case.

Resulting reference energy system

4
0.58 t [26,27] of ammonia required to produce 1 t urea; 0.176 t
The reference energy system explained in Sections Site
of hydrogen are required to produce 1 t of ammonia.
5
Average hydrogen consumption of 100e200 SCF per barrel [28] selection and load profile of solar and wind (PV and wind re-
of oil processed; density 0.0841 kg/m3 [29]; 22% [30] of the sources), Hydrogen production system (hydrogen production
hydrogen required has to be generated externally. system which is a P2LH2 plant), Hydrogen consumption and

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
6 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4 e Scheme of the reference energy system.

Transport infrastructure and concept and implemented in the !

urbs is summarized in Fig. 4. In addition, the energy input and X
5 X
8760
1 prodloc
LH2 $
Xloc Dloc
cov;LH2;t ¼ $YLH2 (1)
output flows of a process pro by energy carrier ec, Epro;in;ec and loc¼2 t¼0
3
Epro;out;ec , are shown in the figure. For means of transport en-
ergy flows are marked with subscript tra and for storages with Epro;out;LH2;t  Epro;in;LH2;t þ Etra;out;LH2;t  Etra;in;LH2;t þ Esto;out;LH2;t
subscript sto. Energy carriers are defined as ec 2 {solar, wind, (2)
 Esto;in;LH2;t ¼ Xloc
LH2 $Dcov;LH2;t
loc

electricity, sea water, process water, GH2 (low pressure), GH2 (high
pressure), LH2, heavy oil, diesel oil, diesel}. The losses per means of transport ldir
tra;LH2 are calculated by
ltra;LH2
multiplying the boil-off losses per day d
with the duration
Additional mathematical formulations in urbs Dtdirof the transmission, where sdir
tra tra stands for the distance of a
transmission direction route and vtra for the velocity of a means
urbs is extended for the selection of suitable consumption of transport (see Eq. (3)). The number of means of transport
locations given a multiple domestical consumer set. It further ndir
tra;LH2 required per transmission route can be determined with
decides, subject to constraints, with which quantities are the
the loading quantity of one transport unit mtra;LH2 (see Eq. (4)).
selected locations supplied. The binary decision variable Xloc
LH2
describes if the location will be supplied or not. Considered ltra;LH2 ltra;LH2 sdir
tra;LH2 ¼
ldir $Dtdir
tra ¼ $ tra (3)
locations loc are Germany, Alexandria, Cairo, Suez, and Ain d d vtra
Sokhna. Since hydrogen supply of Germany is part of the
Germany
study's scope XLH2 ¼ 1. For each supplied domestic con- Dloc
cov;LH2;d Dttra
dir

sumer, a coverage rate of at least 10% of its demand is
assumed, which results in the demand Dloc
cov;LH2 . Coverage rate
for Germany is 100%, based on assumptions in Section
Hydrogen consumption. Furthermore, it is assumed that at
prodloc
least 1/3 of the maximal yearly LH2 yield YLH2 should be
sold domestically (see Eq. (1)). Eq. (2) describes the relationship
between energy flows for timestep t and LH2 demand.
tra;LH2 ¼
ndir $ (4)
mtra;LH2 24h=d
Investment costs of means of transport results from their
equipment units i and life time a (see Eq. (5)). Outbound and
return journeys are also included in the calculation (with nR :
number of routes). The fixed costs consider personnel costs
Cp;tra;LH2 , maintenance and repairs CM&R;tra;LH2 and other fixed
costs COthers;tra;LH2 (see Eq. (6)). As shown in Fig. 4, fuel costs in

