ljZjsf] e"uf]n–dxfb]z, dxf;fu/, w|'j, cIff+z, b]zfGt/, cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf, ;do, b"/L, kj{tz[+vnf, d?

e"ld, e"dSk, Hjfnfd'vL, gbL, lxdgbL,

tfn, lxdtfn, hnjfo', Jofkfl/s jfo', dg;'g cflb .
dxfb]z

k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf hldgn] 9fs]sf] efunfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 . k[YjLsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] %! s/f]8 ju{ ls=ld= -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{
dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] @(=@ k|ltzt e"efu hldg -dxfb]z_ n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . dxfb]zx?sf] s'n If]qkmn !$
s/f]8 ($ nfv %) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ hldgsf] efunfO{ & dxfb]zdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . If]qkmnsf]
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf]b]lv ;fgf];Dd dxfb]zx? qmdzM Plzof, clk|msf, pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, cG6fs{l6sf, o"/f]k / ci6«]lnof
/x]sf 5g\ .
dxfb]zsf] If]qkmn, cjl:ylt / ljz]iftf
gfd If]qkmn cjl:ylt ljz]iftf
-j=ls=ld=_
!= Pl;of $,#(,((,))) !)° blIf0fb]lv &*° pQ/L cIff+z / @%° ;aeGbf 7'nf]] dxfb]z, ljljwtf / ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z, pTt/L uf]nfbw{df
(Asia) -k[YjLsf] s'n k"j{b]lv !&)° klZrd b]zfGt/lar cjl:yt, ltg lt/ jf6 dxf;fu/ / Ps lt/jf6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf],
48 e" –efusf] @(=$% km}lnPsf], ;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f] ;u/dfyf -**$* ld= ÷ @()@* lkm6_ / ljZjs}
k|ltzt efu nDjfO{ (^)) ls=ld= / rf}8fO ;/b/ ;jf{lws xf]rf] :yfg 8]8 l; -–$@@ ld= ÷ !@(^ lkm6_ Oh/fon /
cf]u6]sf]_ *^)) ls=ld= hf] 8 g
{ sf lardf /x] s f] , ;a} eGbf 7' nf] b]z lrg / ;fgf] b]z dflNbE;
@= clk|msf @,(&,*%,))) - #&° pQ/b]lv #%° blIf0fL cIff+z / sfnf]÷cFWof/f] dxfb]z, ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b]z cNh]l/of / ;fgf] b]z ;];]N;,
(Africa) k[YjLsf] s'n @)° klZrdb]lv %)° k"jL{ b]zfGt/lar ljljwtfsf] dxfb]z, pRr ;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z,
54 e" efusf] @)=@% km}lnPsf]
k|ltzt efu nDjfO *))) ls=ld / rf}8fO &$$)
cf]u6]sf]_ ls=ld=
#= pQ/ cd]l/sf @,$#,@),))) !)° pQ/b]lv *)° pQ/L cIff+z / @)° gofF ;+;f/ (New World), t];|f] 7'nf] dxfb]z, ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z
(North -k[ Y jLsf] s' n klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv !^)° klZrd Sofgf8f / ;fgf] b]z ;]G6 ls6\; PG8 g]le;, klZrd uf]nfb{sf] dxfb]z
America) e"–efusf] !^=( b]zfGt/;Dd
23 k|ltzt efu nDjfO &@)) ls=ld
cf]u6]sf]_ / rf}8fO $*)) ls=ld=
$= blIf0f cd]l/sf !,&&,(*,%)) !@° pQ/L cIff+zb]lv %^° blIf0fL cIff+z ljZjsf] rf}yf] 7'nf]] dxfb]z, ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z a|flhn / ;fgf] ;'l/gfd
(Sourth -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– / #%° klZrdb]lv *)° klZrd
America) efusf] !!=& b]zfGt/;Dd nDjfO{ &$$@ ls=ld / rf}8fO
12 k|ltzt efu %@@! ls=ld=
cf]u6]sf]_
%= cG6fs{l6sf !,#),)),))) ^^° blIf0f cIff+zb]lv ()° blIf0fL dfgj a;f]af; gePsf] Psdfq dxfb]z, kfFrf} 7'nf] dxfb]z, lxdrfb/
(Antarctica) -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– cIff+z / !!$° k"jL{ (Ice sheet), ;a}eGbf lr;f] dxfb]z, (* k|ltzt lxpFn] 9flsPsf],
efusf] *=( k|ltzt b]zfGt/b]lv !%#° k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd sfG5f] dxfb]z
efu cf]u6]sf]_
^= o'/f]k !,)$,(*,))) #^° pQ/ cIff+zb]lv &!° pQ/L cIff+z / k|foåLkx¿sf] dxfb]z, ;a}eGbf a9L e"–kl/j]li7t b]z -!*_ ePsf]
(Europe) -k[ Y jLsf] s' n e" – @)° klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv ^%° klZrd dxfb]z, Pp6f klg d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z
50 efusf] & k|ltzt b]zfGt/;Dd nDjfO{ ^$)) ls=ld / rf}8fO
efu cf]u6]sf]_ $*)) ls=ld=
&= c:6]«lnof &^,*&,))) !)°blIfl0f cIff+zb]lv $)° blIf0f cIff+z ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z, pTt/L uf]nfb{df km}lnPsf], ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z
(Australia) -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– / !!$° k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv !%#° k"jL{ ci6«]lnof / ;a}eGbf ;fgf] b]z gfp?
efusf] %=* k|ltzt b]zfGt/;Dd nDjfO{ #()) ls=ld / rf}8fO
efu cf]u6]sf]_ #!%) ls=ld=
dxfb]z;DaGwL ljljw ljj/0fx¿
dxfb]z e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x¿ cUnf] lzv/ xf]rf] :yfg 7'nf] tfn
!@ j6f ;u/dfyf **$* ld=, :yfg–d[t;fu/ -Oh/fOn_ – $@( lrNsf -!! xhf/ ju{ ls= ld=, ef/t_
Plzof 7'nf]–û sfhls:tfg ;fgf]– g]kfn ld
cd]{lgof
clk|msf !^ j6f lslndGhf/f] %*(% n]s c;fn lha'6L leS6f]l/of -^**)) ju{ ls= ld=, ;];]N;_
7'nf] – rf8 ;fgf] tfGhflgof –!%^ ld=
– ?jf08f
pQ/ cd]l/sf 5}g\ d]lsGn] ÷ b]gfnL ^!($ 8]yEofnL –*% ld= ;'k]l/o/ -*@@)) ju{ ls= ld=, cd]l/sf /
cfnf:sf Sofgf8f_

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
blIf0f cd]l/sf @ j6f PsfGsfu'jf ^(^! ld=, Laguna del Carbon df/fsfOjf] -!#%)) ju{ ls= ld= e]g]h'Pnf_
af]lnleof / kf/Uj] ch{]lG6gf -105 m.

