Answers to

Selected Problems

Chapter 2 3.59 (b) LD111(Fe) 4.03 109 m 1

2.3 AZn = 65.40 amu 1
3.60 (a) PD111 =
2.5 (a) 1.66 10 24 g/amu; 2R2 13
(b) 2.73 1026 atoms/lb-mol 3.61 (b) PD110(Mo) 1.434 10 19 m 2
2.9 P5 : 1s22s22p6; 3.66 d111 0.1655 nm
I : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6 3.67 2u 45.88
2.16 (a) FA = 1.10 * 10 - 8 N 3.70 (a) d211 0.1348 nm; (b) R 0.1429 nm
A 1>(1 - n) 3.73 d110 0.2244 nm, d200 0.1580 nm,
2.18 (b) r0 = a b R 0.1370 nm
nB
A B 3.75 (a) FCC
(c) E0 = - 1>(1 - n)
+ 3.1FE (A) 0.122 nm
A A n>(1 - n)
a b a b 3.3FE (D) (102) plane
nB nB
2.19 (c) r0 0.236 nm, E0 5.32 eV
2.25 73.4% IC for MgO; 14.8% IC for CdS Chapter 4
2.1FE (D) 63.7% 4.3 (a) Ny /N 4.56 10 4
2.3FE (B) metallic bonding 4.5 Qy 1.40 eV
4.8 (a) r 0.41R
Chapter 3 4.10 (a) r 0.051 nm
4.13 CAg = 87.9 at%, CCu = 12.1 at%
3.2 VC 1.213 10 28 m3
4.15 CCu 1.68 wt%, CPt 98.32 wt%
3.7 rMo = 10.22 g>cm3
4.17 C Cu = 41.9 at%, C Zn = 58.1 at%
3.9 R 0.138 nm
4.20 NPb 3.30 1028 atoms/m3
3.12 (a) VC 1.06 10 28 m3;
4.22 C Si = 19.6 kg >m3
(b) a 0.296 nm, c 0.468 nm
4.25 a 0.405 nm
3.16 Metal B: simple cubic
4.28 NMo 1.73 1022 atoms/cm3
3.18 (a) n 4 atoms/unit cell; (b) r 7.31 g/cm3 NC
3.21 VC 6.64 10 2 nm3 4.30 = 1.55 * 10 - 3
3.25 000, 100, 110, 010, 001, 101, 111, 011, Ns
11 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 4.32 NAl = 1.29 * 1022 atoms/m3
2 2 0, 2 2 1, 12 2 , 0 2 2 , 2 0 2 , and 2 1 2
3.33 Direction 1: [2 1 2] 4.35 CGe 11.7 wt%
3.35 Direction A: [1 1 0]; Direction C: [0 1 2] 4.37 a 0.289 nm
3.36 Direction B: [4 0 3]; Direction D: [1 1 1] 4.45 (a) d 0.07 mm
3.37 (a) [110] 4.47 (b) NM 320,000 grains/in.2
3.39 (b) [100], [010], and [010] 4.49 G 4.8
3.41 (a) [1 123] 4.51 (a) / = 0.074 mm; (b) G 4.22
3.47 Plane A: (111) or (1 11) 4.D1 CLi 2.38 wt%
3.48 Plane B: (122) 4.2FE (A) 2.6 at% Pb and 97.4 at% Sn
3.49 Plane B: (021)
3.50 (c) [110] or [110] Chapter 5
3.52 (a) (100) and (010) 5.4 81109 family of directions
3.56 (a) (0110) 5.8 M 4.1 10 3
kg/h
1 5.10 D 2.3 10 11
m2/s
3.58 (a) LD100 =
2R12 5.13 t 31.3 h

