EXPERT SYSTEM ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

(A Case Study of Dangote Group, Sokoto Branch)

BY

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
REG. NO: XXXXXXXX

SUBMITTED TO

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ABDU-GUSAU POLYTEC HNIC TALATA MAFARA
ZAMFARA STATE.

OCTOBER, 2012

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 APPROVAL PAGE
This project research has been read, checked and supervised by Malam
Bello Mu’azu. The research is conducted by Umar Jauro Modibbo in the
department of computer science Abdu Gusau polytechnic Talata mafara in
paertial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of national diploma in
computer science.

____________________
Mal. Bello Mu’azu Sign & Date
Project Supervisor

____________________
Mal. Dahiru M. Sign & Date

___________________

Mal. Aminu Suleiman Sign & Date

Head of Department

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 DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to Almighty Allah who’s with his own
savior mercy I came to this existence of undergoing the research work
successfully, and to the memory o f my father Mal. Modibbo A.R.A
T/Mafara.

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 ACKNOWLLEDGMENT
All praise and thanks be to Allah, the endless, the superior and the panacea,
who through his infinite mercy make me to undergoes this research work
thanks be to him alone.
My sincere gratitude goes to my able and my responsible supervisor who is
in one way or the other pulled down his efforts to see that this research
work has been concluded in person of Malalm Bello Mu’azu may God
reward him abundantly Amen. In congestion with the above I will not
forget with my Head of Department (HOD) Malam Aminu Suleiman, prject
coordinator Malam Dahiru Abubakar Magami and all the entire staff of
my department and the management of Abdu-Gusau polytechnic Talata-
Mafara entirely.
My fortunate gratitude goes to my father who’s with his evidence control I
come to this fortune right Mal. Modibbo A.R.A T/Mafara, in the same
direction I will never forget my lovely mother who grant her effort
personally, financially and advisably in assuring that I achieved my desired
objectives put forward, may God reward her abundantly Amin. Thanks also
goes to my brothers junior brothers and senior one’s who contribute
enormously to see that I achieved this non forgetful work may God bless
them Amin. My thanks also goes to my friends both in the school and at
home may god bless them and gave them his fortune right/mercy
academically and morally Amin.

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 ABSTRACT
This project work is academically concerned with expert system on
inventory management system. The use of early and fortune expert system
is described, the inventory management system corrective control of the
expert system is described, the inventory management system which
provides works performances and there by creates awareness of the cost.
Considerably the preceding outcome of the expert system in the
computational environment and field of business is greatly enormous by
mere term of expert system application to various filed of human endeavor
this also is described too.

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Title page I
Approval page II
Dedication III
Acknowledgement IV
Table of contents V

Chapter one
1.0Background of the study -----------------------------------------------1
1.1 Statement of the problems ------------------------------------------1
1.2 Purpose of the study -------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Scope of the study ---------------------------------------------------3
1.4 Research questions and Hypothesis -------------------------------4
1.5 Definition of terms --------------------------------------------------5

Chapter two
2.0 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1 An Over view of an Expert system ----------------------------------7
2.2 Inventory Control system -------------------------------------------17
2.3 How an expert system on inventory management can provide effective
way of managing cost ---------------------------------------------------18
2.5 Benefits of Expert system on inventory management-----------18

Chapter three
3.0 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------20
3.1 Analysis of the current system-------------------------------------------20
3.2Analysis of Input ---------------------------------------------------------21
3.3Analysis of output --------------------------------------------------------22
3.4 System specification -----------------------------------------------------23
3.5 File maintained ----------------------------------------------------------24
3.6 System Design -----------------------------------------------------------24
3.7 New input Design -------------------------------------------------------25
3.8 New output design -------------------------------------------------------26
3.9 New system Requirement------------------------------------------------26
3.10 Program specification --------------------------------------------------27
3.11 Implementation and maintenance ---------------------------------------27

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Chapter four
4.0 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------30
4.1 Summery-------------------------------------------------------------30
4.2 Discussion------------------------------------------------------------31
4.3 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------32
4.4 Recommendation ---------------------------------------------------32
4.5 Suggestion ----------------------------------------------------------33
4.6 References -----------------------------------------------------------34
4.8 Appendix-------------------------------------------------------------35-54