cG6fs{l6sf 5}g\ leG;]g d]l;km $*(@ a]G6n] Unfl;o/ 6«]Gh ef]:tf]s -!@%)) ju{ ls= ld= cG6fsfl6sf_
ld= –@%$ ld=
o'/f]k !* j6f Pna|'h %^## /l;of Sofl:kog ;fu/sf] t6 Sofl:kog -O/fg / ?;_
7'nf]– j]nf?; ;fgf] – @* ld=
–Eofl6sg l;6L
ci6«]lnof 5}gg\ sf]l:so':sf] @@@* cfO/f tfnsf] t6 –!% ld= cfO/f -(#^) ju{ ls= ld=, ci6«]lnof_
ld=
dxfb]zx¿sf l;dfgf / cGo ljZf]iftfx¿
dxfb]z l;dfgf ljz]iftf 7'nf]] ;fgf] b]z
Plzof  k"j{df k|zfGtdxf;fu/  ljifdtf / laljwtfsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z–lrg
 klZrd–o'/f]kdxfb]z  ef}ule{s b[li6n] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] dxfb]z -?; o'/f]k / Pl;of b'a} dxfb]zdf
 pQ/df–;'d]? dxf;fu/  nfdf] gbL – ofGh] kg]{ ePsfn]_
 blIf0fdf– lxGbdxf;fu/  7'nf] d?e'dL – uf]jL ;fgf] b]z– dflNbE;
 Home of the man eg]/ lrlgg] roof of world –
kfld/ k7f/
 k"j{df nfn;fu/  pRr;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– cNh]l/of
clk|msf  klZrd–cfGb| dxf;fu/  e"–dWo/]vfn] laraf6 sf6]sf] dxfb]z ;fgf] b]z – ;];]N;
 pQ/df–e"–dWo;fu/  sfnf] ± cFWof/f] dxfb]z
 blIf0fdf–s'd]? dxf;fu/  ljZjs} 7'nf]] lx/fvfgL –lsDa/vfgf
 ljZjs} 7'nf]]e"ld–;xf/f *$ nfv x]S6/df !! j6f b]zdf
hgfj/x¿sf] cbe"t a;f]af; ePsf]
 Zoo of the world
pQ/ cd]l/sf  k"j{df–cfGb| dxf;fu/  klZrd uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– Sofgf8f
 klZrdf–k|zfGt dxf;fu/  ;g\ !$(@ df :k]gsf lj|m:6f]km/ sf]nDa;n]] kQf nufPsf ;fgf] b]z–;]G6ls6\; P08 g]leh
 pQ/df–;'d]? dxf;fu/  ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]] Hjfnd'vL–df}gfnf]af gofF;+;f/
 blIf0fdf –kgfdf gx/
blIf0f cd]l/sf  k"j{df–cfGb| dxf;fu/  cUnf] :yfgsf] tfn l6l6sfsf #*() ld prfOdf 7'nf] b]z – a|flhn
 klZrd–k|zfGtdxf;fu/  af]lnleofsf] nfkfh ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgsf] /fhwfgL ;fgf] b]z – ;'l/gfd
 pQ/df–cfGb| dxf;fu/  ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]] kj{tdfnf Pl08h sf]nlDaof b]lv
 blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ lrnL ;Dd
û blIf0fsf] zx/ k'G6fPl/gf; lrln
cG6fs{l6sf  s'd]?dxf;fu/n] 3]/]sf]  kl5Nnf] dxfb]z lsjLsf] dxfb]z dfgj a;f]af; gePsf]
ljZjsf] ()lxpF /x]sf]
 cG6fs{l6sdf 3';]sf ;d'Gb|x¿–/f]; / j]8]n lxdrfFb/
dxfb]z
o'/f]k  k"j{df –Plzof dxfb]z  d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z –/l;of
 klZrdf cfGb|dxf;fu/  ljZjs} 7'nf] sf]0ffwf/L jg–6f]ouf /l;of ;fgf] b]z – Eofl6sgl;6L
 pQ/df ;d']? dxf;fu/  ljZjs} hf8f]x'g] 7fpF – j/vf]ofG:ofs –#$ l8u|L
 blIf0fdf–e"–dWo;fu/  ljZjs} 7'nf] tfn–Sofl:kog
 ;lj|mo Hjfnd'vL –dfp06 P6gf k|ofåLksf] klg k|foåLk
ci6«]lnof  k"j{df –û k|zfGt dxf;fu/  sª\uf?sf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– ci6«]lnof
 klZrd–lxGbdxf;fu/  kftn s'jfsf] dxfb]z ;fgf] b]z – gfp?
 pQ/df–lxGbdxf;fu/  ;lj|mo Hjfnfd'vL –ufp? xf]o
 blIf0fdf– s'd]?dxf;fu/  nfdf] d'ufF kj{t– u|]6Aofl/o/ l/km{
 larqtfsf] dxfb]z
dxfb]z ;DaGwL cGo hfgsf/L
dxfb]z 7'nf gbLx¿ lxdgbL kj{tdfnf 3fF;] d}bfg d?e"ld
-ls=ld=_ -ls=ld=_
Plzof of~ h] l;ofr]g lxdfnog :6]K; uf]eL
clk|msf gfOn lslndGh/f] P6nf; ;fjgf jf e]N8 ;xf/f
pQ/ cd]l/sf ldl;l;lk ld;f}/L xjf{8 ckflnrog k|]o/L u|]8Jofl;g

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 b]lIf0f cd]l/sf cd]hg k]l/6f] df]l6gf] Pl08h &@)) ls=ld kDkfh ch{]lG6gf kf6f]{uf]lgog
cG6fs{l6sf cf]lgS; NofDa6{ -$))_ PN;jy{ k"/} lr;f]
o'/f]k ef]Nuf e6gfhf]s'n cfNk; :6]K; d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z
ci6«]lnof d/]8fln{ª\ x8{ cfONof08 u|]6l8efOl8ª /]Gh 8fpG; u|]6 leS6f]l/of
k|Zg M e"uf]nsf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M O/]6:ygLh
k|Zg M e"uf]nnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < pQ/ M @ efu -dfgj e"uf]n / k|fs[lts e"uf]n_
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf lktf s;nfO{ elgG5 < pQ/ Friedrich Ratzel
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf] ljsf; slxn] ePsf] dflgG5 < pQ/ M !( cf}+ ;tfAbL
k|Zg M dxfb]z eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pQ/ M k[YjLsf] ;txdf hn d08n jfx]s hdLgn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu
k|Zg M Pl;of / pQ/ cd]l/sfnfO{ s'g hn;+of]hsn] 5'6\ofPsf] 5 < pQ/ M a]l/ª
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;aeGbf a9L hf8f] x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M evf}ofG:s -?;_, –#$ ;]lG6u|]8
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltlnrf] tfn -dgfª, g]kfn_,
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ulxnf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M a}sfn tfn, ;fOj]l/of
k|Zg M a}sfn tfnsf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !($) dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] / km/flsnf] k7f/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltAatsf] kfld/ k7f/, cfUnf] %))) dL / km/flsnf] @%,)),))) ju{ ls=
dL=
k|Zg M ;+;f/sf] 5fgf] (Roof of the World) eGgfn] s'g k7f/ nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M kfld/ k7f/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] uN5L s'g xf] < pQ/ M bfgf uN5L -DofUbL, g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ulx/f] uN5L bfgfsf] ulx/fO{ slt xf] < pQ/ M ^(^& dL6/
k|Zg M Pl;of / o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf] kj{t s'g xf] < pQ/ M o'/fn kj{t
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] pkTosf s'g xf] < pQ/ M c?0f pkTosf -g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!#$&%^%)))_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef/t -!@$!$(@)))_
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L jiff{ x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M r]/fk'~hL -ef/t_
k|Zg M 5fFof gb]lvg] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]8{g gbL
k|Zg M g'lgnf] tfn / dflg; g8'Ag] eg]/ s'g tfnnfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M d[t;fu/
k|Zg M ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] / sxfF kb{5 < pQ/ M Sof;ljog tfn, O/fg / ?;sf] ljrdf
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]ssf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ofGh] gbL -rLg_
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf nfdf] gbL ofGh] sf] nDjfO{ slt xf]< pQ/ M ^#)) ls= dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&),(*,@$@ ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M nf:;f, ltAat
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;j} eGbf a9L b]z ;+u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!# j6f b]z ;+u_
k|Zg M ljZjdf w]/} 6fk' ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M OG8f]g]l;of
k|Zg M Pl;ofdf slt j6f e'kl/j]li6s /fi6« 5g\ < pQ/ M !@ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s'g gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M e]N8
k|Zg M ;a} o'usf] k|frLgtd\ Pjd\ gjLgtd\ ;f+:s[lts kfOg] Psdfq dxfb]z s'gnfO{ dflgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf
k|Zg M ljljwfsf] dxfb]z eg]/ s'g dxfb]znfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf slt j6f e"k]l/j]li6s /fi6«x? 5g\ < pQ/ M !^ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf 7"nf / ;fgf e"kl/j]li6s /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < pQ/ M 7"nf] rf8{ / ;fgf] ?jfG8f
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M gfOn -^^() ls= ld=_, OlhK6
k|Zg M gfOn gbLsf] pb\ud:yn sxfF xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M gfOn gbL slt b]zx? eP/ jUb5 < pQ/ M !! b]zx?
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]z nfO{ sfnf] cyf{t\ cFWof/f] dxfb]z klg eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k||Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf udL{ x'g] 7fFp lnljof xf] eg] hf8f] x'g] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M df]/:sf]
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]znfO{ lsg cFWof/f] dxfb]z egL lrlgG5 < pQ/ M sfnf hfltsf] afx'[Noftf
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lx/f vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lsAj/vfg -clk|msf_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf 7"nf] ;'g vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]xfG;ju{ -clk|msf_
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf hDdf slt b]z /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M %$ b]z
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]znfO{ s;n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ < pQ/ M lqm:6f]km/ sf]nDa;, ;g\ !$(@
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
k|Zg M …gofF ;+;f/Ú egL lrlgg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf a9L ;fd'Gb|Ls lsgf/ ePsf] d'n's s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8f, nDjfO{ @$#&(! ls= ld=
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ !))) klZrdL b];fGt/n] emG8} b'O{ efudf af8]sf] 5 < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] gfd s;sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] < pQ/ M cd]l/uf] lj:k'SsL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] lzv/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M d]lsGn] -^,!($ ld6/_, cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] 8]y EofnL -cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf 7"nf] tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn s'g dxfb]zdf k5{ < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ;'k]l/o/ tfnsf] If]qkmn slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M *@@)) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zdf kg]{ cGo k|d'v tfnx? s'gs'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M ;'k]l/o/ tfn, ldlrug tfn, Xo'/g tfn, O/L tfn, cf]G6]l/of] tfn cflb
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ldl;l;kL–ld;f}/L -^,@$) lsnf]ld6/_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] u'Dah s'g xf] < pQ/ M P:6«f]8f]d -pQ/ cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|]o/L
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf % j6f tfnx? ;'k]l/o/, ldlrug, Xo'/g, O/L / cf]G6]l/ofsf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxfg tfn (Great Lakes)
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf s'g pkgfdn] ;d]t lrlgg] ub{5 < pQ/ M klZrd uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] g];gn kfs{ s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8fsf] p8 jkm]nf] g];gn kfs{
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo Hjfnfd'vL :yn s'g xf] < pQ/ M dfpG6 ;fGtf dfl/of -Ujf6]dfnf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]z pQ/df km's]sf] 5 eg] blIf0fdf s:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M ;fF3'l/Psf]
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L 708f x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lu|gNof08
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L udL{ x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M 8]y EofNnL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf nfdf] lxd gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M a]l/Ë
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M u|]6 a]l;g
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf s'g xf] < pQ/ M PGh]n, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] e]g]h'onf
k|Zg M PGh]n em/gfsf] prfO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M (&( ld=
k|Zg M blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M l6l6sfsf -#*!) ld6/_, k]?
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M cd]hg -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf blIf0fdf kg]{ ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k'G6f Pl/gf; -lrnL_, blIf0f cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhwfgL ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M af]lnleofsf] nfkfhf -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M k|foM jif{el/ g} lxpF hld/xg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zdf ljZjsf] slt k|ltzt lxpF /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M () k|ltzt
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ …lxd rfb/ (Ice Shet)Ú pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M dfgj a;f]af; gePsf] Ps dfq dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf rf/ lsNnfx? s] s] x'g <
pQ/ M klZrddf – k|zfGt dxf;fu/
k"j{df – cfGw| dxf;fu/
pQ/df – Sof/]ljog ;fu/ tyf kfgfdf
blIf0fdf – 8]s
k|Zg M blIf0f w'jL{o jl/kl/ /x]sf] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M s'g dxf;fu/n] cG6fs{l6sf nfO{ rf/} lt/ 3]/]sf] 5 < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/
k|Zg M o"/f]kdf /x]sf] Oofg'a gbL slt j6f /fi6« eP/ aUb5<
pQ/ M & j6f -cli6«of, hd{gL, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, o'uf]:nfleof, a'nu]l/of, x+u]/L / ?dflgof_
k|Zg M tLglt/af6 kfgL / Psflt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] hldgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|foåLk (Peninsula)
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] pkgfd s] xf] < pQ/ M k|foåLkx?sf] klg k|foåLk
k|Zg M Pl;of / o"/f]k dxfb]znfO{ ;+o'Qm?kdf s] gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M o'/]l;of
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M dfpG6 PNa'|h -%^## ld6/_, ?;
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog ;d'b|L t6, ;d'Gb| ;txjf6 (@ lkm6
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&)&%@)) ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M /l;of s'g s'g b'O{ dxfb]zdf kb{5g\ < pQ/ M o"/f]k / Pl;of
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« jf ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« s'g xf] < pQ/ M Eofl6sg l;6L, )=$ ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zdf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !*
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef]Nkf
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
k|Zg M b]zfGt/sf] lx;fan] o"/f]k dxfb]z klZrdL uf]nf4{df k5{ eg] cIff+zsf] lx;fan] of] dxfb]z s'g uf]nf4{df k5{ <
pQ/ M pQ/L uf]nf4{
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] kj{t z[+vnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M cfNk; kj{t