934 •
 Answers to Selected Problems • 935

5.17 x 0.697 m 6.49 Toughness 7.33 108 J/m 3

5.19 t 135 h (1.07 105 in.# lbf/in.3)
5.21 9.64 10 15 m2/s 6.51 n 0.246
5.23 T 901 K (628 C) 6.53 (a) P(elastic) 0.0087, P(plastic) 0.0113;
5.27 (a) Qd 315, 700 J/mol, D0 3.5 10 4 m2/s; (b) li 616.7 mm (24.26 in.)
(b) D 1.1 10 14 m2/s 6.55 (a) HK 710
5.29 Qd 212,200 J/mol, D0 2.65 10 4 m2/s (b) P 0.880 kg
5.32 T 900 K (627 C) 6.57 (a) 125 HB (70 HRB)
5.35 (b) 1.08 h 6.60 HRG = 48.4 HRG, s 1.95 HRG
5.37 x 15.1 mm 6.63 Figure 6.12: sw 125 MPa (18,000 psi)
5.40 t 4.4 min 6.D2 t (plain steel) 6.02 mm
5.43 (a) Q0 3.63 10 17 atoms/m2 Cost (plain steel) 33.10 $US
(c) x 0.343 m 6.D3 (a) x 3.66 mm; (b) s 22.0 MPa
5.D1 Not possible 6.2FE (A) 0.00116
5.D5 td 0.94 h 6.4FE (D) decrease in width of 2.18 10 6 m
5.2FE (C) 4.7 10 13 m2/s
Chapter 7
Chapter 6
7.9Cu: |b| 0.2556 nm
6.4 l0 475 mm (18.7 in.) 7.11cos l cos f 0.490
6.7 (a) F 44,850 N (10,000 lbf); 7.13(b) tcrss 0.90 MPa (130 psi)
(b) l 76.25 mm (3.01 in.) 7.14tcrss 5.68 MPa (825 psi)
6.9 (a) E(titanium alloy) 106.4 GPa 7.15For (111)@[110]: sy 1.22 MPa
6.10 l 0.43 mm (0.017 in.) 7.17sy 8.82 MPa
dF 2A (n)( n + 1)B
6.13 a b = - + 7.25d 4.34 10 3 mm
dr r0 A 3>(1 - n)
A (n + 2)>(1 - n) 7.26d 6.9 10 3 mm
a b a b
nB nB 7.29rd 8.80 mm
6.15 (a) l 0.325 mm (0.013 in.); 7.31r0 7.2 mm (0.280 in.)
(b) d 5.9 10 3 mm ( 2.3 10 4 in.), 7.33tcrss 6.28 MPa (910 psi)
decrease 7.38(a) t 3000 min
6.16 F 7,800 N (1,785 lbf) 7.40t 1110 s
6.17 0.367 7.41(b) d 0.109 mm
6.19 E 100 GPa (14.7 106 psi) 7.44sy 72.6 MPa
6.23 (a) l 0.15 mm (6.0 10 3 in.); 7.D1 Possible
(b) d 5.25 10 3 mm ( 2.05 10 4 in.) 7.D4 Brass
6.25 Steel and brass 7.D6 Cold work to between 26 and 27.5 %CW
6.28 (a) Both elastic and plastic; [to d 0 9.4 mm (0.37 in.)], anneal, then cold
(b) l 8.5 mm (0.34 in.) work to give a nal diameter of 7.6 mm (0.30 in.).
6.30 (b) E 200 GPa (29 106 psi); 7.1FE (A) an increased tensile strength and a
(c) sy 750 MPa (112,000 psi); decreased ductility
(d) TS 1250 MPa (180,000 psi);
(e) %EL 11.2%;
(f) Ur 1.40 106 J/m3 (210 in.# lbf/in.3) Chapter 8
6.32 (b) Nickel and steel 8.1 sm 2800 MPa (400,000 psi)
6.34 (a) TS 1430 MPa 8.3 sc 33.6 MPa
(c) Ductility 14.0%EL 8.6 Fracture will occur
6.36 (a) sy 225 MPa (b) TS 274 MPa 8.8 ac 1.08 mm
6.38 Figure 6.12: Ur 3.32 105 J/m3 8.10 2ac 4.1 mm (0.16 in.)
(48.2 in.# lbf/in.3) 8.11 Is subject to detection since a 3.0 mm
6.39 Ur(aluminum) 5.48 105 J/m3 8.13 (b) 100 C; (c) 110 C
(80.0 in.# lbf/in.3) 8.16 (a) smax 280 MPa (40,000 psi),
6.40 sy 925 MPa (134,000 psi) smin 140 MPa ( 20,000 psi);
6.45 PT 0.311 (b) R 0.50; (c) sr 420 MPa (60,000 psi)
6.47 sT 460 MPa (66,400 psi) 8.17 Fmax 276 N
936 • Answers to Selected Problems