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1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Inventory means the idle stock resources of an organization at particular point of
time. Is the idle stock of items for feature references or use. It is the organization
real assets at hand. Business also means taking inventory which are running
under control of the quantity merchandise on hand.
An item type inventory can be calculated at any point in time by adding the
beginning inventory and quantity purchased and deducting quantity withdrawn
from each item type. Here, this calculation done by employing physical counting
is determined. One should only determine the monetary value of an inventory.
This process is required if the business has few inventories.
An organization {Like Dangote group sokoto branch} that has hundred or
thousand of inventory could have been better if they have an inventory program
{Expert system} knowing the quantity of the inventory at hand is vital and the
operation of the firm can be successful. For most business, being out of
inventory guarantees that sales may be lost. Running count of inventory quantity
{quality} provides ssential information needed to purchase or manufacture, then
we can replace so that sales order can be filled.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
From the inventory management in “Dangote Group of company sokoto
Branch” one cannot clearly identify the entire problems associated to it, which
are need to immediately improve the reliability and accuracy of the in formation
management. Some of the problems associated with the existing system are:
1) The existing system lack the accurate information saving and retrieval.
2) In adequate storage facilities or equipment

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 3) The current system lack quick response as data {information} on customer
and items increase during transaction process.
4) Movement of management staff from one location to another searching
large amount of data {information files} about customers response on
product (items). This can lead countless mistakes during transaction.
5) The existing system lack security.
6) Under utilization of certain recording materials due to wrong format in
use.
7) In complete transaction record as a result of shortage of recording
materials.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of the research work is to design an expert system for
the present inventory management at “Dangote group Sokoto Branch”, it
is also aimed at providing:
a. Providing faster responses to various customers in saving and
retrieving their information.
b. Avoiding insufficient storage files.
c. Avoiding constant mov emenmt of management staffs and files from
one direction to another.
d. Attending the fast customr at fast rate.
e. Provinf timely and accurate information for planning and decision
making to the management of “Dangote Group, sokoto Branch”.
f. Ensuring adequate security and safety of all files (informtion).
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

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The research under takings and design are always endowed with important
resources (information, data and opinions), usually for the benefit of
interested individuals, group and organizations. However any significance
assessment of the performance of the research will validate it historic
benevolence. The miracle inherent in the research studies provides an
inceptive for the development of the researcher knowledge in the research.
This research also help to facilitate and strengthen the research, it
overplayed an educational strategy of improving the knowledge of the
research.
In addition, the system design to be developed will relinquish all form of
redundancy and lack of poor organization operations in the inventory
management of the organization, and also provides/improves the
reliability of stock control as well as the efficiency of the information and
society of the organization through the use of computer systems.
It also in tend to improve the level of inventory management of the
organization by providing essential system procedure (Expert system). 1.4
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Fundamentally, every research has it’s own scope the scope of the
research work is aimed at dealing with the demanding nature of the project
requiremts (which include time, space and convenience) the finding of the
research work will therefore be restricted to “Dangote group, sokoto
Branch” it will not be intended otherwise as a result of the following
heading:
1) Lack of insufficient time

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 Ther are many other academic requirement that most be wholly or
partly satisfiend with the concept of the time given for this research
work. So the time is relatively insufficient
2) Finance:
As we already know the supply of many is very limited
Especially in a situation where experimental costs material costs, data
collection and other are involved.
1.4 RESEARCH QUSTIONS
The following are question related to this research work:
1. can expert system provide timely and accurate information in
management activities?
2. is there any implication of expert system in the inventory management?
3. can expert system help “”Dangote Group, sokoto Branch to handle the
economic burdens of their transaction?
4. can expert system hlp managers in their planning and decision making?
5. can expert system provide security?
6. can expert system provides insufficient storage of files?
7. what are the benefits of the expert system to the inventory management?
1.7 DIFINTION OF TERMS
 INVENTORY: A writing list of all items and machineries supply
or distribution base on amount of stock or machineries available.
Can also be defining as the idle stock of items for feature reference
use.
 RECORD: This is an organized collection of related fields.

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 EXPERT SYSTEM: a computer system that can provide
information and give advice on a particular subject or matter. The
program asks users a series of questions about their problems and
gives them result based on it stored knowledge. Expert system can
also be defined as the act of programming computers to make
decision on real world situation.
 COMPUTERS: is any electromechanical or electronic device
capable of accepting data through input devices (keyboard) store
and process the data produce a meaningful result through input
device (monitor) base on stored instructions.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (A.I): Is the branch of computer
sincere that is concerned with the use of programs and
programming techniques to cast light on the principle of
intelligence in general and human through in particular. Artificial
intelligence as define by minky (1968) the sincere of making
machine do things that require intelligence if done by men.
(Wechsler in 1958) define AI as the global capacity of individual to
act purposely, to things rationally and deal efficiently with our
environment. Power of understanding, ability to reason, ability to
learn and relate knowledge, information (pears 1969). Is also the
study of human made machine to emulate or stimulate human
methods for deductive and inductive acquisition and application of
knowledge and acquisition.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Many analysis and programmers have been undertaken on inventory system by
it various authors and professionals in this direction. Each of them has tackled
the subject matter “inventory” in their own individual perspective.. in this study
the review will be made clear bearing in mind only part to be covered in the
course of study, that is reviewing the foundamental concepts, which are
involving and revolving within the domain of this research project.
2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF EXPERT SYSTEM
Many difference opinions as to the origin of experts were briefly eluded too.
This is, not and insignificant number of individuals feel that expert system is
nothing more than heuristic programming is an attempt to emulate human
intuition, judgment and common sense. This type of programming allowed
computer to recall earlier result and included them in it’s programming under a
difference name and subject to a different set of jargon. Reinforcing this
perception is the fact that; today we may not not rather compiling evidence of a
practice that were developed in the past as heuristic, that the term re-branding is
practice is heuristic programs now being sold as expert systems. In many
instance,, the only things changes has been the product name. in other a
heuristic programming package may have been simply e corded from FOTRAN
in to LISP and then designated (and sold) as expert system.
Another fact or that disturbs some individuals is their perception that some
portion (if not majority) of the artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science
communities have failed to recognize that, not only there is life before the
computer, there were also expert systems before the computer consider WEISS