dxf;fu/ (Ocean) ;d'Gb|

dxf;fu/ eGgfn] k[YjLsf ;txdf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] ljzfn hnd08nsf] efunfO{ a'lemG5 . k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] &)=* k|ltzt
-nueu &! k|ltzt_ efu hnd08nn] 9fs]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] s'n kfgLsf] efudWo] sl/j *( k|ltzt -**=(k|ltzt_ dxf;fu/n] 9fs]sf]
5 . dxf;fu/ / ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO gfKg k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ km]bf]ld6/ elgG5 . k[YjLdf k|zfGt, cfGw|, lxGb, s'd]?, ;'d]? u/]/ kfF rj6f
dxf;fu/ 5g\ . dxf;fu/ cGt{ut ;d'Gb| / vf8L kb{5g\ . dxf;fu/nfO{ k[YjLsf] 7"nf] hnsf] ?k klg elgG5 . dxf;fu/ sf] ulx/fO{
km]bd PsfO{df gflkG5 . Ps km]bd j/fj/ ^ lkm6 jf !=* ld6/ x'G5 . dxf;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ k|b{zg ug]{ /]vfnfO{ lxK;f]u|flkms se{
(Hypsographic Curve) elgG5 . dxf;fu/sf] ;Dk"0f{ cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{ ;d'Gb| lj1fg elgG5 .

dxf;fu/x?sf] ljj/0f
dxf;fu/sf] If]qkmn j=ls=ld cf}ift ulx/f] efu kfgL cGo
gfd ulx/fO{
k|zfGt !^ s/f]8 %& nfv $#)) ld dfl/ofgf $%=$ –lqe"h cfsf/
dxf;fu/ 6]«]G –:k]gsf kml8{g]G6 d]ungn] kQf nufPsf 7'nf] / ulx/f] dxf;fu/
– zfGt / ;f}Do
cfGw| * s/f]8 @$ nfv #&)) ld k'6f]l/sf] @# –S cfsf/ Sof/]laog l; jfl0fHo / Ao:t dxf;fu/
dxf;fu/ l4k – /x:do t6 – a/d'{8f lqsf]0f
–pQ/L w|'a\ b]vL blIfl0f w|'a ;Dd km}lnPsf] dxf;fu/

lxGb & s/f]8 #% nfv #()) ld hfef6«]Gr @)=% – cw{a[tsf/

dxf;fu/ – dg;'gL dxfu/
– t]nkfOg] dxf;fu/
s'd]? @ s/f]8 $$ nfv @$)) ld û & – blIf0f–w|ljo dxf;fu/
dxf;fu/ – lr;f]kfgLsf] dxf;fu/
;'d]?dxf;fu/ ! s/f]8 %( nfv !##) ld df]nl4k $ –pQ/ w|ljo dxf;fu/
– g'lgnf]kfgLsf] dxf;fu/

ljZjsf !) 7"nf ;d'b|x? (Seas)

gfd If]qkmn -ju{lsnf]ld6/_ cf};t ulx/fO{ -ld6/df_
!= ;fpy rfOgf ;L @(,&$,^)) !@))
@= Sof/]laog ;L @&,%#,))) @$))
#= e"dWo ;fu/ @%,)#,))) !$*%
$= a]l/ª ;L @@,^*,!*) $))
%= d]lS;sf] vf8L !%,$@,(*% !%))
^= ;L ckm cf]vf]TG;s !%,@&,%&) *$)
&= k"jL{o rfOgf ;fu/ !@,$(,!%) !*)
*= x8\;g\ j] !@,#@,#)) !@)
(= ;L ckm hfkfg !),)&,%)) !#&)
!)= s[i0f ;fu/ $,^!,(*) !!)

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M kfgLn] 9fs]sf] ljzfn hnefu nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxf;fu/ –
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] slt k|ltzt efu / If]qkmn kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M &)=* k|ltzt -sl/a &! k|ltzt_, #^ s/f]8 !! nfv $( xhf/ ((( ju{
ls= ld=
k|Zg M kfgLsf] s"n efu dWo] slt efu dxf;fu/n] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M **=( k|ltzt
k|Zg M ;aeGbf 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k|zfGt dxf;fu/, !^ s/f]8 %& nfv ju{ lsnf]ld6/

k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/df ;fgf 7"nf u/L slt 6fk' tyf åLkx? /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M @) xhf/
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/n] k[YjLsf] s'n hnd08nsf] slt k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M $%=% k|ltzt -sl/a $^ k|ltzt_
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M lkmlnlkG; glhssf] dfl/ofgf 6]«Gr, !)(!! ld6/
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] pQ/L uf]nfb{df hn / :yn j/fj/ 5g\ eg] blIf0fL uf]nfb{df hdLgsf] eGbf kfgLsf] efu slt u'0ff a9L 5 <
pQ/ M sl/j !% u'0ff
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn v'lDrg] / km}lng] qmddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ jif]{gL sltsf b/n] v'lDrFb} uPsf] cg'dfg 5 < pQ/ M ! OGr
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/nfO{ Pacific egL gfds/0f ug]{ JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M kml8{g]G8 d]ung :k]lg; cg';Gwfgstf{
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] cfsf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M lqe'h
k|Zg M dfOqmf]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk' x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Carolines, Marshals, Gilbert / Ellicel
k|Zg M d]n]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Salomons, New Hebrides / Fiji
k|Zg M kf]lng]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ M pQ/ M Line Islan, Cook Society / Taumotu
k|Zg M OG8f]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Sumatra, Java / Borneo