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx 7

terms of variable costs per means of transport Cvar;tra;LH2 are

Table 1 e Main assumptions.
also considered (see Eq. (7)). The needed energy carrier de-
pends on the means of transport. Value Unit
X Location Location 1
Cinv;tra;LH2 ¼ ndir
tra;LH2 $nR $ ai $Cinv;tra;LH2;i (5) Restrictions by investor
i¼0 Area availability 37 km2
Investment volume 4 billion V
Cfix;tra;LH2 ¼ Cp;tra;LH2 $Dtdir
tra $ntra;LH2 $nR
dir PV*
þCM&R;tra;LH2 þ COthers;tra;LH2 (6) Area use per capacity [44]6 6,000 m2/MWel
Investment costs [45] 830,000 V/MWel
Variable costs [46]6 3.5 V/MWhel
X
8760
  Fix costs (% of invest.) [45]6 2 %
Cvar;tra;ec ¼ Ctra;ec;t $Etra;in;ec;t (7)
t¼0
Wind (Onshore)*
Area use per capacity [47,48]6 500,000 m2/MWel
Investment costs [49] 960,000 V/MWel
Variable costs [46]6 3.5 V/MWhel
Technical input parameter and cost assumptions
Fix costs (% of invest.) [49] 2 %
BESS*
Main assumptions on the input parameters are summarized Investment costs power [50]6 230,638 V/MWel
in Table 1. The full set of parameters of main components of Investment costs capacity [50]6 264,900 V/MWhel
base case can be found in Appendix A; Table A2. Fix costs power (% of invest.) [50]6 2 %
Fix costs capacity (% of invest.) [50]6 2 %
PEM*
Avg. power consumption [51] 50.4 kWh/kgH2
Modeling and sensitivity analysis scenarios
Minimum load fraction [52] 10 %
Water consumption [51]6 8.95 kgH2O/kgH2
The influence of the location and a technology change, tech- Investment costs [52,53] 2,000 V/kWel
nical parameterization as well as power grid connection on Fix costs (% of invest.) [52]6 2 %
the costs and operation of the hydrogen supply system are Liquefaction*
examined in different scenarios, as described in Table 2. Avg. power consumption [54,55] 10.5 kWh/kgLH2
Minimum load fraction [54,56] 70 %
Modified input parameters can be found in Appendix A, Table
Input pressure [55] 15e30 bar
A3. The sensitivity analysis examines the interaction between
Output pressure [57] 1 bar
restrictions introduced by private investors. Furthermore, it is Hydrogen outlet temperature [55] 253 
C
studied what is the impact on LCOH when costs of PEM- Investment costs [55]6 1,200 V/kWLH2
electrolyzer, BESS, PV system and transport change. Fix costs (% of invest.) [54] 2 %
*
Depreciation: 20 Years.

Optimization results and discussion

Operation and energy balance in the base case
The results of LCOH are summarized in Fig. 7. In the base case,
the LCOH becomes 11.75 V/kg including distribution costs.
The investment volume reached is 0.47 billion euros or 12% of
the maximal investment volume.
Fig. 5 illustrates the accumulated power generation and
demand from optimized system in the base case of a (a)
representative summer week and (b) per month. It further
represents (c) the sorted power generation, demand and
curtailment curves and (d) monthly storage behavior (BESS,
GH2, LH2). As shown in Fig. 5 a-c the cost-optimal solution is
dominated by solar power generation. This is partly due to
the higher land use of wind turbines. Wind is mainly
needed, to generate electricity overnight. The system pro-
duces approx. 3 TWh of electricity per year (~8 GWhel/d).
About 92% is generated by PV and the remaining 8% is
generated by the wind turbines, as it can be seen on Fig. 6.
To optimally use the high level of PV generation throughout
the day, a balance is met between high battery capacity
(smoothing) and PEM capacity (direct use) (see Fig. 5 a-b).
Both technologies are characterized by high investment
costs. Furthermore, the PEM electrolyzer is the largest
power consumer in the system. About 76% of the electricity
generated from renewable sources flows into the electro-
lyzer (see Fig. 6). Depending on the solar power availability,
the PEM electrolyzer shows small fluctuations in its opera-
tion. The PEM electrolyzer operates with 5,610 full load
hours and produces 116 t of hydrogen per day (see Fig. 5 c).
Investment costs of the PEM and BESS account for 12% and
23% of the final LCOH, respectively (see Fig. 7). Fig. 5 d shows
that the BESS plays a relevant role in the daily smoothing of
the PV generation, storing the excess energy and making it
available at the times of low energy availability. The GH2
storage tank between the liquefaction unit and the electro-
lyzer is another buffer option. As shown in Fig. 5 d, both GH2
storage and LH2 storage contribute to the smoothing of the
fluctuating production and covering the demand. Liquefac-
tion is run continuously, but in the months of January,
February, November and December, the liquefaction plant is
operated in part load and the LH2 storage is discharged to
provide constant LH2 supply. The desalination plant is
operated continuously. BESS and GH2 storage allow almost
continuous operation of the liquefaction plant with approx.
~6,630 h of full load operation. About 9% of the electricity

6
Own calculations based on the reference.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
8 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2 e Scenarios investigated in this study and their characteristics compared to the base case.
Scenario name Characteristics
Base case Baseline for system configuration and parametrization.

