UNIT 1

• Creativity:
o boost creativity (v)= impulsar la creatividad
o be daydreaming (v)= sonar despierto
o dream up new ideas (phr v) = sonar con ideas nuevas
o emerge (v)= surgir
o explore possibilities(v)= explorar posibilidades
o follow through (phr v) = continuar
o get inspiration (v phr) = inspirarse
o get stuck (v phr) = bloquearse
o stick with (phr v) = se queda con eso
o stimulate (v)= estimular

• Idioms connected with ideas:

o a flash of inspiration= momento de inspiración
o capture people’s imagination= captar la imaginación de la gente
o follow a train of thought = no cambiar tu pensamiento
o think on your feet = pensar sobre la mancha
o think out loud= pensar en voz alta
o think outside the box = pensar continuamente

• Text vocabulary
o auction (n)= subasta
o bring about (phr v): dar lugar a, ocasionar.
o bring up (phr v): sacar el tema, mencionar.
o check out (phr v) comprobar.
o intrigued (adj) intrigar.
o on a par with a la par de
o portrait (n) retrato
o primitive (adj) primitivo
o sophisticated (adj) sofisticado
o species (n) especies

• Copying
o actual (adj) real
o counterfeit (n) falsificación
o genuine (adj) autentico
o original (adj) original
o pretend (adj) fingir
o replica (n) replica
o resemble (v) parecerse a
o similarity (n)similitud
• Suffixes for creativity and copying:
o create (v) – creation (n), creativity (n) – creative (adj)
o dream (v) – dream (n), dreamer (n) – dreamy (adj)
o explore (v) – exploration (n), explorer (n) – exploratory (adj)
o pretend (v) – pretence (n) – pretend (adj)
o resemble (v) – resemblance (n) – resemblant (adj)
o stimulate (v) – stimulation (n), stimulus (n) – stimulating (adj),
stimulated (adj)

• Grammar:
o Past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple and Used to
o Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous
o Gerunds and infinitives
o Inversions

UNIT 2
• Scientific research
o adopt an approach to (v phr) = adopter un enfoque
o analyse (v)= analizar
o conduct research(v)= llevar a cabo una investigación
o demonstrate the possibility that (v phr): demostrar la
posibilidad
o field of study (collocation): Campos de estudio
o major breakthrough (collocation): avance importante
o observe (v): observar
o procedure (n): procedimiento
o process data (collocation): procesar datos
o provide evidence (collocation): aportar pruebas
o test a theory (collocation)= comprobar una teoria
o variety of sources (collocation)= variedad de fuentes
• Scientific research verbs and nouns
• approach (v) – approach (n)
• process (v) – process (n)
• research (v) – research (n)
• study (v) – study (n)

• Science expressions
o guinea pig: conejillo de indios
o light years ahead: años luz
o quantum leap: salto cuantico
o rocket science: ciencia aeroespacial
o side effects efectos secundarios
 o trial and error: ensayo y error

• Reading text vocabulary

o come about (phr v): suceder / pasar
o come to light: salir a la luz
o discomfort (n): malestar
o distinguish (v): distinguir
o make out (phr v): ver, distinguir, entender con dificultad
o mutation (n): mutación
o personal hygiene (n): higiene personal
o pick up (phr v): notice a smell or sound
o treatment (n): tratamiento
o widespread (adj): generalizado

• Transitive phrasal verbs

o bring up (phr v): sacar el tema, mencionar
o go over (phr v): revisar
o hook up (phr v): conectar
o look at (phr v): examinar
o plug in (phr v): enchufar
o rely on (phr v): confiar
o show off (phr v): presumir
o take after (phr v): parecerse
o take away (phr v) llevarse
o take in (phr v): asimilar

• Grammar:
o Model verbs and Modal perfects

UNIT 3
• Change
o influence (v): influencia
o inspire (v): inspirar
o make advances in (collocation): progresar/ hacer avances
o make improvements to (collocation): hacer mejoras
o overcome difficulties (collocation): superar las dificultades
o remarkable achievement (collocation): logro destacable
 o seek ways to improve (v phr): buscar manera de mejorar
o transform (v): transformar
o turning point (n): punto de inflexión

• Collocations with change (n)

o considerable change : cambio considerable
o dramatic change: cambio dramatico
o far-reaching change: cambio de gran alcance
o refreshing change: cambio refrescante
o subtle change: cambio sutil
o unexpected change: cambio dramatico

• Text vocabulary
o city-dwelling (adj): urbanita, urbano
o complex (adj): complejo
o doorstep (n): umbral
o expand (v): expandirse
o go through (phr v): cruzar
o move into (phr v): mudarse
o surroundings (n): cerca
o take over (phr v): encargarse de
o thrive (v): crecer, desarrollarse, progresar
o turn out (phr v): acudir/asistir
o under the radar: desapercibido

• Multi-word phrasal verbs: change

o come up against problems(phr v): toparse con problemas
o get on with (phr v): llevarse bien con
o look back on (phr v): recordar
o miss out on (phr v): perderse / dejar pasar
o keep up with (phr v): seguir el ritmo
o stand up for (phr v): alzarse en defensa de / defender

• Phrasal nouns
o breakthrough (n): atravesar un obstaculo
o changeover (n): cambio
o downfall (n): perdición, ruina, caída
o drop-off (n): disminución, reducción
o setback (n): revés, contratiempo
o upbringing (n): crianza, educación

• Grammar:
o Conditionals
 o Mixed conditionals
o I wish / If only
o Inverted conditionals

Santiago Rubio Diaz