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and KULIKOWKI’s definition of expert system (1984) they stated that and
expert system is a system that:-
a. Handle real world, complex problems requiring an expert interpretation.
b. Solve this problem in aa computer model of human reasoning, reaching
the same conclusions that the human expert would reached if faced with a
comparable problem.
Our descendents feel that phrase computer model in the above definition
would be replaced simply by the world model, and the definition would still
hold true. (for instance addition is addition whether done by hand or a
computer system) under the above definition of an expert system, one may
note numerous example of an expert system prior to either the existence of
digital computer or the area of artificial intelligence. As just one example,
consider the detailed operation procedures (DOPs) use for decades in
engineering these DOPs are typically brief manuals that represent a
compilation of rules (many of which are heuristic) and procedures as develop
by an expert engineer,, for use by the technicians in the field when dealing
with a specific problems. Such manual have fund particularly widespread use
in the aircraft and aerospace industry. Detail operation procedure (DOPs)
have long being roundly use foe pre-fight and plight assistance, in both the
use of identification and controlling of aircraft malfunctions.
Consider the example follows, an expert system from a (DOPs) have written
for the Saturn/Apollo moon landing program in 1962 (ignozor 1962);
If antenna to transmitter coaxial cable has been disconnected from the
antenna port, then examine the coaxial cable connected for any sign of
breakage, discoloration, if such sign are detected, then remove and replace

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 the connecter otherwise; connect the RF generator to the antenna port. If the
patient disease is ache and patient is grater than 22 years then the prescription
is ASPIRINE.
If the RF generator is connected to the antenna port then turn it on and set the
frequency to 22O.5 megacycle (v-O.1 megacycles) if the generator has been
on for at least two minutes and then frequency is stable then initiate the
VSWR test.
By determining this few steps carefully, we may note that th content of each
step represent extracts from knowledge base of an electrical engineer and in
medical profession with specific expertise in the testing of RF (radio
frequency) systems; specifically, telemetry antennas. Note carefully and
reasonable that each step consist of one or more “IF –THEN (or IF –THEN
other wise) type of statements that is if a particular situation exist THEN take
action. Such statement are designed by those in artificial intelligence (AI) as
production rules, or simply roles listed above, as the author of the referenced
document will developed through experienced band judgment. thus, with
single exception of the use eof computer to implement these instruction such
DOPs will certainly appear to satisfy most of the criteria typically associated
with an expert system.
2.1.1 ERLY EEXPERT SYSTEM
Leaving aside, for the moment, the more controversial aspect of the origin of
expert system, let us now focus on thise expert system that are typically
regarded by the artificial intelligence (AI) community as being the first such
system developed. These are expert system of the late 1960’s and 1960s.
1. DENDRAL (An expert system in Chemical Identification).

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Work and DENDRAL, is generally considered to be the very first expert system,
begin in the mid-1960s, at the Stamford University under the direction of Joshua
Lederberg, Edward Feigenbaum, and Bruce Buchanan the purpose of the
DENDRAL, which did not actually become operational early 1970s,is the
identification of the molecular structure of unknown compounds, a problems of
the considerably computational complexity. DENDRAL, unlike many of early
expert systems, found acceptance and is still in use by chemist all over the
world. Generally speaking for some task, DENDRAL is generally acknowledge
as performing better than any human expert.
Lederberg has firs developed a conventional approach to this
problems in 1964, and this was designated as the DENDAL
algorithm. The purpose of the collaboration with the Fiegenburm
and Burchenna was to determine if the heuristic could be use to
develop result comparable to the algorithm, the set of
spectroscope data from the compound to be identified. The
heuristic program then reduces the large number (Typically
millions) of potential structures down to some reasonable
numbers. It accomplish this task by filtering out all structures that
could not be associated with the sample. These filtering rules are
those heuristic typically used by expert chemists. The remaining
possibilities are then compared to the unknown compound on the
basis of matching spectrogram patterns. DENDRAL Utilize
production rules and was implemented in the LIPs programming
language. DENDRAL does not have an explanation facility that