P2LH2 plant: Section Hydrogen production system.

Production site of electricity and LH2: location 1.

Transport and demand: Section Hydrogen consumption and Transport
infrastructure and concept.

Available area: 37 km2.

Location 2 (Loc. 2) Relocation closer to water resources. Investigation of locations near the coast.

Production site of electricity and LH2: location 2.

Transport distances change accordingly.

Location 3 (Loc. 3) Relocation closer to water resources. Investigation of locations near the coast, ports,
and consumption locations.

Production site of electricity and LH2: location 3.

Transport distances change accordingly.

Flexible liquefaction (Flex.-Liq.) Assessing impact of flexibilization of liquefaction plants.

Minimum load fraction of liquefaction plant: 31% [58].

Alkaline electrolysis (AEL) Assessing impact of AEL electrolyzer with lower cost and lower flexibility.

P2LH2 plant: instead of PEM, an AEL electrolyzer is installed.

Wheeling Scheme AEL (Wheel. AEL)
Assessing impact of the wheeling scheme and examination, if the costs from the
“AEL” scenario can be further reduced.

Electricity and LH2 production: decoupled.

Production of electricity: location 1.

Production of LH2: location 3 (with the described system in scenario “AEL”).

Transport distances is same as in scenario “Loc. 3”.

Power grid usage: wheeling scheme2.

Wheeling AEL Flex.-Liq. (Wheel. AEL Assessing advantages of flexibilization of the liquefaction plant and examination if
Flex.-Liq.) the costs from the “Wheel. AEL” scenario can be further reduced.

Same description like in scenario “Wheel. AEL”.

Minimum load fraction of liquefaction plant: 31% [58].

Buy and sell principle (Buy/sell) Assessing impact of power grid usage.

P2LH2 plant: like in the base case.

Power grid usage: buy and sell principle.

Wind land-use (Wind-param.) Assessing impact of reduced wind plants land use for combined PV and wind power
plant planning.

Land-use requirements of wind power plants: 245,025 m2/MWel [47]6.

Restricted area Wind-param. (Res.-area Wind-param.) A possible area reduction is examined.

Reduction of the planned available area: 20 km2.

Same system configuration and input as in “Wind-param.” scenario.

Railway transport (Rail) Impact of rail transport on the costs is analyzed.

Rail transport is considered.

available at the production site cannot be properly inte-
grated into the energy system and must be curtailed
(~1,530 h), as shown in Fig. 6. Generated excess power is
curtailed mainly from March to September. In the base case
Cairo is chosen by the model as the optimal domestic end
user location for the produced hydrogen. The container port
in Adabiya serves as an export terminal to Germany. The
total distribution costs (incl. storing, conversion, etc.) make
up about 20% of the total costs. Approximately 7% losses
occur during the transport. After deduction of all losses in
the production and distribution chain, the end customer
receives about 43 % of the initially harvested energy in form
of LH2 (see Fig. 6).
Supply scenario comparsion and profitability
Location closer to the coast. Due to the relocation of the
production site, the LCOH increase to 12.07 V/kg (see Fig. 7)
in the "Loc. 2" scenario. This results from the reduced
availability of renewable energies (RES) (see Fig. 2), which is
why more RES have to be installed to meet the demand. This
renewable generation is illustrated in Fig. 8 a. More storage
capacity is required to absorb the strong ramps in solar
production. System operation is almost identical to the base
case. The need to enlarge the P2LH2 plant also applies to the
"Loc. 3" scenario, whereby due to the poorer choice of
location compared to Loc. 2, more PV, electrolyzers and

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx 9

Fig. 5 e Accumulated power generation and demand from optimized system in the base case a) of a representative summer
week and b) per month and representation of c) sorted power generation, demand and curtailment curves and d) monthly
storage behavior (BESS, GH2, LH2).