k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf rf/ lsNnfx? s] s] x'g < k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] <
pQ/ M cfGw| dxf;fu/, * s/f]8 @$ nfv j= ls= ld
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn v'Drg] / km}ng] qmddf cfGw| dxf;fu/ k|To]s jif{ sltsf b/n] km}nb}5 < pQ/M Ps OGr
k|Zg M s'n hn;txsf] slt k|ltzt efu cfGw| dxf;fu/n] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @# k|ltzt
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] cf};t ulx/fO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M #&)) ld6/ -!@,))) lkm6_
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] clwstd ulx/fO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M (,@)) ld6/
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fusf] ;a} eGbf ulx/f] :yfg s'g xf] < pQ/ M Ko'6f]{l/sf] åLk (Puertorico Deep)
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/ (Atlantic Ocean) sf] gfds/0f s;n] u/]sf x'g\ < pQ/ M k|frLg u|Lsjf;L
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf k|d'v ;fxfos gbLx? s'g s'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M /fOg, ;]g]un, gfOh/, s+uf], ;]G6n/]g;, ldl;l;kL, cd]hg / cf]l/gf]sf]
k|Zg M kfgLn] 8'j]sf] sd ulx/f] ;fd'lGb|s d}bfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxfåLlko tVtf
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/nfO{ s'g pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M Ocean of Monsoon
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/df ldl;g] k|d'v gbLx? s'gs'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M d]sË, d]gfd, u+|uf, a|Xdk'q, O/fjbL, l;Gw, l6lu|h / o'k|m]6;
k|Zg M Ocean of Monsoon eg]/ lxGb dxf;fu/nfO{ lrlgG5 eg] lxGb dxf;fu/.sf] csf]{ pkgfd s'g xf] <
pQ/ M …t]nsf] dxf;fu/Ú
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/ jf6 pTklt eP/ jxg] jfo' nfO{ s'g jfo' elgG5 < pQ/ M dg;'lg jfo'
k|Zg M If]qkmnsf lx;fan] rf}yf] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/, @ s/f]8 $$ nfv j= ls=ld=
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/sf] cf};t ulx/fO slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @$)) ld6/ -&()) lkm6_
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/n] k[YjLsf] s'n hnd08nsf] slt k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M & k|ltzt
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/sf] cfsf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M j[Qfsf/
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/ s'gs'g dxf;fu/ ;Fu hf]l8P/ /x]sf]] 5 <pQ/ M k|zfGt / cfGw| dxf;fu/
k|Zg M blIf0f w'|jLo dxf;fu/sf pkgfn] lrlgg] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf] jl/kl/ km}lnP/ /x]sf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/ –
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ;fpy rfOgf ;fu/, @(,&$,^)) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M ;fpy rfOgf ;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !@)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sof/]ljog ;fu/, @& nfv %# xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/
k|Zg M Sof/]laog ;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @$)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M e"dWo;fu/, @% nfv # xhf/ ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M e"dWo;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !$*% ld6/
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
k|Zg M ljZjsf] rf}yf] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M d]lS;sf] vf8L, !%,$@,(*% ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M d]lS;sf] vf8Lsf] ulx/fO{ slt /xs]f] 5 < pQ/ M !%)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] 5}6f}+ 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ;L ckm cf]vf]T;s, !%,@&,%&) j=ls=ld=
k|Zg M ;L ckm cf]vf]T;ssf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M *$) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;ftf}+ 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k"jL{ rfOgf ;fu/, !@,$(,!%) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M dxf;fu/sf] dWo efudf kj{t >]0fL h:t} km}lnPsf] efunfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M dWo dxf;ful/o >[ª\vnf jf dxf;ful/o 8fF8f
k|Zg M ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;d'Gb|sf] slt ulx/fO{ ;Dd k'Ub5 < pQ/ M ^)) lkm6
k|Zg M km/flsnf] w]/} If]q cf]u6]sf] ulx/f] dxf;ful/o vf8nnfO{ s] elgG5 < [pQ/ M vfFjf
k|Zg M hdLgsf] ;txdf h:t} dxf;fu/sf] lkwdfx'g] r§fgsf cUnf cUnf :ylno e"–efunfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M ;fd'lGb|s kj{t
k|Zg M cToflws g'lgnf] kgf ePsf ;fu/x? s'g s'g x'g\ < pQ/ M nfn ;fu/, /f]d ;fu/ / kmf/:sf] vf8L
k|Zg M ;d'Gb|sf] hndf cf}ift slt k|ltzt g"lgnf]kgf kfOG5 < pQ/ M #=% k|ltzt
k|Zg M ;j} eGbf j9L g"lgnf] kgf / sd g"lgnf] kgf slt cIff+zdf /x]sf ;d'Gb|df kfOG5 <
pQ/ M @) b]lv $) l8u|L cIff+zdf a9L / $) b]lv () l8u|L cIff+zdf sd
w|'|j (Polar)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] tNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M blIf0fL w'|j (South Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] dflyNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M pQ/L w'|j (North Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w'|jLo efu sf] agf]6 s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M w|'jLo efu s]xL y]lKrPsf]
k|Zg M k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ sfNklgs af6f]nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M sIf (Orbit)
k|Zg M k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] cIf jl/kl/ 3'Dg slt ;do nfU5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M blIf0f w|'j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /f]N8 PdG8 ;]g, ;g\ !((!, gj]{
k|Zg M pQ/L w'|j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /a6{ k]/L, ;g\ !()(, cd]l/sf
cIff+z (Latitude)
e'dWo /]vfsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fdWo] s'g} 7fpFsf] b'/LnfO{ cIff+z elgG5 . cIff+z k[YjLsf] s]Gb|df ag]sf] Tof] sf]0f xf] hf] e"dWo/]vfsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fl:yt
s'g} :yfg jf laGb'sf] sf]l8o b'/L nfO{ hgfpF5 . k[YjLsf] cIf / e"dWo /]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf lvlrPsf] sfNklgs !*) cf]6f
/]vfnfO{ cfIff+z elgG5 . e"dWo /]vfsf] pQ/df () l8u|L ;Dd cIff+z x'G5 . hDdf !*) l8u|L cIff+z /]vfx? x'G5 .e"ddWo/]lvo cIff+s ;aeGbf
nfdf] /]vf xf] . ) l8u|L cIff+znfO{ e"dWo/]vf elgG5 . e"dWo/]vf 0° cIff+z /]vf xf] . e"dWo/]vfaf6 hlt–hlt pQ/ jf blIf0flt/ uOG5 cIff+z
/]vfx? pltplt ;fgf] x'Fb} hfG5g\ / w'|jdf k'Ubf ljGb' dfq /xG5 .
cIff+zdf ( l8u|L a/fa/ ^) ldg]6 x'G5 eg] ! ldg]6 a/fa/ ^) ;]s]08 x'G5 . @#=% pQ/L cIff+znfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5 . @#=% blIf0fL cIff+znfO{
ds/ /]vf elgG5 . ^^=% blIf0fL /]vfnfO{ s'd]? j[Q elgG5 . ^^=%pQ/L /]vfnfO{ ;'d]? j[[Q elgG5 . k|To]s b'O{ cIff+z /]vf larsf] km/s b"/L !!!
ls=ld x'G5 . s'g} :yfgsf] jf:tljs b'/L cIf+z jf6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . cIff+z /]vfx? !÷! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf x'G5g\ . cIff+z l8u|L, ldg]6 /
;]s]08 PsfO{df gflkG5 .cIff+z /]vf k'0f{j[Qsf/ x'G5 . cIff+z /]vfsf] pkof]lutf nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

-s_ s'g} :yfg e"dWo]/]vfaf6 pQ/ jf blIf0fkl§ s'g b"/Ldf k5{ egL kQf nufpg]
-v_ xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg
-u_ s'g} ;dodf s'g} lglZrt 7fpFsf] lbg / /ft kQf nufpg
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ss{6 /]vf
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ds/ /]vf
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5< pQ/ M ;'d]? j[Q
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M s'd]? j[Q
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgaf6 k[YjLsf] Jof;sf] ;f] 7fpFsf] ljkl/t :yfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|ltnf]d
k|Zg M ljZj dfglrqdf ;a}eGbf a9L prfOdf ljljwtf s'g cIff+zLo If]qdf /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M @) l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z b]lv %) l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z ;Dd
b]zfGt/ (Longitude)
k|wfgdWofGg /]vfsf] k"j{ klZrd s'g} sf]l0fs b"/LnfO{ b]zffGt/ elgG5 . b]zfGt/ sfNklgs /]vf xf] . k|wfg dWofGg /]vf z"Go l8u|L b]zfGt/ dflgG5 .
a]nfotsf] lu|gljrnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w'|j;Dd lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ k|wfg dWofGg /]vf elgG5 . o;nfO{ ) l8u|L b]zfGt/
/]vf klg elgG5 .
! l8u|L b]zfGt/sf] km/sdf $ ldg]6 x'G5 . b]zfGt/ cw{j[Qsf/ x'G5 . !*) l8u|L b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . b]zfGt/ /]vfx? hDdf #^) j6f
x'G5g\ . ! l8u|L b]zfGt/ a/fa/ e"dWo /]vfdf b"/L !!!=!@ lsnf]ld6/ x'G5 eg] w'|jdf ) ls=ld x'G5 . b]zfGt/ /]vfx? cw{j[t cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . !*) l8u|L
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . ;do k|To]s ! l8u|L b]zfGt/df $ ldg]6sf] km/s x'G5 . k|To]s !% l8u|L b]zfGt/df ! 306fsf] lx;fasf] ;do
km/s kb{5 . lu|gjLrsf] ;dofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cGt/fli6«o ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ;g\ !**$ df ul/Psf] xf] . j|mf]gf]ld6/n] lu|gjLrsf] ;donfO{ b]vfpF5 . ) l8u|L
n08gaf6 ck/fÅg # ah] k|zf/0f u/]sf] BBC sf] ;dfrf/ *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/df g]kfndf ck/fÅg * ah]/ $% ldg]6df ;'Gg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]
k|fdfl0fs ;do lj=;+= @)$@ j}zfv ! b]lv nfu' ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] cfwf/df sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 b]zfGt/df uf}l/z+s/ lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lgwf{/ ul/Psf 5 . g]kfnsf] k|fdffl0fs ;do u|Lgljr ldg6fOd eGbf
% 306f $% ldg]6sf] km/s 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf
ljZjsf] ltlyldlt 5'6ofpg] !*) l8u|L b]zfGt/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf elgG5 . k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult Pj+ k[YjL uf]nfsf/ x'gfn] !*)° b]zfGt/ /]vf
kf/ ugf{ ;fy ltly, ldlt / af/ km/s kg{ hfG5 . !*)° sf] b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . cfs[ltsf] lx;fan] cGt/f{li6«o ltly
/]vf afªuf]l6ªuf] /x]sf] 5 . u|lgjLr b]lv cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf;Ddsf] ;do !@ 306f km/s 5 . !*) l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / !*) l8u|L klZrd
b]zfGt/df @$ 306fsf] cGt/ x'G5 . ) l8u|L b]zfGt/ /]vfb]lv !*) l8u|L klZrdL b]vfGt/df !@ 306f ;dosf] km/s kb{5 . ) l8u|L b]zfGt/
/]vfb]lv k"jL{ b]zfGt/df !@ 306f ;dosf] km/s kb{5 .
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M '0' l8u|L b]zfGt/b]lv !*) l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@ 306f / klZrd b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@ 306f ;dosf] cGt/ x'G5 . o;/L !*)°
k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / !*)° klZrd b]zfGt/df slt cGt/ x'g] ub{5 <
pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf kf/ ugf{;fy slt ;dosf] km/s u0fgf x'G5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M lu|gjLrb]lv klZrddf !*)° ;Dd slt 306f ;Dd ;do l9nf] x'G5 < pQ/ M !@ 306f ;Dd
k|Zg M !° b]zfGt/ a/fa/ slt ;do x'G5 < pQ/ M $ ldg]6
k|Zg M #^)° df slt ;dosf] km/s k5{ < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf af+uf]l6+uf] lsg x'g] ub{5 < pQ/ M Pp6} :yfg jf b]zleq ltly, ldlt, ;do / af/df Ps?ktf Nofpg
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGotofM ;d'b|L If]qdf slt l8u|Ldf lvlrPsf] 5 <
pQ/ M l;wf !*)° df
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf klZrdtkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;lfan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg 36fP/
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf k"j{tkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;fan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg a9fP/
;do (Time)
s'g}klg b]zfGt/sf] cfwf/df lx;fa u/]/ lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . Ps b]zfGt/sf] :yfgLo ;donfO{ Pp6f b]zel/ dflgG5 eg]
To;nfO{ k|dfl0fs ;do elgG5 . a]nfotsf] lu|gjLr -0° b]zfGt/ /]vf_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cGt/f{li6«o k|fdfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
ltly/]vf kf/ ugf{;fy @$ 306fsf] ;do km/s x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf afÍf]l6Íf] cfsf/sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$@ j}zfv ! ut] uf}l/z+s / lxdfnnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL *^° !%’ k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . h'g lu|gaLr ldg6fOdeGbf % 306f $% ldg]6
rnfv /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vfeGbf k"j{tkm{ ofqf ubf{ ! lbg a9fP/ / klZrdtkm{ ofqf ubf{ ! lbg 36fP/ ofqf to ug'{kb{5 .