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 is, it simply riches a conclusion and this conclusion is presented
to the user.
2. INTERNIST/CADUCEUS: (An expert in internal medicine)
The INTERNIST project was started in the early 1070s, and continues today
under the name CADUCEUS (people 1984). The co-developers are Herry E.
people, Jr and Jack D. Myers of the University of the Pittsburgh. People is a
computer scientist and Myers is physician specializing in internal me chine one
of the exact and striking matter about INTERNIST/CADUCEUS has been it
ability to remain a valuable project over an extensive period of time.
The mission of INTERNIST is to perform a diagnosis of the majority of diseases
that are associated with diseases or field of internal machine. this, in general
context is an ambitious endeavor as there are hundreds of such infected diseases
moreover, not only the INTERNIST/CADUCEUS intend to diagnosis such
diseases, it is supposed to consider all the possible combination of diseases that
might be present. It is estimated that the number of such combination is on the
order of 1Othe to 4Oth power.
Consequently, as in the case of explosiveness; a problems for which the
heuristic approach is most appropriate. ,,,,,,,,
3. HEARSAY I AND II (Speech Recognition)
4. HEARSAY I (1969), and HEARSAY II. (1971) were developed at
carriage –Mellon university in an attempt to demonstrate the possibility of
a speech recognition system (1973). Generally speaking, the goal of the
system was to have a computer understand spoken input. The input to the
HEARSAY system is a speech wave form. From this wave form, a set of

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 hypothesis about what may have been said is developed. A best gues from
this set is then presented as the output.
5. one of the more innovative concept developed by the HEARSAY project
was the of the use f the multiple knowledge bases. Each knowledge base
communicates by the use of blackboard, which serve as the working
memory that is shared by all knowledge base. Each knowledge base in
turn, concentrate n a different aspect of the speech recognition problem.
The blackboard is then controlled by an agenda scheduler who services to
determine which knowledge base is to use the blackboard next . several
present day expert system shells in real context incorporate the black
boarding concept.
6. as the completion of HEARSAY project in 1975, the system has a
vocabulary of about 1OOO words and was able to correctly interpret
spoken input roughly 75% of the time. This as accomplished in a time
span of only a few times longer tan was taken by a human listener. A fast
mainframe computer was developed to achieve the following aims:
one of important result of the HEASAY project was the demonstration
that an expert system and approach (i.e use of heuristics) was the superior
to what had been conventional methodological relied upon statistical tools,
that is the analytical approach. Another result of HEARSAY is that, it
spawned several type follow-on efforts dealing with interpretation of the
several type of signals, in particular, acoustic signal such as those obtained
through sonar contacts. Another are HASP system (Nii etal 1982).
2.1.2 SOME MORE RECENT EXPERT SYSTEMS

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We have described expert system precisely and accurately in the above various
definitions, these become almost legendary in the artificial intelligence sector.
The best ideas can be undone for the lck of planning, particularly planning for
the maintainance of any real world implementation of expert system. We now
consider some of the more recent expert systems.
1. QMR (MEDICAL DIAGNONASTIC EXPERT SYSTEM)
Using the massive knowledge base first developed for “INTERNIST QMR”
(Quick medical record) assist physicians in the diagonis of an illness based upon
the patients symptoms, examination findings and laboratory tests (Kane and
Racker,1988) QMR which reside at the university of Pittsburgh, incorporate
over 4000 possible manifestations of diseases and is said to perform at level
comparable to practicing physicians.
2. JONATHAN WAVE (AN EXPERT SYSTEM IN COMMUDITIES
TRADING).
A firm’s number and individuals have developed expert system for sticks and
commodities trading. While it is too early to access the success or failure of
these programs, the have attracted considerably high numbers of customers in
this direction. Jonathan wave is just one of these, developed specifically for
commodities futures option trading.
One develops by Michael Archer, Jonathan’s wave runs unto 286 base personal
computers. The knowledge base is written in C while the inference engine is
written in PROLOG incorporated in the program are the knowledge bases of
several approaches to commodities trading. base upon their suggestion and their
past performance, the system determines the trade to be established in this