Fig. 6 e Energy flow based on the harvested electrical energy in the base case.

storage capacities are installed. Thus, the electrolyzer in the
"Loc. 3" scenario is only operated for 2,551 full load hours a
year. The full-load operation can be seen from the electricity
demand of the electrolyzer in Fig. 8 b. Fluctuations between
electrolyzer output and the liquefaction plant are smoothed
out by the addition of GH2 storage capacity. However, the
LCOH increases only slightly to 12.03 V/kg (see Fig. 7)
compared to Loc. 2, since the reduction in the transport
distance by almost 40% (see Fig. 3) comes into play. System
losses increase by 2e4% due to relocation closer to the
coast. Reason for this is also a higher curtailment, shown in
Fig. 8 d.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
10 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7 e LCOH of the supply scenario comparison.

Fig. 8 e Sorted a) electricity generation, b) þ c) demand, and d) curtailment curves of the supply scenario comparison.

Electrolysis system. The use of the AEL reduces the LCOH
by 0.8 V/kg (see Fig. 7). The lower investment costs of the AEL
technology enable the installation of higher electrolyzer ca-
pacity and thus the regulation of power production peaks by
the PV system (see Fig. 8 b). The required BESS capacity is
reduced (see Fig. 7, cost share BESS). The full-load operation of
the liquefaction over 5,356 h (see Fig. 8 c) is made possible by
the addition of GH2 storage capacity. Losses of the overall
system are the same as the base case.
Grid connection. Due to the capacity limitation of the grid
connection option in the “Buy/Sell” scenario, the LCOH is
reduced to 11.44 V/kg. The buy and sell principle enables the
reduction of PV and storage capacities, which can be seen in the
cost share in Fig. 7. There is a reduction of 2% in the overall
system losses due to the reduced curtailment of energy. Fig. 8
d displays grid feed-in and feed-out for different grid usage
concepts. The system draws 127 GWhel in the “Buy/Sell” sce-
nario from the power grid. By the power grid usage, the

