ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF

THE VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEM ON FLYOVER

STRUCTURES AND STREET CANYONS IN HUMID
CLIMATE: LITERATURE REVIEW

Haripriya R - 201122015
Masters in Architecture, Energy efficient and Sustainable Architecture
Email: haripriyaravindran141998@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The analysis and study of the performance of the vertical greenery

system on flyover structures and street canyons is a well-explored
topic in the scientific field. This technique of literature review looked
at 5 relevant publications from the database that were published
between 2016 and 2023. The data from these studies were used to
determine the primary difficulties in the study topic: the impact of
greenery systems on flyover structures on bridges. This review’s most
discussed concepts are vertical gardens, greenery systems, flyover
structures, urban heat island, co2 emissions, and their performance. The
vertical gardens in the pillars of the flyover are the least researched
topics. For this assessment of the literature, 5 research publications
providing solutions to the difficulties were considered. The papers
reviewed for this primarily discuss energy performance and co2
emissions. This study aided in the extraction of research questions for
future research. According to the author of this review study, the
understandings provide a resource for future research work to expand
understandings and identify further answers to future research.

KEYWORDS

Vertical garden system, urban heat island, co2 emission, flyover structure, street
canyons.

INTRODUCTION

A literature review covers published information in a certain subject

area, as well as information published within a specific time period. A
literature review shows us how to extract research questions for further
investigation. This study provides a review of the literature on the effect
of vertical garden on flyover pillars and also their energy
performance. There are numerous characteristics, including urban
scale, climate, layout, sky view factor, vegetation, and impacts of vertical
greenery system, that can be used to mitigate and impacts the reduction
in the temperature of the micro climate. Vegetation is the most
preferred and cost-effective method of improving air quality and
lowering the UHI. The vertical gardens and the selection of plants to
their climatic conditions are important factors in determining outdoor
air quality. The study aimed to identify the benefits and challenges of
the implementation of the vertical greenery systems in flyover
structure specially in warm and humid climate and temperate climate
their comparative analysis and how the performance of the growth of
the vertical gardens. Vertical gardens is a vital asset for an humid
neighbor- hood, helping to conserve energy, increase housing values,
enable cost savings, and promote improved health and well-being. As a
result, in- creasing vertical greenery systems is a critical component in
establishing an environmentally friendly and sustainable urban
environment.

After reviewing the existing literature, we identified challenges in this

study, such as energy estimates through vertical gardens, energy tools,
flyover structures, and p l a nt s sel e c ti on . Certain studies have
proposed methods to address these issues, which we will also discuss in
this paper as well.

MOTIVATION

As a result of rapid economic growth in India, energy consumption in-

creased dramatically. Energy consumption increased by 13% annually
from 2000–2021. The flyover structure is a road that is built not on a plot
with other roads with the aim of avoiding conflicts at intersections, traffic
jams, and also increasing traffic safety and efficiency. Vertical greening
system is a term used for all kind of green wall. A green facade refers to a
ground-based greening system that relies on natural soil, while a living
wall is a wall-based greening system that includes direct installation to
walls and not connected to natural soil. green facade systems had direct
and indirect greening categories, while living wall systems had
continuous and modular categories.

In this literature review we can identify Vertical greening system is

generally implemented to the walls or facades of buildings, interiors and
exteriors. However, there were also systems implemented to building
columns, including flyover columns. In its implementation, the vertical
greening system went through several stages consisting of preparation,
design and planning, installation, and maintenance. The design stage was
intended to plan the characteristics of the vertical greening system and its
benefits. The implementation of vertical greening system brings various
benefits that can be assessed from the building, environmental, and social
aspects. The benefits in the building aspect were in the form of extending
the life of the building by providing protection from wind, solar radiation,
and rain as well as saving on maintenance and replacement costs for
building facade components because the vertical greening system was
able to limit diurnal fluctuations of building facade temperature. Lack of
technical knowledge about vertical greening system led to uncertainty
regarding related matters, such as design, installation, and maintenance
requirements. Lack of awareness of the benefits and performance of a
vertical greening system led to fear in implementing a vertical greening
system.
 PLANNING

PLANNING Research Motivation

RESEARCH METHOD IN THIS

Research questions
Search Keywords

LITERATURE REVIEW
Search Database
CONDUCTION Inclusion and Exclusion
Summary of data

Fig. 1
DOCUMENTING Discussions
Conclusion

Research Method

RESEARCH METHODS

The approach is carried out step by step by research motivation and

determining research questions. We can extract the specific keywords
for the study after we are familiar with the research questions. Then, to
conduct the literature review, we must search the database for relevant
publications, which will be followed by intrusion and extrusion. We
may summarize the data from the database papers and end the review
with discussions and limitations of the study. The figure.1 represents
the research method.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• R1 : To identifying the benefits and challenges of the application of

vertical greening system at the flyover structure.
• R2 : To investigate the Effects of Vertical gardens on co2 concentration
• R3 : How is the energy performance analysis carried out in the study?
 SEARCH KEYWORDS

The set of of keywords was created based on the research questions to

be utilised in the database search.

1. The first section was on the word “vertical garden,” which is the
mainconcept of this review.
2. The other term is co2 emission.
3. The third section was about the place where the vertical garden is that is
in the pillars of the flyover.
4. The fourth section dealt with the tools employed in energy analysis.

PROCESS TO SELECT SET OF PUBLICATIONS FOR ANALYSIS

In the methodology’s conducting step, a group of articles are chosen for

analysis in relation to the research topics. Taking into consideration of
the keywords and research questions, publications search was conduct-
ed in the database. These publications are later identified for inclusion
and exclusion.