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direction. In a node shell this manner, the system act some what as thought it,
were using multiple experts to reach it conclusion.
3. AN EXPERT SYSTEM IN POULTRY FARMING
Georgria Technology of research institute developed an expert
system for the poultry farmers. The system analysis data from the
poultry farm’s environment control system. Using information on
feed and water consumption, temperature, humidity and ammonia
levels, the system may be used to alert the farmer to any diseases
that chickens have or infected with.
3 TOP SECRATE (AN EXPERT SYSTEM IN SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION). Within the department of energy (DOE), there are
two more than one hundred (100) classification guide to nuclear weapons
security data (Newquist,1989). The uses of expert system in security threat
insider perform correct in (DOE) is to attempt correctly to classify a given
document through the use of this guides. Document classification who is
permitted to view a document and who is not. The albuqurque operation
office of (DOE) selected EXSYS to perform this classification of tasks. The
knowledge base of this shell contains the roles from the classification
guides that determines just how to classify a document (e.g as confidential,
secrecy or top secrete) and the system is being used to relieve the work load
of the people previously assign to this effort.
FUTURE EXPERT SYSTEM
Most of the expert systems that have been discussed far are essentially
stand-alone systems. However in a near future, it ia likely that a large portion (if
not the majority) of the expert system that are developed, are embedded systems,

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that is, system that form only a part of the overall software package. Hybrid
expert systems are just one example of such an approach.
Another embedded expert system is the so-called intelligence interface.
The intelligence shall rely, more and more, on expert system to better achieved
user friendless in software. Such that system will immediately determine
whether or not the user is a no voice or expert, and round it action accordingly,
the no voice user will require more help, support and guidance, while the most
experienced user will need but minimal assistance. Ideally, such systems should
permit one to employ a software package without first having to attempt to read,
and make sense of jargon laden instructions of the accompanying user manuals.
Another trend that is expected to continues is the increase in developing of
smaller expert system-expert system having 200 or fewer rules. This particular
prediction is how ever, what odds with a commonly held belief of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) community. specifically, feigenbaum has stated that expert
system developer should look an application that have the potential or either
saving the company earning for the company several millions of dollar per year
(Feigenbaum 1986). Moreover, with the advent off powerful, inexpensive expert
shell and with implementation on the personal computer the development of
small expert system are highly cost effective.
2.2 INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM
As state by Morrison, (1982), Inventory control is described as the means
by which material of the correct quantity and quality is made available as an
ordering cost, purchase price and working capital. It involves the following:
1) Regulating the issue of stock from the store houses.
2) Regulating the input of stock in to the store houses

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 3) Deciding the extent of stock holding of items individually and
correctly.
4) The optimum amount of stock to be ordered.
5) Assessing the item to be held in store
Stock control therefore, is the registration of the stock supply or distributing an
amount of stock available. It ensures that adequate stock should be maintained
and avoiding excessive stock levels.
As demonstrated by Carter, (1985:38) stock control is the process of ensuring
that the stock held by the organization is the supplied to those parts of the
operation that require items (i.e production, distribution and slaes engineering)
bearing in mind that, the time factors, location quantit and quality cost.
2.4 HOW AN EXPERT SYSTEM ON THE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
CAN PROVIDE EFFECTIVE WAY OF MANAGING COST.
An organization needs not only to know how transact businesses but also how to
manage and minimize cost. Many organizations consist of different sectors each
devotes to kind of services it renders for the success of the organization. This
section of the organization is faced with management problems of when to
replenish goods, how much to order and course of which product is highly
recommended.
Expert system thus, provides the following cost effective way of running an
organization.
Re-order point
A part from buying and selling with an organization, the management also needs
to know when to re-order goods. This system analysis the whole transaction at a
point which is determined by the organization, it now shows that re-order is to

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cut the cost of re-ordering (re-order cost) and also when goods are still in the
store re-order of such items of commodity will be ignored in total annual cost
and total ordering cost.
2.5 BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEM ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
The following are the benefits of an expert system on the inventory
management:
a) It provides a much better way to reduce inefficient file storage
b) It provides the organization with easier access to their consumer than
going through images volumes of files to sort out consumers.
c) It prompts the inventory managers n when to re-order and quantity to re-
order.
d) It help to identify redundancy items of goods (inventory).
e) The organization is now part of the global information age identified by
common needs and objectives.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 INTRODUCTION
System analysis is a critical study of the existing system with the intention
in mind to develop a new computerized system. System analysis is
concerned with converting the objectives of the management as far as
information and data are concerned in to methods that are amendable to
process by a computer, which is link between management of the specific
hardware computing in another circumstances, is the form used to describe
to process of collecting and analyzing of facts in respect of existing
operation procedure and system in order to obtain a full observation of the
prevailing situation so that an effective and efficient expert system may be
design and implement. System analysis is dynamically restricted to a
condition where interaction between human intention and action
performance of the system are being considered.
System analysis consist of a series of a stages that revolved around in
replacing an old system by new one, in a process known as system life cycle,
these stage include the following:-
 Preliminary study.
 Feasibility study
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance and review
3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM

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 As we have already explained, the inventory system of the organization is
computerized i.e. using expert system in keeping and stock control procedures
are carried out by the store officer and his store keeper. In this system,
transaction data is obtained through the store expert system. In this system,
transaction of data is obtained through the store expert system. Upon the
completion of every transaction of data, the store officer will update the system
file, on to their data base for every transaction of data; there must be
corresponding entry of their record in the data base system appropriately. In this
context, it reflects the trends in the stock management. The system stores,
manipulate and interpreted the data being updated in to the main data base of
Dangote Group company sokoto main branch.
3.2 ANALYSIS OF INPUT
The primary data required of input in the existing computerizing system in
which they determine how to do the following using an expert system:
Invoice
Companies selling huge amount of Goods like Dangote Group of Company
Sokoto Branch on credit, they produce an invoice setting out the details of the
sale within their data base management system. It includes the customer’s name
and address customer’s ID numbers, date of sale, quantity, price, description and
value of goods sold. This information is needed to record the customers
indebtedness; quickly and efficiently the customer order details and seller detils
of goods provided the data from which it is compiled and ranked in to the
systems.
Payroll large and companies have to settled their employees and required
information need most be uploaded in to the system this includes: the pay slip

26
(printed copy) to show the employees how much he/she has earned and reason
for deductions. If the employees are paid in the cash (as apposed to cheque or
direct credit to their bank accounts) for the management control process analysis
of labor hours in to various categories such as idle item, sickness and absence
can processed.
The data from which the information is derived is likely to come from some
form of time where record has been scheduled e.g tax codes.
Statement of Account
On the same direction, from the invoice examples the summery of the invoice
and payment made to customer in a period of time either monthly, weekly or
daily in the form the “statement” it is produced and sent to the customer to
indicates or show the amount he owes on the basis. The “statement” of the
account is the information coming from either involves and cash receipt (data).
3.3 ANALYSIS OF OUTPUT
Output refers to the outcome or end of the organization which includes:
a. The debit note.
b. The official receipt
c. The private motor monthly permission record.
d. The list of insurance claimed obtained record of report.
These reports are mainly focus on the details of the information required about
insurance, it consist of the name of insures, accout number and their address in
full as well as the policy number and the argent that serves as link between the
ensured and the insurance period. We had earlier focus on the detail order of
insurance that relies on output analysis of the organization.
3.4 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

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Ideally, the system specification here refers to each program and the way it
relies in functions, which is the data base management system. Database is the
organize collection of multiple related files. These related files are not
independent of one another.
A database management is the software that permits the user to create,
manipulates maintains and report the data and file relationships, it is also the
software that allows user to create, maintain and have access to a file at a time..
database are normally setup to meet the information need of the major part of an
organization. With the database, it is possible to:-
a. Add new files of data
b. Add new records to files that are already in the base
c. Create and maintain relationship between the items of data.
Database is also a system for collection, storing and retrieving of information in
a redundant manner so that the relationship between items which can be
maintained and the program that can extract information from the collection n
some efficient and effective manner.
3.5 FILE MAINTAINED
New record most be added to a files and records need to be erased, the price
also changes and the file most be altered, customers address also changes a
new form of address to bring the files up to date. This particular come under
“maintenance” of the file maintenance is the taking care of all file to have
safety keeping of information . the file maintenance can be carried out as a
spread run, but inspection and removal if records is some times combined
with updating. File maintenance is also used to describe the following:

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 a) Amending static data contained in a record for example customer
regular information of the stock items etc.
b) Adding of withdrawing of record from a file.
3.6 SYSTEMDESIGN
The data input it is very clear that the effectiveness of a system is measured in
terms of it’s output. The system designer must decides how to produce and
effective and efficient system base on the feasibility investigation and analysis.
System design is the development of a system with regard to the specification
and requirement through system analysis. To design a new system or modify the
existing system, the current system must be examined. Therefore on the
completion of the structure chart, the system flowchart is designed in appendix,
and this chart illustrates how the whole module function, then the program
flowchart for each program was designed explicitly to make the program easier.
As each program is designed and be tested with a test data until it is free from
error and purposely link with main program.
3.7 NEW INPUT DESIGN
The data system input to the new system is from the stock item inventory
information and the customer’s information from their records, the following
detailed of data are simply explained:-
Data item type
Data item examples data type data length
Item no. 00400 Integer -
Item type sugar String 14cahrt
Unit price 500 Integer -
Customer’s data type