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
generation of electricity from solar power decreases (see Fig. 8
a). Electrolyzer and liquefaction plant are operated similarly
to the base case (see Fig. 8 b-c). In contrast the wheeling scheme
allows the use of the electricity grid as a cheap electricity
storage. For this reason, BESS is not used in this scenario, which
reduces the LCOH to 7.17 V/kg (see Fig. 7). Over the year, 1,309
GWhel of energy is supplied to the power grid and 1,309 GWhel
is fed back into the system (see Fig. 8 d). This enables contin-
uous operation of both the electrolyzer and the liquefaction at
full load (~8,760 h) (see Fig. 8 b-c). No curtailment is required in
the wheeling scheme, shown in Fig. 8 d. This reduces the losses
of the entire system to 52% of the initial energy. The connection
of the P2LH2 plant to the power grid via the wheeling scheme
shows a pronounced cost reduction potential. This possibility
should be discussed against the background of a purely green
production of hydrogen and grid stability.
Liquefaction flexibility. The cost reduction potential of
making the liquefier more flexible in the “Flex.-Liq.” scenario
amounts to about 0.2 V/kg, illustrated in Fig. 7, versus base case.
This approach enables the installation of lower BESS capacities
and GH2 storage, readable in the cost share in Fig. 7. In contrast,
electrolysis and liquefaction capacities increase significantly.
The electrolyzer and liquefaction plant are operated at full load
for only 3,061 h per year (see Fig. 8 b-c). Bigger LH2 storage fa-
cilities serve to smooth LH2 delivery and transport units.
However, losses through the supply chain are not reduced
significantly. The additional liquefaction flexibility in the
"Wheel. AEL Flex.-Liq." scenario of the liquefaction does not
allow any further reduction in the cost of hydrogen for the end
user in comparison to “Wheel. AEL” scenario.
Land use. The reduction of the land consumption of the
wind turbines by almost 50% reduces the LCOH to 11.33 V/kg
(see Fig. 7). The reason for the low influence is the already
small installation of wind turbines in the system which is
discussed in Section Impact factors on optimal PV/Wind-ratio.
The installed wind power increases from 56 MWel to 117 MWel
and contributes to the generation peak in Fig. 8 a. By simul-
taneously reducing the land use of the wind turbines and the
available production area of the plant to 20 km2, a scenario
that is almost identical to the base scenario is obtained (see
Figs. 7 and 8 a-d).
Transport concept. Cairo is selected as the domestic supply
target and Adabiya the export container terminal in all sce-
narios. The transport concepts with start in locations 2 and 3
differ in terms of the required number of trailers. The reason for
this is the shortened transport times, which enable the trailers
to circulate more quickly in the logistics concept. Due to the
higher losses in the transport chain in case of scenario “Rail”
with around 10% and higher transport costs, the LCOH is 12.31
V/kg (see Fig. 7) compared to the base scenario. Because of
higher losses in the distribution, a higher expansion of PV
systems, electrolyzer and liquefaction is required.
Impact factors on optimal PV/Wind-ratio
“Wind-param.” scenario shows that the area consumption of
the wind power plant has a high influence on the PV/Wind-
ratio. PV has a higher area efficiency than wind (see Table 1).
From this, conclusions can be drawn that the relationship
between the desired production quantity and the available
Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
11
Fig. 9 e Influence of area availability on the PV/wind-ratio
and LCOH with constant production quantity.
area has an influence on the PV/Wind-ratio. The relationship
is shown in Fig. 9. The PV/Wind-ratio affects the LCOH. On the
one hand, because wind has higher investment costs and, on
the other hand, it generates electricity more flatly. With a
surface area of 232 km2 (no area restriction) compared to
37 km2 in the base case, the optimum PV/Wind-ratio is 0.76
versus the 12.01 of the base case. Any further increase in the
available area has no effect on the optimal result. The
customer receives about 38% of the output energy as liquid
hydrogen. This is 5% less than in the base case. Main reason
for this is greater curtailment because of lower storage
capacities.
Discussion of plant size
As described in Section Operation and energy balance in the
base case, 12% of the given investment volume is achieved
in the base case. The assumed demand in Section Hydrogen
consumption based on the maximum utilization of the
renewable energy potential of the given area is decisive for the
size of the system and thus the investment costs. If the model
is forced to use the investment volume of V4 billion, a pro-
duction volume of 426 kt of liquid hydrogen results, from this
amount after all the losses are included 400 kt of hydrogen are
delivered to the end users both locally and in Germany. To
ensure that the model can be solved, the area limitation is
removed (see Section Impact factors on optimal PV/Wind-
ratio). The LCOH result in 10.00 V/kg.
Discussion of costs and impact of costs on plant design
The influence of a variation in the costs of PEM electrolyzer,
BESS, transport, fixed costs, and PV system from 40% to 120%
of the base case is shown in Fig. 10. As has already become
clear in the investigation scenarios, the investment costs for
the BESS have the greatest influence on the LCOH. If a cheap
and flexible electricity storage option is available, both storage
and PV capacities can be reduced and thus the overall costs for
the end user can be reduced. On the other hand, the reduction
in the investment costs of the PEM electrolyzer, allows for a
higher capacity and a more flexible system and therefore
reduce the BESS capacity, it is the same behavior observed in
12 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

14
13 Base Case Table 3 e Percentage investment cost change in % from
LCOH in €/kg

12 base case for projection (B: Base; L: Low; H: High).