;fs{ /fi6«?sf] g]kfnL ;do;Fusf] km/s

/fi6«x? 306f ldg]6 /fi6«x? 306f÷ldg]6
ckmuflg:tfg – !=!% e'6fg ± )=!%
dflNbE; – )M$% >Ln+sf – )=!%
a+unfb]z ± )M!% ef/t – )=!%
kfls:tfg – )M$%
ljleGg /fi6«x?sf] g]kfnL ;do;Fusf] km/s
cd]l/sf –!#=$% /l;of –!=$%
a]nfot –%=$% ci6]«]lnof ±%=!%
hfkfg ±#=!% Sofg8f –!)=$%
rLg ±@=!% hd{gL –$=$%
k|mfG; –$=$% a|flhn &=$%
l;+ufk'/ ±@=!% kf]r'{un –%=$%
xªsª ±@=!% g]b/Nof08 –$=$%
stf/ –@=$% a]lNhod –$=$%
;fpbL c/a –!=$% :jL6\h/Nof08 –$=$%
dn]l;of ±@=!% ax/fOg –@=$%
blIf0f clk|msf –#=$% s'j]t –@=$%
blIf0f sf]l/of ±#=!% pQ/ sf]l/of ±#=!%

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 yfONof08 ±!=!% Oh/fon –#=$%
8]gdfs{ –$=$% gj]{ –$=$%
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M lu|gjLrsf] ;donfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cGt/f{li6«o ;dosf] lgwf{/0f slxn] ul/Psf] lyof] < pQ/ M ;g\ !**$
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o k|fdfl0fs ;do s'g 7fpFsf] ;donfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 < pQ/ M a]nfotsf] lu|glar -0° b]zfGt/ /]vf_
k|Zg M lu|gljr ldg6fOd eGbf g]kfnsf] ;do slt l56f] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M % 306f $% ldg]6
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do s'g :yfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 < pQ/ M uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfn
k|Zg M slt l8u|Lsf] b]zfGt/ /]vfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] < pQ/ M *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vf
k|Zg M *^°!%' ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf cfwf/df to ul/Psf] k|fdfl0fs ;do slxn]b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] <
pQ/ M lj= ;+= @)$@ j}zfv !
k|Zg M lbgsf] 7Ls !@ ah] ;"o{ 7Ls dfly x'Fbf lgwf{/0f ul/g] ;do nfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M :yfgLo ;do
pQ/ M g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do ef/tsf] k|fdfl0fs ;doeGbf slt l56f] /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M – !% ldg]6
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do cd]l/sfsf] k|fdfl0fs ;doeGbf slt l56f] /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M !) 306f $% ldg]6
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do hfkfgsf] k|fdfl0fs ;doeGbf slt l9nf] /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M # 306f !% ldg]6
b"/L (Distance)

s'g} b'O{ :yfg jf j:t'aLrsf] ;a}eGbf l;wf /]vfn] hf]8]sf] efunfO{ b'/L elgG5 . b'/LnfO{ nDjjt / lIflth u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
b'/LnfO{ d]l6«s k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;]lG6ld6/,ld6/, lsnf]ld6/ tyf lj|l6z k|0ffnLcg';f/ OGr, uh, dfOn cflb PsfOdf gflkG5 . e"dWo /]v Lo If]qdf !!!
ls=ld= sf] b'/Ldf b]zfGt/ /]vf /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] w|'jdf Pp6} ljGb'df /x]sf x'G5g\ . !° ˜ !!! ls=ld= x'G5 eg] !’˜ !=*% ls=ld= b'/L x'G5 .
b"/Lsf] lgwf{/0f
Pp6} b]zfGt/ /]vfdf k/]sf s'g} 7fpFsf] cIff+z yfxf ePdf tL b'O{ 7fpFsf] b"/L lgDgfg';f/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 M
s_ lbOPsf b'O{ :yfg Pp6} uf]nf4{df k/]df a9L cIff+zaf6 sd cIff+zsf] c+s 36fpg] . olb lbOPsf pQ/ / blIf0f uf]nf4{df kg]{ ePdf b'j }
cIff+zsf] c+s hf]8\g] .
v_ o;/L hf]8]/ jf 36fP/ cfPsf] c+snfO{ !!! n] u'0fg u/]df lsnf]ld6/df b"/L kQf nfU5 .
!° = !!! ls=ld=
!' = !=*% ls=ld=
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M s'g} b'O{ :yfg jf j:t'aLrsf] cfk;L cGt/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M b'/L
k|Zg M b"/LnfO{ slt lsld;n] JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 <
pQ/ M @ -nlDao b"/L / lIfltlho b"/L_
k|Zg M b'O{ a]Unf–a]Un} ;txdf /x]sf] :yfg jf j:t'sf] km/snfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M nDajt b"/L
k|Zg M s'g} j:t'sf] prfO jf ulx/fO{ s'g b"/Ldf dfkg ul/G5 <
pQ/ M nDajt b"/L -kj{tsf] prfO, ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO{ cflb_
k|Zg M Pp6} ;txdf /x]sf :yfg jf j:t'sf] aLrsf] km/snfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M lIflth b"/L
k|Zg M 6]k jf hlGh/af6 gfKg g;lsg] b"/LnfO{ s;/L dfkg ul/G5 <
pQ/ M sf]0fdf JoQm u/]/
k|Zg M 6]k af6 gfKbf d]l6«s k|0ffnLcg';f/ b"/LnfO{ s'g PsfOdf JoQm ul/G5 <
pQ/ M ;]lG6ld6/, ld6/, lsnf]ld6/ cflb
k|Zg M la|l6z k|0ffnLcg';f/ b"/LnfO{ s'g PsfOdf JoQm ul/G5 <
pQ/ M OGr, uh, dfOn cflb

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
ljZjsf k|d'v kj{tdfnf

kj{tdfnf dxfb]z b]z

lxGbs'z kj{t dfnf Plzof kfls:tft, ckmuflg:tfg
sf/fsf]/d kj{t dfnf Plzof ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg
s'nzfg kj{t dfnf Plzof rLg
/sL kj{t dfnf pQ/ cd]l/sf USA, Sofg8f
cfNk; kj{t dfnf o'/f]k k|mfG;, :jLh/Nof08
Pl08h kj{t dfnf blIf0f cd]l/sf lrnL, ch]{lG6gf
P6n; kj{t dfnf clk|msf df]/Ssf]
kfdL/ kj{t dfnf Plzof tflhls:tfg, rLg
n2fv kj{t dfnf Plzof rLg, ef/t
ljZjsf k|d'v r'r'/fx?