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Data item Data type Date length
Cust. ID Integer -
C F Name string 15 Chart
C Middle Name String 14 Chart
Class Name String 14 Chart
C Address String 24 Chars
Gender string 6 Chart
3.8 NEW OUTPUT DESIGN
The output specification spec ies the details and arrangement of the output
requirement when ever the system is used, and what it can carried out in the
operation. The output specification depends on the data input as mentioned in
the above description.
3.9 NEW SYSTEM REQUIRMENT
The minimum requirement of the new system is briefly described under the
following heading namely:
Pentium 4, 733MHZ, 128MB RAM 52XCDROM
- peripheral device
Dell’ Keyboard and mouse
“4” Visual Display Unit “monitor” VDU 800X600
“300” Watts speaker
HP, LaserJet 5 or above
HP, DeskJet F400
HP Scan Jet 2400
Etc
- operating system

30
Window XP 2000 and above.
3.10PEROGRAMMING SPECIFICATION
In the above specification, the requirement were translated in one way or the
other in to a formal form, which is more useful to software engineers.
The program to be use was J creator (Java) programming language and will
show in the appendix when reusing it.
3.11IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINATENANCE
For any system to be useful and productive it must be properly implemented
especially in the computerization when the system programming and users are
concerned, the development of program is in such state including planning of
the flow logics, coding and testing when appendix have been seen and
recognize.
Once a system is implemented and is in full operation it is examined that, if it
has met the objective set out in the original specification. The unforeseen
problems may need to overcome. From time to time the requirement of the
organization will change and the system will have to be explained and examined
to see if it can cope with the new changes. In such away the implementation
stage can design such program when maintenance is certainly appear to met all
requirement/criteria typically associated with expert system, for the user of the
system designs to ranked the attitude or characters of maintenance habits regular
services and guide operations as mean of preventing physical breakdown of the
system.
The implementation stage it is the hectic period for the system to be
implemented, it is during this period that something start growing ever be in the
field and for the first time can see the system preparation of specification for

31
reality and machinery. All techniques in the system implementation therefore,
are applied to this specialized area essentially and effectively. Maintenance as
often define as the taking care of the whole system, when the system developed
details specification for new system an organization most require the necessary
hardware and/or software install them effectively. This is the function of the
system acquisition and implementation phase of a system life cycle.
When acquiring computer resources an organization should flow the roles that a
“software derive the hardware”. This means that the ultimate decision makers
should focus on what they want in term of data processing and output program
rather than system software or computer hardware, the organization should
ultimately stop for software not hardware. The decision that follows concentrate
on hardware acquisition when system specification call for new system an
organization has two different choices namely:-
1) Develop the system it self, and or
2) Purchase and perhaps modify a new system from outside vendors.
This called the make up or boys decision because of it similarly to the point
manufacturing decision of production companies ordered. New system
implementation they physically require some of the important preparation for
power connection, lighting and physical security. New system require the
following to be executed:-
-training: the system typically required re-tested for the system capabilities
operation efficiency before it has place in to operation. Test of software interface
should be performed and general program should be run with complex set of
data. This also comprise human side examine the ability of new system to help
us to accomplish the jobs.

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 CAHPTER FOUR
SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
3.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the program coding has been implemented as required. The
chapter also summarized the project work there by bringing a real frame of the
system design and finally conclude the research work. Recommendation ware
also made at the end in other to enhance the efficiency, reliability and
performance of the system.
4.2 SUMMERY
Inventory management Dangote group of company Sokoto Branch, was
converted from manual to computerized system (i.e. expert system) in this
project.
Apparaisal of the old system featured in chapter one in which objectives,
significance, and problems of the study ware stated.
While doing this, computer jargon and research methodologies ware carefully
defined.
Chapter introduced an overview of expert system in which the past, present and
feature expert system ware explained. It also discuss inventory control system
and the benefits of expert system on inventory management. Chapter three
analyzed details of the user specification i.e. the description of the old system.
New system was also designed and implemented base on user’s requirements.
Chapter four summarized, discuss, concluded and recommended for making
useful suggestion as last chapter of the project research.

33
4.3 DISCUSSION
This project work has been treated to present the objectives of the expert system
as a career. The usage of expert system on inventory management has been
examined, it is notice that despite the wide range of computer acceptance,
people ware still not aware of it capabilities. The problems was found to be use
by social ignorance and misconception about the computer which dominates out
people more especially in the developing nation across the world at large.
Meanwhile, the project work has shown how computer can be manipulated to
perform any function on the basis of it’s stored program (expert system). During
a project especially like expert system on the inventory management it is
normal to have number of formal, project reviews, which concerned with the
considering the project statuses against it’s aims in commissioning the software.
The development time for a large software project may be several or much time
organization objectives are almost begin to change, these changes may mean
that the software is no longer required or that the original project requires are in
appropriate. Management may decide to stop software development or change
the system to accommodate the changes to the organizational objectives.
Generally specking, this project has contributed immensely in improving skills
and expands knowledge through the research and analysis conducted during this
project work carried out in subsequent manner.