11
10 2030 2040
9
8 B L H B L H
7
PV [59,60]6 22 29 16 36 46 25
6
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Onshore wind [61]6 4 6 2 7 12 3
Cost percentage change in % PEM [62]6 40 47 33 80 93 67
BESS [63,64]6 29 38 21 58 75 41
Investment PEM Fix Costs
Investment BESS Investment PV
Investment Transport Cost change collected **
** Investment PEM, BESS, PV, Transport and fix costs
studies (optimistic [17,18], scenario 2 [19]) lower LCOH result
Fig. 10 e Impact of system component costs on the LCOH. from examining the impact of cost reduction potentials in the
form of sensitivity studies. Nasser et al. [20] do not consider a
given hourly hydrogen demand profile. Thus BESS and grid
the “AEL” scenario. Transport costs have the least influence on
usage concepts are not necessary and lower LCOH are deter-
the levelized costs of energy.
mined. Barhoumi et al. [23] calculate cost ranges for green
hydrogen production of a grid-connected PV system in Oman
Comparison with other studies and future cost projection
comparable to those in this study for the wheeling scheme
scenarios. According to Barhoumi et al. [23] connecting the plant
Depending on the supply concept, the levelized costs of Egyp-
to the grid reduces the LCOH to 5.5 V/kg compared to 5.1 V/kg in
tian green hydrogen production and transportation range be-
this study. For a predominantly PV-powered stand-alone sys-
tween 7.17 and 12.31 V/kg in this study. A comparsion between
tem, they calculate 5.74 V/kg LCOH [23] compared to 9.38 V/kg in
LCOH calculated in this study and literature values is given in
the base case of this study. The cost differences between the PV
Fig. 11 a. To create a better comparability, care was taken to
stand-alone system scenarios of the studies can be attributed to
ensure that the assignment to the production and distribution
different demand time series profiles. Furthermore, Barhoumi
of hydrogen is approximately the same. Nevertheless, complete
et al. [23] do not envisage intercontinental transport, whereas
comparability is not possible because the studies are based on
we have considered infrastructure-related flexibility expansion
different assumptions as explained in Section Green hydrogen
constraints along the intercontinental hydrogen transport
production in Egypt - active research field. The lower LCOH for
€ndle et al. [17,18] and Habib et al. [19] chain. With no grid connection, flexibility along the supply
hydrogen production in Bra
chain is particularly important.
is due to the use of average capacity factors for PV, which is why
Fig. 11 b shows a projection for the LCOH up to the year
no storage is necessary. This assumption is compatible with the
2040 (for assumptions see Table 3). Furthermore, a compari-
wheeling scheme usage in this study, which is why comparable
son between the LCOH from Runge et al. [16] and values of this
LCOH values are obtained in the baseline scenario (PV1, PV4)
study is presented for the year 2035. Runge et al. [16] consid-
[17,18] and scenario 1 (AEL, PEM) [19]. In other scenarios of both
ered hourly capacity factors of PV and wind, hourly hydrogen
demand time series profiles as well as hydrogen distribution
in the form of LH2 to Germany. Due to the hourly resolution of
PV and wind capacity factors and demand series profiles,
storage technologies are necessary. Therefore, the LCOH
determined by Runge et al. [16] fits well into the projected
value range of this study.

Conclusion

In this paper, an optimization model for the cost-optimal

determination of a green hydrogen supply from Egypt to
Germany was implemented from private investors perspec-
tive. The aim of the paper was to analyze the current LCOH
for the production and distribution of green hydrogen given
the requirements for investment volume, area availability
and infrastructural conditions. Different supply concepts
were implemented for a systematic analysis. The influence of
the production site, technology components and effects of
interaction of a P2LH2 plant with a virtual power market
design (wheeling scheme, buy and sell principle) were
examined. The cheapest solution of the implemented supply
scenarios results in 5 V/kg for hydrogen production. With less
Fig. 11 e Study comparison of the LCOH from Egypt to
flexibility it can be assumed that the prices for production in
Germany a) currently and b) future cost projection.