8.20 Nf 3 * 106 cycles 9.42 Schematic sketches of the microstructures

8.22 (b) S 100 MPa; (c) Nf 6 * 105 cycles called for are shown below.
8.23 (a) t 74 MPa; (c) t 103 MPa 900°C 820°C
8.25 (a) t 30 min; (c) t 27.8 h L
8.31 P/ t 3.2 10 2 min 1 (~68 wt% Zn)
8.32 l 41.5 mm (1.64 in.)
L
8.34 d0 17.2 mm (64 wt% Zn)
8.36 tr 2,000 h
(~63 wt% Zn)
8.39 650 C: n 11.2
8.40 (a) Qc 480,000 J/mol 750°C 600°C
8.41 s 59.4 MPa
#
8.43 Ps = 4.31 * 10 - 2 (h) - 1 (64 wt% Zn)
8.D3 Least expensive: 1045 steel
8.D5 T 1197 K (924 C) (64 wt% Zn)
8.D7 For 1 year: s 110 MPa (16,000 psi)
8.2FE (B) Brittle
8.4FE (D) d0 13.7 mm 9.49 Ti3Au
9.52 Eutectics: (1) 10 wt% Au, 217 C, L S a + b;
(2) 80 wt% Au, 280 C, L S d + z;
Chapter 9
Congruent melting point: 62.5 wt% Au,
9.1 (a) mS 2846 g; 418 C, L S d
(b) CL 64 wt% sugar; Peritectics: (1) 30 wt% Au, 252 C, L + g S b;
(c) mS 1068 g (2) 45 wt% Au, 309 C, L + d S g;
9.5 (b) The pressure must be lowered to approxi- (3) 92 wt% Au, 490 C, L + h S z.
mately 0.003 atm No eutectoids are present.
9.8 C 1.32 kg 9.55 For point A, F 2
9.10 (a) a + b; Ca 5 wt% Sn-95 wt% Pb, 9.59 C 0 = 0.69 wt% C
Cb 98 wt% Sn@2 wt% Pb; 9.62 (a) a-ferrite; (b) 5.64 kg of ferrite, 0.36 kg of
(c) b L; Cb 92 wt% Ag-8 wt% Cu, Fe3C; (c) 2.52 kg of proeutectoid ferrite,
CL 77 wt% Ag-23 wt% Cu; 3.48 kg of pearlite
(e) a; Ca 8.2 wt% Sn-91.8 wt% Pb 9.67 C 0 = 0.63 wt% C
(g) L + Mg2Pb; CL 94 wt% Pb-6 wt% Mg, 9.69 C 1 = 1.41 wt% C
CMg2Pb = 81 wt% Pb-19 wt% Mg 9.72 Not possible
9.11 Is possible 9.75 WFe3C = 0.108
9.14 (a) T 1320 C (2410 F); 9.76 Two answers are possible: C0 0.84 wt% C and
(b) Ca 62 wt% Ni-38 wt% Cu; 0.75 wt% C
(c) T 1270 C (2320 F); 9.79 HB (alloy) 141
(d) CL 37 wt% Ni-63 wt% Cu 9.81 (a) T (eutectoid) 700 C (1290 F); (b) ferrite;
9.17 (a) Wa 0.89, Wb 0.11; (c) Wa 0.20, Wp 0.80
(c) Wb 0.53, WL 0.47; 9.1FE (D) All of the above
(e) Wa 1.0; 9.4FE (A) a 17 wt% Sn-83 wt% Pb; L 55.7 wt%
(g) WL 0.92, WMg2Pb = 0.08 Sn-44.3 wt% Pb
9.18 (a) T 280 C (535 F)
9.20 mCu 3.75 kg
9.22 (a) T 540 C (1000 F); Chapter 10
(b) Ca 26 wt% Pb; CL 54 wt% Pb 10.3 r* 1.10 nm
9.24 Ca 88.3 wt% A-11.7 wt% B; 10.6 t 500 s
Cb 5.0 wt% A-95.0 wt% B 10.8 rate 8.76 10 3 min 1
9.26 Possible at T 800 C 10.11 y 0.65
9.29 (a) Va 0.84, Vb 0.16 10.12 (c) t 250 days
9.36 Not possible because different C0 required for 10.16 (b) 205 HB (93 HRB)
each situation 10.19 (a) 100% bainite; (d) 100% spheroidite;
9.39 C0 25.2 wt% Ag-74.8 wt% Cu (e) 100% tempered martensite;
9.40 C0 42 wt% Pb (g) 100% ne pearlite
 Answers to Selected Problems • 937