gfd b]z prfO -ld6/_ kj{t >]0fL

!= ;u/dfyf g]kfn *,*$* lxdfno -v'Da'_
@= dfpG6 s] @ -u8\ljg cl:6g_ kfls:tfg *,^!! sf/fsf]/d
#= s~rgh+3f g]kfn %,^*^ lxdfno
$= Nxf]T;] g]kfn *,%!^ lxdfno
%= dsfn' g]kfn *,$^# lxdfno
^= rf]o' g]kfn *,@)! lxdfno
&= wf}nflu/L g]kfn *,!^# lxdfno
*= dgf:n' g]kfn *,!^# lxdfno
(= g+uf kj{t ef/t *,!@% lxdfno
!)= cGgk"0f{ g]kfn *,)^* sf/f]sf]/d
!!= uf;|]j'd k|yd *,)$& sf/fsf]/d
!@= a|f]8lks k|yd *,)$& sf/fsf]/fd
!#= uf;|]j'd låtLo *,)#$ sf/fsf]/d
!$= l;;f kfª\df *,)!# lxdfno

& dxfb]zsf & ;jf]{Rr lzv/x?

dxfb]z lzv/ prfO -ld6/_

!= Pl;of ;u/dfyf **$*
@= blIf0f cd]l/sf PsfGsfu'cf ^(^@
#= pQ/ cd]l/sf d]lsGn] ^!($
$= clk|msf lslndf~h/f] %*(%
%= cG6fs{l6sf leG;g Dofl;km $*(@
^= o'/f]k dfpG6 Pna|['h %^##
&= c:6]]«lnof sf]l:so':sf] @$$#

dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;jf{lws cUnf] kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M lxdfno kj{t
k|Zg M lxdfno kj{tdfnf s'g dxfb]zdf kb{5 < pQ/ M Pl;of
k|Zg M lxdfno kj{tdfnf s'g s'g b]zdf kb{5 < pQ/ M g]kfn, ef/t, rLg, e'6fg / kfls:tfg
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M Pl08h kj{tdfnf
k|Zg M Pl08h kj{tdfnfsf] nDjfO slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M &@)) ls= ld=
k|Zg M s'g kj{tdfnfnfO{ ;DkGg kj{tdfnf eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M Pl08h
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;jf{lws kmf]6f] lvlrPsf] / lrn]vgf ul/Psf] kxf8 s'g xf] < pQ/ M km'hL -hfkfg_
k|Zg M lxGb', af}4 / O:nfd wdf{jnDjLx?sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| dflgg] P8D; lks gfds kxf8 sxfF /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M >Ln+sf
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
k|Zg M ;d'b|leqsf] pRr kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M sl8n]/f
d?e"ld
afn'j}jfn'jf ePsf], kfgL gePsf] ;'Vvf cg'j{/ e"dLnfO{ d?e"dL elgG5 . Pl;ofsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"dL uf]aL d?e"dL xf] eg] ljZjs} 7"nf] d?e"dL clk|msf
dxfb]zsf] ;xf/f d?e"dL xf] . d':tfª nfO{ g]kfnsf] d?e"dL eg]/ lrlgG5 .
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?

k|ZgM d?e"ld s:tf] hdLgnfO{ elgG5 < pQ/ M kfgL gePsf] Hofb} ;'Vvf Pj+ cg'j{/ hdLg
k|Zg M jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds c;/sf sf/0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm Pj+ pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpg] cj:yfnfO{ s] eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M
d?e"lds/0f
k|Zg M ;fdfGotof d?e"ldnfO{ slt efudf afl8Psf] 5 <pQ/ M @ -afn'jfofo'Qm d?e"ld / r§fgL d?e"ld_
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] d?e"ld eGgfn] s'g 7fpFnfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M d':tfª
k|Zg M s'g xfjfkfgLnfO{ zLt d?e"ld tyf t];|f] w'|j{sf] xfjfkfgLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 < pQ/ M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf rNg] tftf] xfjf …n"Ú sxfFaf6 cfpF5 < pQ/ M ef/tsf] yf/ d?e"ldaf6
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M clk|msfsf] ;xf/f d?e"ld
k|Zg M blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M kf6f]uf]lgog d?e"ld
k|Zg M :k]gsf] /fhwfgL d]l8«8df d?e"ld Go"gs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng slxn] ;DkGg eof] < pQ/ M ;]K6]Da/ #–$, @))&
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] d?e"ldsf] k|b]z eg]/ s'g nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M lxdfnL k|b]z
e"sDksf d'Vo b'O{ If]qx?

s_ k|zfGt dxf;fu/ jl/kl/sf df]8bf/ kj{t >]0fLx? M pQ/ / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] klZrdkl§, /sL / PlG8h kj{t tyf Pl;osf] k"j{kl6, hfkfg,
lkmlnlkG;, OG8f]g]l;of, Go'lugL / Go'lhNofG8sf 6fk'x?
v_ Pl;ofsf] lxdfno kj{t >]0fL / o'/f]ksf] cfNk; kj{t >]0fL

ljZjsf !) 7"nf e'sDkx¿

:yfg ldlt -;g\ df_ /]S6/ :s]n
lrnL !(^) d] @@ (=%
cn:sf, cd]l/sf !(^$ dfr{ @* (=@
PlG6Pgf]s 6fk' !(%@ dfr{ ( (=!
;'dfqf, OG8f]g]l;of @))$ gf]e]Dj/ $ (=)
sfdr6sf, /l;of !(%@ gf]e]Dj/ $ (=)
tf]xf]s", hfkfg @)!! march 11 (=)
OSj]8/ !()^ hgj/L #! *=*
/]6 6fk' !()^ km]a|'j/L $ *=&
rLg / ef/t l;dgf !(%) cui6 !% *=^
sfdr6\sf, /l;of !(%) k|m]a|'j/L *=^
-gf]6M g]kfndf lj= ;+= !**) df &=* /]S6/ :s]n, lj= ;+= !(() df *=# /]S6/ :s]n / lj= ;+= @)$% df ^=% /]S6/ :s]nsf] e'sDk uPsf] lyof] ._
k|Zg M e"sDk eg]sf] s] xf] <
Hjfnfd'vL (Volcano)
e"ue{sf] tftf] kbfy{ x? k[YjLsf] ;tx tkm{ cfpg] ;DlGwt ;j} k|s[ofnfO{ Hjfnfd'vL elgG5 . Hjfnfd'lv k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s txdf /x]sf Uof;, nfef,
kbfy{ k[YjLsf] jflx/L w/ftndf cfP/ :ki6 ?kdf k|s6x'g] k|s[of xf] . k[YjLsf] lelq ;txdf ePsf r§fg, vlgh h:tf kbfy{ cToflws tfksf] sf/0f
klUnP/ t/n cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g h;nfO{ DofUdf elgG5 . Hjfnfd'lvsf k|sf/ x? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ ;lqmo cyf{t hfu[t Hjfnfd'vL M kUn]sf] r§fg, Uof;, v/fgL, lznfv08 cflb kbfy{x? nuftf/ aflx/ lgl:s/xg] Hjfnfd'vL xf] . O6fnLsf] P6gf
/ xjfO 6fk'sf] df}gfcf]nf s:tf] k|s[ltsf Hjfnfd'vL o;sf pbfx/0f x'g .
-v_ d[t Hjfnfd'vL M s'g} a]nf lj:kmf]6g eP/ xfn aGb eO;s]sf] / kl5 lj:kmf]6g x'g] ;Defjgf gePsf] Hjfnfd'vL xf] . O/fgsf] sf]x ;'Ntfg /
Dofgdf/sf] kf]kf kj[t s'g k|s[ltsf Hjfnfd'vL o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
-u_ ;'if'Kt Hjfnfd'vL M s'g} ;dodf rfn' x'g] / s'g} ;dodf aGbh /xg] Hjfnfd'vL xf] . O6fnLsf] lj;'leP; Hjfnfd'vL / sfsf6f]jf Hjfnfd'vL
o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
tfn÷lxdftn
rf/}lt/af6 hldng] 3]l/Psf] kfgLsf] efu tfn (Lake) elgG5 . kfgLsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ tfnnfO{ :jR5 kfgLsf] tfn / g'lgnf] kfgLsf] tfn u/L b'O{
efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tfnsf] lgdf{0f lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 M