34
CONCLUSION
Problems is natural phenomenon and it is specula to every kind of system, or the
other is operated therefore, needs to use and grade computer as a problems
solving machine.
Furthermore various stages in the system development of the study may be
reviewed to suit other objectives and filed performance when the need arises. In
conclusion one must keep in mind that, system require sorts of need to make it
accomplished it targeted goals, so a control measures ha to be taken in this
significance respect to have smooth operation.
4.4 RECOMMENDATION
It is advisable for the programmers (program designer) to please course
forward to improve the performance and progress of this software so as to make
more standard as problems come over. It keeps in mind that this may arise in
one point or the other within the program. Efforts have been made to see that
wide areas base on inventory management system operation is covered but as
much as the time factor is concerned to me, all of the desired aim ranging from
inventory management software and hardware system are satisfied in one way or
the other. In fact, the system operation satisfies other objectives in the area of
expert system.

Of course, much programmers and managers do not assume all things go well.
Programs of some description nearly always arises, the initial assumption and
scheduling should be pessimistic rather than optimistic. There should be

35
sufficient contingency built in to the plan that the constraints and milestones
need to be renegotiating every time of system operation. It is mentioned over
again that is advisable to programmers to please course forward to improve the
performance and progress of this software in order to make more standard as
problems may arise so also.

36
4.5 SUGGESTION
In due course, it is advisable for the use of the system designed to involved them
selves in the habits o “maintenance culture” (regular services, observe operation
guide etc) as a matter that mean preventing physical breakdown or crashed and
other today or tomorrow logical problems that may arise in the system.
So, students who may wish to consult this work in the feature for the academic
purpose.

37
REFERENCES
Adams D.S and John C. (1986), computer information system USA,
south western publishing company.
Brian K. Williams and stecey sawyer, (2007), Information
communication Technology, introduction to Computers and
communications. Sixth edition Mc Graw-Hill Technology
education.
Dick O. (1982), (ED) phd. Micro computer handbook A buyers guide,
century publishing London.
Donald M. (1984), (ED) Apple log programming printer in United
State of America. Stephen parta and acted paulen. W.
Save and Co. Inc, Indian Polis, Indian.
French C.S (1984), Computers Studies Forth Edition, London D.P
Publication Limited.
Ignizio, JP (1991), Introduction to expert system Singapore MC Graw
Hill, Co. Inc.
Julia C. etal (1998), Programming system New York, MC Graw-Hill,
Companies Limited.
Koop man, P. (2007), Topic on dependable embedded systems,
CarnegieMellon university press. Swithland
Morison (1985), Definition on inventory management system,
Inventory Control system A handbook buyers guide.
Sinha K. (2003), Computers fundamental new Delhi, publication
limited.

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Wachsler in (1958), and Minkey Definition of Artificial Intelligence,
Introduction to Expert system and Artificial Intelligence

39
4.7 APPENDIX
4.7.1 structure flowchart
A top down approach was employed in the construction of the structure chart. A
structure flowchart is the inductive and iterative techniques for solving a
particular type of problem. In this chart, as we can see in fig 1, started from
main menu which consist of customer menu, and Inventory menu (item) the
customer menu file broke in to some program themselves. The inventory (item)
menu also broke in to some programs.
In the customer menu the user can select to add customer, delete customer and
finally find customer from a file and edit to add gain in to a records file. In
inventory (item) menu the user can select to add item record I n to a file, delete
item and find item from the record.
Each of the symbol use in the chart is the presentation of the program with the
program name. The main menu was name as program one (1), the customer
menu name as program two (2), and finally the inventory (item) menu name as
program three (3).

40
 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT MENU FLOWCHART

MAIN MENU (GENERAL)

start

Click highlighted letters

{CIE}

Display main menu

Yes Display customer

If choice
=C menu

If choice Yes Display inventory

=1 Menu

If choice Close
=E
Fig 4.1 Main Menu

41
 Customer menu

Click highlighted letters

A, D, F,

Display sub menu

Yes
No
If choice Add cust. To
=A A file

No

If choice Yes
=D Delete cust.

No
No Yes
If choice
=F Find customer
Fig 4.2 customer Menu

42
 Inventory menu (Item)

Click highlighted letters

A, D, F,

Display menu

Yes
If choice Add item
=A

No

If choice Yes
=D Delete item

No
No Yes
If choice
=F Find item
Fig 4.2 Inventory Menu

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