10.21 (a) martensite; (c) bainite; (e) cementite, 12.45 R 9.1 mm (0.36 in.)
medium pearlite, bainite, and martensite; 12.46 Ff 17,200 N (3870 lbf)
(g) proeutectoid cementite, pearlite, and 12.49 (a) E0 265 GPa (38.6 106 psi);
martensite (b) E 195 GPa (28.4 106 psi)
10.24 (a) coarse pearlite 12.51 (b) P 0.144
10.28 (a) proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite; 12.2FE (C) 1.75 g/cm3
(c) martensite and bainite
10.37 (d) 178 HB, 67% RA; (g) 270 HB, 20% RA Chapter 13
10.39 (b) TS 930 MPa (135,000 psi);
13.4 (a) T 2220 C (4030 F)
ductility 20% RA
13.6 (a) WL 0.73
10.D1 Yes; coarse pearlite
13.7 (b) T 2800 C; pure MgO
10.D3 (c) 380 C T 390 C
13.13 (b) Qvis 208,000 J/mol
10.D5 Yes; an alloy having a carbon content of at least
13.2FE (D) Alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2)
0.80 wt% that has been heat treated to have
a spheroidite microstructure.
10.D8 Temper at between 320 C and 400 C Chapter 14
(610 F and 750 F) for 1 h 14.3 DP 4800
10.D10 Not possible 14.5 (a) Mn = 49,800 g>mol; (c) DP 498
10.2FE (B); C 7 D 7 B 7 A 14.8 (a) CCl 29.0 wt%
14.9 L 2682 nm; r 22.5 nm
Chapter 11 14.16 9333 of both acrylonitrile and butadiene repeat
units
11.4VGr 8.1 vol%
14.18 Vinyl chloride
11.21(a) At least 915 C (1680 F)
14.21 f(styrene) 0.32, f(butadiene) 0.68
11.22(b) 800 C (1470 F)
14.25 (a) ra 1.300 g/cm3, rc 1.450 g/cm3;
11.D4 titanium. aluminum, steel, brass
(b) % crystallinity 57.4%
11.D7 (b) 8660 alloy
14.2FE (C) density of crystalline polymer > density of
11.D10 Maximum diameter 50 mm (2 in.)
amorphous polymer
11.D11 Maximum diameter 95 mm (3.75 in.)
11.D13 Not possible
11.D15 Heat for about 0.4 h at 204 C, or between 10 Chapter 15
and 20 h at 149 C 15.6 Er(10) 3.66 MPa (522 psi)
11.2FE (D) Both pearlite and ferrite 15.17 TS 112.5 MPa
11.4FE (B) Recrystallization temperature 15.25 fraction sites vulcanized 0.174
11.6FE (A) Composition of the steel 15.27 fraction of repeat unit sites crosslinked 0.356
15.40 (a) m(ethylene glycol) 6.393 kg;
Chapter 12 (b) m[poly(ethylene terephthalate)] 19.79 kg
12.5 (a) Sodium chloride; (d) cesium chloride 15.1FE (A) Glass transition temperatures
12.8 (a) FCC; (b) tetrahedral; (c) one-half
12.10 (a) tetrahedral; (b) one-half
12.13 APF 0.79 Chapter 16
12.14 APF 0.84 16.2 kmax 31.0 W/m # K; kmin 28.7 W/m # K
12.15 APF 0.68 16.6 tc 43.1 MPa
12.17 (a) a 0.437 nm; (b) a 0.434 nm 16.9 Not possible
12.19 (a) r 4.20 g/cm3 16.10 Ef 104 GPa (15 106 psi);
12.21 Sodium chloride and zinc blende Em 2.6 GPa (3.77 105 psi)
12.26 (a) r (calculated) 4.11 g/cm3; 16.13 (a) Ff /Fm 44.7;
(b) r (measured) 4.10 g/cm3 (b) Ff 52,232 N (11,737 lbf),
12.35 FeO and CoO Fm 1168 N (263 lbf);
12.36 (a) Li vacancy; one Li+ vacancy for every (c) sf 242 MPa (34,520 psi);
Ca 2 added sm 4.4 MPa (641 psi); (d) P 1.84 10 3

12.39 (a) 8.1% of Mg 2 vacancies 16.15 s*cl = 905 MPa (130,700 psi)
12.40 (a) C 45.9 wt% Al2O3-54.1 wt% SiO 2 16.17 s*cd = 822 MPa (117,800 psi)
12.42 rt 4.1 nm 16.26 (b) Ecl 59.7 GPa (8.67 106 psi)
938 • Answers to Selected Problems