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 s_ e"sDkaf6 aGg] tfnM e"sDk hfFbf ;txdf vfgN8f] k/L aGg] tfn .
v_ b/f/ j]zL tfnM e"sDksf sf/0f w/ftnsf] efu wl;P/ ;f] vf8ndf kfgL hDdf eO{ aGg] tfn .
u_ lxdfnL tfn M lxdgbLn] 7"nf 7"nf r§fg pKsfpFbf aGg] vfN8fx?v'N8Ldf kfgL hDdf eP/ aGg] tfn .
3_ lxdf]9 tfnM lxdgbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] lxdf]9n] gbLnfO{ /f]sL aGg hfg] tfn .
ª_ Hjfnfd'vL tfn M d[t Hjfnfd'vLsf] s]6/df jiff{sf] kfgL hDdf eO{ aFg] tfn .
r_ Hjfnfd'vL tfn M Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g x'Fbf lg:sf] nfefn] gbLsf] kfgL y'lgP/ aGg] tfn .
5_ pktfn jf ;fgf tfn M ;d'b\sf] 5fnn] NofPsf] afn'jf emf/kft cflb vf8Lsf] ;fFu'/f] d'vdf y'lk|g hfFbf aGg] tfn jf pktfn
h_ aonh'/] tfn M d}bfgL cj:yfdf af9L cfPsf] a]nf gbLn] 3'dfp/f] dfu{nfO{ 5f]8]/ l;wf dfu{ agfO{ aUbf k'/fgf] dfu{df kfgL y'lgP/
lgdf{0f x'g] tfn .
em_ lqsf]0f tfn M b'O{ lxdgbL cfk;df ldNbhf gbLsf aLrfdf kfgL y'lgP/ aGg] tfn .
`_ 3f]ng tfn M r'g 9'+ufn] ag]sf] w/ftndf kfgLn] r'g nufP/ n}hfFbf leqL efu vf]qmf] eO{ dflysf] efu wl;P/ vf8n agL lgdf{0f x'g]
tfn .
ljZjsf % 7"nf tfnx?
gfd If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ ulx/fO{ -ld6/df_
!= Sofl:kog -?;–O/fg_ #,($,@(( ($^
@= ;'k]l/og tfn -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ *@,@!$ $)^
#= leS6f]l/of tfn -tfGhflgof–ol'ufG8f_ ^(,$*% *@
$= p/fn tfn -?;_ ^^,$%& ^*
%= x'/f]g -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ %(,%(^ @@(
ljZjsf cUnf em/gfx?
em/gf prfO -ld6/_ :yfg
!= PGh]n (Angel) (&( blIf0f clk| m sf
@= 7'h]nf (Tugela) blIf0f clk|msf
#= So'gfg (Cuquenan) ^!) e]g]Hj]nf
$= ;'b/NofG8 (Sutherland) %*) Go'lhNofG8
%= tfsfsfjf (Takkakawa) %)# British Columbia
^= Ribbon $(! Soflnkmf]lg{of
&= Upper Yosemite $#^ Soflnkmf]lg{of
*= ufefgL{ (Gavarnie) $@@ k|mfG;
(= e]l6; kmf]; (Vertisfoss) #^^ gj]{
!)= lj8f]l6o;{ (Widows' Tears) #%& Soflnkmf]lg{of
!!= :6fpjfr (Staubbach) #)) :jL6\h/NofG8
!@= ldl8n Sof;s]8 (Middle cascade) !!& Soflnkmf]lg{of
!#= lsª P8jf8{ ci6d @%( ufogf
!$= h]/f]:kf @%# ef/t
!%= s}6f]/L @%! ufogf
!^= :sfOhL (Skykje) @%) gj]{
!&= sfnfDaf] (Kalambo) @!( tfGhflgof / hflDaofsf] ;Ldf If]qdf
k|Zg M ;do / jfo'sf] :jefjcg';f/ jfo'nfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 <
pQ/ M $ - u|xsf jfo' jf :yfoL jfo' , cfjlws jfo' , cfsl:ds jfo' / :yfgLo jfo'
k|Zg M u|x?kL k[YjLsf ;txdf lgoldt?kn] lglZrt lbzf eO{ axg] jfo'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrGg] ul/Psf] x'G5 <
pQ/ M u|xsf jfo'
k|Zg M u|xsf jfo' afx|} dlxgf k|foM lgoldt?kn] axg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ csf]{ s] gfdn] k'sfl/G5 <
pQ/ M :yfoL jfo'
k|Zg M u|xsf jfo' slt lsl;dsf 5g\ <
pQ/ M # -jfl0fHo, klZrdL / w'|jLo jfo'_
k|Zg M cwf]{i0f pRr rfkk]6Laf6 e"dWo/]vLo Go"g rfkk]6Llt/ lgoldt?kn] axg] jfo'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M jfl0fHo jfo'
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' s'g lgodcg';f/ axG5 <

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
pQ/ M km]/nsf] lgod
k|Zg M ;fdfGotof Jofkfl/s jfo'sf] ult slt x'G5 <
pQ/ M k|lt306f !^ b]lv @$ ls= ld= ;Dd
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' pQ/L uf]nf4{df pQ/ k"jL{ lbzfaf6 axG5 eg] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df s'g lbzfaf6 axG5 <
pQ/ M blIf0fk"jL{ lbzfaf6
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' w/ftn glhs} eP/ 7G8f e"efuaf6 udL{ e"efult/ axg] x'gfn] o;sf] k|s[lt s:tf] x'G5 <
pQ/ M ;'Vvf
k|Zg M e"dWo/]vLo If]qaf6 tft]/ xn'sf eO{ dlfy p7]sf] xfjf nueu !%)) ld6/sf] prfOdf k'u]kl5 qmdzM ;]nfP/ z'is tyf ux|f}+ eP/ cwf]{i0f
pRr rfkk]6Ldf cf]n{g] jfo'nfO{ s] eg]/ lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo'
k|Zg M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo' pQ/L uf]nf4{df blIf0f klZrd lbzfaf6 axG5 eg] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df s'g lbzfaf6 axG5 <
pQ/ M pQ/klZrd
k|Zg M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo' …jfl0fHo jfo'Ú eGbf lgDg tLg s'/fdf ljk/Lt :jefjsf] 5 M
pQ/ M
-s_ jfl0fHo jfo'sf] pN6f] lbzftkm{ axG5 .
-v_ jfl0fHo jfo'sf] dflyaf6 axG5 .
-u_ lgDg rfksf] If]qaf6 pRr rfksf] If]qtkm{ axG5 .

dg;'g (Monsoon)

k|Zg M Ct'cg';f/ axg] jfo'nfO{ s] elgG5

pQ/M df};dL jfo'
k|Zg M lu|id Ct'df ;d'b|af6 hldgtkm{ / lxpFb Ct'df hldgaf6 ;d'b|tkm{ axg] jfo' sf] gfd s] xf]<
pQ/ M dg;'gL jfo'
k|Zg M k[YjLdf dg;'gL jfo'sf] d'Vo If]q s'g s'g /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M Pl;ofsf] blIf0fk"jL{ efu -ef/t, a+unfb]z, >Ln+sf, kfls:tfg, g]kfn, DofGdf/, rLg, hfkfg cflb_
k|Zg M dg;'gL jfo' slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
pQ/ M b'O{ -lu|idsfnLg dg;'g / zLtsfnLg dg;'g
k|Zg M jiff{ u/fpg] cfb| cyf{t\ jfikk"0f dg;'g s'g xf] <
pQ/ M u|LidsfnLg dg;'g
k|Zg M zLtsfnLg dg;'g s:tf] k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] x'G5 <
pQ/ M ;'Vvf
k|Zg M s'g k|sf/sf] jfo'sf] pTklQ / axg] lbzf hldg / kfgLsf] tfGg] / ;]nfpg] k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
pQ/ M dg;'gL jfo'
k|Zg M lxpFbdf 708f / u|Lidf udL{ x'g' s'g hnjfo' s'g xf] <
pQ/ M dg;'gL hnjfo'
k|Zg M g]kfndf dg;'gL jfo' s'g hnIf]qaf6 ;'? x'G5 <
pQ/ M lxGb dxf;fu/, a+ufnsf] vf8L
k|Zg M g]kfndf dg;'gL jfo'sf] ;'?jft sxfFaf6 x'G5 <
pQ/ M k"jL{ g]kfn

k|Zg M g]kfndf dg;'gL jfo' k"j{df ;'? ePsf] slt ;do kl5 klZrddf k'Ub5 <
pQ/ M ! dlxgf
k|Zg M n]sfnL xfjfkfgL s'g If]qdf kfOG5 <
pQ/ M lelq lxdfndf
k|Zg M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL s'g If]qdf kfOG5 <
pQ/ M d"Vo lxdfn
k|Zg M zLt d?e"ld s'g k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qnfO{ elgG5 <
pQ/ M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL
k|Zg M 708f ;dl;tf]i0f xfjfkfgL sfxfF kfOG5 <
pQ/ M dfxfef/tsf] pRr efu / lxdfnsf] tNnf] efu

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
k|Zg M Gofgf] ;dl;tf]i0f xfjfkfgL sfxfF kfO{G5 <
pQ/ M r'/]sf] dflyNnf] efu / dxfef/tsf] dWo efu
k|Zg M dg;'gL jfo' lxpFbdf s;/L jxG5 <
pQ/ M :yn dfu{ jf6 ;d'Gb| tkm{
k|Zg M ;d'Gb|L jfo' eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M ;d'Gb| jf6 hdLg lt/ jxg] jfFo'

ljZjsf] e"uf]n;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/L

ljZjsf kfFr 7"nf] /fi6«x?
b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld=_ b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld=_
!= ?; !,&),&%,))) @= Sofg8f ((,&^,!*^
#= cd]l/sf (^,#!,$!* $= rLg (%,&@,())
%= a|flhn *%,$&,$)$

ljZjsf kfFr ;fgf d'n's -If]qkmn cfwf/df_

Eofl6sg l;6L )=$$ o'/f]k

df]gfsf] !=% o'/f]k
gfp? @!=#) blIf0f k|zfGt
6'efn' @$=)) blIf0f k|zfGt
;fg dfl/gf] ^@=)) o'/f]k

hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df !) 7"nf] /fi6«x?