The following criteria were used to choose the publications:

(i) how vertical garden affects a building’s energy use;
(ii) ideal plants selection and climate classification for flyover structures in
terms
of lowering energy use;

Search in database

Review titles and keywords

Study of Abstracts

Study the complete paper

Review Analysis

Fig. 2 Process to select final set of publications for inclusion

 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

The following phase in the selection process involved comparing titles,

keywords, and abstracts to the search terms using the outcomes of the
database search. Those were included if they had words that matched
the search terms, and those were excluded if they did not. Exactly 122
publications were included in this review from a database of 11239 pub-
lications, with 56 articles freely accessible. The others were eliminated
due to differences in year, typology, and topic area. This section of the
search query, for example, returns 67 articles from Science Direct, 121
articles from Springer, 54 articles from Taylor & Francis, 27 articles from
Emerald Insights, and 31 articles from Jstor. The inclusion and exclusion
results from the review of titles, keywords, and abstracts are shown in
Fig.3.

Inclusion Exclusion

Article Mode

Article Type
Energy & Buildings Computer

Science Landscape & Urban planning

Subject Areas / Material Sciences

Discipline Building and Environment Chemical
Engineering Environmental Science
Chemistry
Urban Forestry & Urban Agricultural
Year and Greening Biological
Type of Building Sciences
Location Environment and
Medicine and
Health Sustainability
2012 and above Below
2012 Residence
India

Fig. 3 Inclusion and exclusion results from review of titles,

keywords and abstracts

Elsevier's Science Direct Springer Taylor and Francis SAGE Emerald Insight JSTOR

Unaccessible Unaccessible Unaccessible Unaccessible Unaccessible Open Unaccessible

Open Access Open Access Open Access Open Access Open Access
Article Article Article Article Article Access Article
Research Articles Journal

2 25 0 32 1 27 3 8 0 9 0 12

Fig. 4 Process to select final set of publications for inclusion

Fig. 5 List of final set of publications
DISCUSSIONS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. R1 : The
first section was on the word “vertical garden,”
which is the mainconcept of this review.

Answer to R1 : Vertical greening system is generally implemented to the

walls or facades of buildings, interiors and exteriors. However, there were
also systems implemented to building columns, including flyover columns
(Fauzi 2012). In its implementation, the vertical greening system went
through several stages consisting of preparation, design and planning,
installation, and maintenance (Fauzi 2012). The preparation stage
consisted of project technical, administrative, and legal discussions to
ensure smooth running of the project (Fauzi 2012). The design stage was
intended to plan the characteristics of the vertical greening system and its
benefits (Perini et al. 2013), drainage and irrigation plans, maintenance
plans, practitioner role plans, and compliance with law (Australia
Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2014). The civil and
structural division was in charge of the design stage to carry out
structural calculations, determine materials for construction, as well as
consulting on budget plans, and making detail engineering designs (Fauzi
2012). The installation stage itself consisted of five phases, namely the
design phase setting, plant, hard material installation, and plant
installation (GSky Plant Systems 2018). The maintenance stage was
carried out on structural components and plants (Australia Department
of Environment and Primary Industries 2014).

R2 : To investigate the Effects of Vertical gardens on co2 concentration

Answer to R2 : Indoor VGS also provides fresh indoor environmental

quality and provides comforts such as acoustics and thermals to the
building oc cupants (Pérez et al., 2016; Azkorra et al., 2015). Plants used
in VGS deliver fresh air by generating oxygen through photosynthesis and
serves as heat insulation and reduction of noise through its sound-
ab sorbing properties (Wang et al., 2016; Bakar et al., 2013). Indoor VGS
have also had an impact on human psychological improvement, where a
study conducted on indoor plants around classroom produced higher
final grades, positive perception on the course and induced
physiolo gical and psychological relaxation of students (Benfield et al.,
2015; Igarashi et al., 2015). Outdoor VGS provides the same benefits as
indoor VGS, and the integration of indoor and outdoor plants in hospital
and rehabilitation centers have been documented to improve medical and
psychologic status among surgery patients, and heart and lung diseases
patients (Khan et al., 2016; Raanaas et al., 2011). Vertical Greenery
System improves air quality and reduces air pollution such as smog by
filtering and capturing pollutants such as carbon monoxides (CO), carbon
dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO) and dioxins (Ottelé et al., 2010). The
VGS has also been correlated to increased productivity of building
occupants while improving the wellness of human health and the wider
urban context (Marchi et al., 2015).
R3 : How is the energy performance analysis carried out in the study?

Answer to R3 : To assess the impacts of the vertical garden on heating

and cooling energy use, different simulation models that account for plant
selection arrangement, flyover characteristics, climate, direction, and
weather conditions can be utilized. In these papers, various software
are utilized to do energy performance analysis, as indicated in this re-
view. One publication investigated vertical garden models using cooling
degree days, including calculations using shading analysis, shade
coefficients, and shading predictions. Energy consumption equations
were considered and an analysis was performed to calculate the
energy loads. In a few more articles, the impact of tree shadow were
studied using software such as Energyplus, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper,
DOE-2.1E simulation program, Design Builder, ENVI met, and cityBES.

CONCLUSION

We identified the primary problems associated with the concept of

vertical garden in flyover structures and energy savings in this literature
review. The research approach was carried out in three stages, and
findings were discovered. The research methodology aided in the
extraction of research questions and the identification of the necessary
keywords for the database. To analyse the data, a selection of papers
were chosen by analysing titles , keywords and abstracts. Through
inclusion, a final collection of publica- tions were analysed and review
conclusions were retrieved. Given that this study focuses on the impact
of tree shade on energy savings and this study helps for future
research.
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Vertical Greenery System in urban tropical climate and its carbon

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Zaid, Suzaini Mohamed, Eeswari Perisamy, Hazreena Hussein, Nik Elyna Myeda,
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Impact of green walls on ventilation and heat removal from street canyons:
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