16.D2 Carbon (PAN standard-modulus) 18.4FE (D) In the band gap just below the bottom of
16.D3 Is possible the conduction band
16.1FE (D) 171 GPa 18.5FE (B) 7.42 1024 m 3
16.3FE (C) Fracture toughnesses
Chapter 19
Chapter 17 19.2 Tf 65 C (149 F)
17.4 (a) V 0.011 V; 19.4 (a) cy 47.8 J/kg # K; (b) cy 392 J/kg # K
(b) Sn2 + Pb S Sn + Pb2 19.7 l 12.5 mm ( 0.49 in.)
17.6 [Cu2 ] 0.784 M 19.13 Tf 222.4 C
17.11 t 5.27 yr 19.14 (b) dQ/dt 2.88 109 J/h (2.73 106 Btu/h)
17.14 CPR 36.5 mpy 19.21 k(upper) 29.3 W/m # K
17.17 (a) r 4.56 10 12 mol/cm2 # s; 19.25 (a) s 136 MPa ( 20,000 psi); compression
(b) VC 0.0167 V 19.26 Tf 41.3 C (106 F)
17.28 Mg: P-B ratio 0.81; nonprotective 19.27 d 0.0375 mm
17.30 (a) Parabolic kinetics; (b) W 3.70 mg/cm 2 19.D1 Tf 41.8 C (107.3 F)
17.2FE (C) +0.12 V 19.D4 Soda-lime glass: Tf 111 C
17.4FE (A) Increasing degree of crosslinking, increas- 19.2FE (B) 7.92 10 6 ( C) 1
ing molecular weight, and increasing degree of 19.3FE (C)
crystallinity High fracture strength
High thermal conductivity
Chapter 18 Low modulus of elasticity
Low coef cient of thermal expansion
18.2 d 1.3 mm
18.5 (a) R 6.7 10 3 ;
Chapter 20
(b) I 6.0 A;
(c) J 3.06 105 A/m2; 20.1 (a) H 24,000 A # turns/m;
(d) 8.0 10 3 V/m (b) B0 3.017 10 2 tesla;
18.11 (a) n 1.98 1029 m 3; (c) B 3.018 * 10 - 2 tesla;
(b) 3.28 free electrons/atom (d) M 7.51 A/m
18.14 (a) r0 1.58 10 8 # m, a 6.5 10 11 20.5 (a) m 1.26 10 6 H/m;
( # m)/ C; (b) xm 2.39 10 3
(b) A 1.18 10 6 # m; 20.7 (a) MS 1.73 106 A/m
(c) r 5.24 10 8 # m 20.13 1.07 Bohr magnetons/Cu2 ion
18.16 s 5.56 106 ( # m) 1 20.19 (b) mi 2.5 10 4 H/m, mri 200;
18.18 (a) for Si, 1.4 10 12 electron/atom; for Ge, (c) m(max) 3.0 10 2 H/m
1.1 10 9 electron/atom 20.21 (b) (i) m 3.36 10 2 H/m,
18.25 s 0.028 ( # m) 1 (iii) xm 26,729
18.29 (a) n 1.46 1022 m 3; (b) p-type extrinsic 20.25 MS 1.58 106 A/m
18.31 me 0.50 m2/V # s; mh 0.14 m2/V # s 20.28 (a) 2.5 K: 5.62 104 A/m; (b) 6.29 K
18.33 s 94.4 ( # m) 1 20.1FE (B) 8.85 103
18.37 s 1040 ( # m) 1
18.39 s 128 ( # m) 1 Chapter 21
18.42 Bz 0.74 tesla 21.7 n 1.28 108 m/s
18.49 l 3.36 mm 21.8 Fused silica: 0.53; polystyrene: 0.98
18.53 pi 1.92 10 30 C # m 21.9 Fused silica: Pr 2.13; polyethylene: Pr 2.28
18.55 (a) V 39.7 V; (b) V 139 V; 21.16 IT >I 0 = 0.884
(e) P 2.20 10 7 C/m2 21.18 l 29.2 mm
18.58 Fraction of Pr due to Pi 0.67 21.27 E 1.78 eV
18.D2 s 2.60 107 ( # m) 1 21.1FE (B) 3.18 eV
18.D3 Not possible
18.1FE (C) 9.14 10 3