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx 13

Egypt are 8e10 V/kg. By taking the transport into account,

Table A.1 e (continued )
there are additional costs of 2e3.5 V/kg. The losses along the
supply chain to the end customer are 52e61% of the gener- Direction in km Direction in km
ated electricity. Less flexibilities in the production chain and Location 2 - Damiette 982
the more reloading of hydrogen increase these losses. Re- - Alexandria 958 - Adabiya Port 943
- Suez 687 - Port Said 1,022
strictions imposed by private investments, which imply
- Cairo 742 Germany
consideration of the existing technology and infrastructure
- Ain Sokhna 646 - Napoli Port 1,487
only, result in higher costs than the comparative values - Alexandria Port 973 - Rotterdam Port 521
found in the literature. In addition to the main cost drivers - Damiette 870 Waterway
such as electrolysis, BESS and PV, flexibilization of the sys- - Adabiya Port 651 Napoli Port
tem through the wheeling scheme plays a decisive role in the - Port Said 829 - Alexandria Port 1,848
costs. A joint planning by authorities and investors would Location 3 - Damiette 1,988
- Alexandria 571 - Adabiya Port 2,199
thus utulize the country's potential optimally. From a Euro-
- Suez 300 - Port Said 2,038
pean energy system perspective, it is conceivable to include
- Cairo 356 Rotterdam Port
the production and transport models of Egypt and the MENA - Ain Sokhna 260 - Alexandria Port 5,808
region in general. - Alexandria Port 570 - Damiette 5,964
It is reserved for future elaborations to carry out more - Damiette 483 - Adabiya Port 6,175
refined investigations into the availability of cost-effective - Adabiya Port 288 - Port Said 6,014
and efficient flexibility options on the hydrogen production, - Port Said 442

distribution and demand side of single hydrogen supply

chains.

Table A.2 e Optimization input parameters in the base

CRediT authorship contribution statement
case.

Larissa Breuning: Methodology, Investigation, Conceptuali- Value Unit

*
zation, Data curation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Desalination
Writing e original draft. Andrea Cadavid Isaza: Methodology, Avg. power consumption [65] 3.95 kWh/m3H2O
Sea water (S) consumption [66]6 2.22 kgS/kgCleanH2O
Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Writing e review &
Minimum load fraction [66]6 0.9 e
editing. Julia Gawlick: Methodology, Investigation, Data
Investment costs [67,68]6 1,800 V/(m3/d)
curation, Validation, Writing e review & editing. AnCelka Variable costs [67]6 0.026 V/kgCleanH2O
Kerekes
: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Valida- Fix costs (% of invest.) [68]6 2 %
tion, Writing e review & editing. Thomas Hamacher: Turbine*
Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing e review Outlet pressure [69] 30 bar
& editing. Input pressure [69] 300 bar
Investment costs ([69]; 20% of C)6 6,600 V/kgH2low/h
Fix costs (% of invest.) 2 %
Compressor (C)*
Declaration of competing interest Outlet pressure [69] 300 bar
Input pressure [69] 15e30 bar
The authors declare that they have no known competing Avg. power consumption [70] 4.44 kWh/kgH2low
financial interests or personal relationships that could have Investment costs [69]6 33,000 V/kgH2low/h
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Fix costs (% of invest.) 2 %
GH2 storage*
Storage pressure [69]6 300 bar
Appendix A. Techno-economic input parameters Storage temperature [71] 20 
C
Boil-Off losses [72] 0 %/d
Investment costs capacity [72] 550 V/kgH2high
Fix costs (% of invest. cap.) [72] 2 %
LH2 storage
Table A.1 e Transport distances.
Storage pressure [72] 1 bar
Direction in km Direction in km Storage temperature [55] 253 
C
Road Germany Boil-Off losses [72] 0.03 %/d
Location 1 - Napoli Port 1,494 Investment cost capacity [72] 25 V/kgLH2
- Alexandria 1,029 - Rotterdam Port 508 Fix costs (% of invest. cap.) [72] 2 %
- Suez 848 Railway Depreciation [72] 20 Years
- Cairo 811 Location 1 LH2 liquid unit container ship*
- Ain Sokhna 834 - Alexandria 1,052 Investment costs container [73] 698,000 V
- Alexandria Port 1,044 - Suez 937 Capacity per unit [73] 3,160 kg
- Damiette 1,053 - Cairo 807 Avg. ship velocity [36] 24 km/h
- Adabiya Port 831 - Ain Sokhna 986 Fuel consumption [73] 0.25 l/U $ km
- Port Said 990 - Alexandria Port 1,062 Boil-Off losses [74] 0.07 %/d

(continued on next page) (continued on next page)

Please cite this article as: Breuning L et al., Combined photovoltaic and wind power plant planning for the production and trans-
portation of liquefied green hydrogen: A case study of Egypt, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2023.07.108
14 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table A.2 e (continued )

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