qm=;+= b]z hg;+Vof

!= rLg ! ca{ ## s/f]8
@= ef/t ! ca{ @! s/f]8
#= cd]l/sf #! s/f]8
$= OG8f]g]l;of @$ s/f]8
%= a|flhn @) s/f]8
^= kfls:tfg !* s/f]8
&= a+unfb]z !% s/f]8
*= gfOh]l/of !% s/f]8
(= /l;of !# s/f]8
!)= hfkfg !@ s/f]8

dxfb]zsf cfwf/df ;aeGbf 7"nf / ;fgf b]z

dxfb]z 7"nf] ;fgf]

Pl;of rLg dflNbE;
o'/f]k ?; Eofl6sg l;6L
clk|msf ;'8fg ;];]N;
pQ/ cd]l/sf Sofg8f ;]G6 ls6\; PG8 g]lj;
blIf0f cd]l/sf a|flhn l6«lgbfb
c:6]«lnof c:6]«lnof gfp?
ljleGg b]z tyf zx/x?sf] kl/jlt{t gfd

k'/fgf]gfd gofF gfd k'/fgf] gfd gofF gfd

cljl;lgof Olyof]lkof k]lsª a]lhª

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 c+uf]/f c+sf/f k]qf]ub n]lggu|fb
ck/ef]N6f als{gfkmf;f] kmf]{;f tfOjfg
p|Q/L /f]8]l;of hflDjfo j':tf]NofG8 n];f]yf]
Pln;] cfONofG8 6'efn' j]o'ofgNofG8 af]T:jfgf
s+uf] hfo/ la|l6; ufogf u'ofgf
sDk'lrof sAdf]l8of dnfof dn]l;of
lqml:6gf cf]:nf] d];f]kf]65fldof O/fs
sG:6]lG6kf]n O:tfDj'n jdf{ DofGdf/
uf]N8sf]:6 3fgf af6fleof hsftc{
8r ufogf ;'l/gfd /f]8]l;of lhDafaf]
8r O:6 OlG8h OG8f]g]l;of l;od yfONofG8
Dacca Dhak l;nf]g >Ln+sf
lgKkg hfkfg :k]lg; u'ogf OSj]6f]l/on u'ogf
Gof;fNofG8 dnfjL :6flngu|fn ef]Nuf]u|fb
tfGhflgofsf PG8 h+lhjf/ tfGhflgof :nf:j]/L x/f/]
blIf0f klZrd clk|msf gfldljof ;}uf]g xf]lr ldGx l;6L
bxf]dL j]lg xNofG8 g]b/NofG8
kl;{of O/fg

k|d'v ef}uf]lns pkgfdx?

Empire City Go"of]s{
Sj]s/ l;6L (Quaker City) lkmnf8]lNkmof -cd]l/sf_
sFuf?sf] e"ld c:6]«lnof
uugr'DaL ;x/ Go'sf]s{ -cd]l/sf_
s]ssf] b]z :s6NofG8
cd/ ;lxbx?sf] ;x/ /f]d
u'nfjL ;x/ hok'/ -ef/t_
cFWof/f] dxfb]z clk|msf
cl/]ljog ;fu/sL dxf/fgL sf]lrg -ef/t_
cfF;'sf] 9f]sf aj]n d08j -h]?;]nd_
Oltxf;sf] jQL (Lamp of History) o'gfg -lu|;_
O+uNofG8sf] au}+rf s]G6 -a]nfot_
pQ/sf] e]lg; :6sxf]d -:jL8]g_
u]6 j] ckm OlG8of d'DaO{
Hof]ltsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
b/jf/x?sf] ;x/ sf]nsftf
blIf0fsf] la|6]g Go'lhNofG8
gfOn gbLsf] e"dL ld>
lgnlu/Lsf] /fgL s'Gg'/
Never Land pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] t[0fe"ld
kGgfsf] åLk cfo/NofG8
kljq e"ld h]?;]nd, Kofn]l:6g
kfFr gbLsf] e"ld kGhfj
Great White Way a|fG8j] -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
r§fgsf] ;x/ (Granite city) cjfl8{g -:s6NofG8_
r6\ofªsf] b]z e'6fg
rfFbLsf] ;x/ clHno;{
5fofFbf/ ?vsf] b]z Sofg8f
k'8\sf] b]z g]b/NofG8

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 k"j{sf] u|]6 la|6]g hfkfg
k"j{sf] e]lg; sf]lrg, ef/t
k[YjLsf] dfgjLo e"dWo/]vf lxdfno
kmnk"mnsf] ju}+rf e"dWo;fu/Lo If]q
k"mnsf] ;x/ ˆnf]/]G; -O6fnL_
o'/f]ksf] lj/fdL 6sL{
of]uLsf] /fHo sf]l/of
/+uLg skf; pAhfpg] b]z ?;
;"gf}nf pmg ePsf] b]z c:6]«lnof
n8fs'x?sf] b]z g]kfn
Nofªsf] 6fk' hlGhjf/
NofG8 ckm uf]N8g kmfOj/ kfls:tfg
a+ufnsf] b'Mv bfdf]b/ gbL
ahf/x?sf] ;x/ (City of market) sfo/f]
alh{t ;x/ Nxf;f
jfOG8L l;6L (Windy city) lzsfuf] -cd]l/sf_
a+ufnsf] b'Mv bfdf]b/ gbL
ljxf/sf] b'Mv sf]zL gbL
ljZjsf] lrgLsf] efF8f] So'jf
An' dfpG6]; lgnlu/L -ef/t_
ef/tsf] au}+rf a]+unf]/
ef/tsf] d]Gr]:6/ d'DaO{
e"dWo ;fu/sf] ;fFrf] lha|fN6/
dlGb/x?sf] ;x/ sf7df8f}+
dWo/ftdf ;"of]{bo x'g] b]z gj]{
df]tLsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
df]6/sf/x?sf] ;x/ 8]6«fo6 -cd]l/sf_
o'/f]ksf] sf/vfgf a]lNhod
o'/f]ksf] v]nd}bfg :jL6\h/NofG8
;"of]{bosf] b]z hfkfg
;]tf] ;x/ a]nu|]8
;+;f/sf] 5fgf kfld/sf] ufF7f]
:j0f{ dlGb/sf] gu/ cd]t ;x/ -ef/t_
xhf/f}+ xfQLx?sf] b]z nfcf];
;]tf] xfQLsf] b]z yfONof08
xs'{n;sf] :tDe lha|fN6/
x]ol/ª kf]G8 (Hearing pond) P6\nflG6s dxf;fu/
City of Dreaming Spires c:;kmf]8{ (U.K.)
;+;f/sf] PSnf] 6fk' l6«:6fg 8] s'Ggf
;"of{:tsf] b]z u|]6 la|6]g
;w}+ j;Gt Ct' x'g] ;x/ Sj6f] -OGj]8/, b= cd]l/sf_
;d'b|sf] gbL uNkm l:6«d
;ft 6fk'x?sf] ;x/ /f]d
;ft 6fk'x?sf] gu/ d'DaO{
l;+ud/d/sf] b]z O6fnL
l;l6 ckm uf]N8g u]6 ;fgk|mflG;:sf]
;'Gb/ ejgx?sf] gu/ jfl;+u6g l8= ;L=

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
ljZjsf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x? -$* j6f_
Pl;of
b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld_ b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld=_
!= ch/j}hfg *^,^)) &= tflhls:tfg !,$#,!))
@= ckmuflg:tfg ^,$&,%)) *= t's{lg:tfg $,**,!))
#= cfd]{lgof @(*)) (= g]kfn !,$&,!*!
$= pHj]ls:tfg $,$&,$)) !)= e'6fg $^,%))
%= sfhls:tfg @&,!&,#)) != d+uf]lnof !^,^%,)))
^= lslu{:tfg !,(*,%)) !@= nfcf]; @,#^,*))
o'/f]k
b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld_ b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld=_
!= cl:6«of *#,*%* @= PG8f]/f $%#
#= r]s u0ftgq &*,*^$ $= a]nf?; @,)&,^))
%= Eofl6sg l;6L )=$$ ^= d];]8f]lgof @%,&!#
&= df]G6]g]u|f] !#,*!@ *= df]gfsf] !=%
(= df]N8f]ef ##,&)) !)= nSh]Dju{ @%*^
(= lnR6]G:6fOg !%& !@= ;lj{of **,#%*
!#= sf];f]ef] !),()* !$= ;fgdfl/gf] ^@
!%= :nf]efs u0ftGq $(,)#% !^= :j6L6\h/NofG8 $(,!@(

blIf0f cd]l/sf
b]z If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
!= kf/fu'o] $,)^,&%#
@= af]lnleof !),(*,%*!

s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfx? (Monsoon)

24 Parallel kfls:tfgåf/f dfu ul/Psf] ef/tåf/f c:jLs[t ;Ldf/]vf .

38 Parallel pQ/ blIf0f sf]l/ofaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
49 Parallel Sofg8f / ;+= /f= cd]l/sfaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d]lhg6 nfOg bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] a]nf hd{gsf] cfqmd0faf6 /Iff ug{ k|mfG;n] :j6\h/NofG8b]lv a]lNhod;Dd agfPsf]
lsNnf
c8{/ lg;L nfOg bf];f] ljZjo'4ljh]tf ldq zlQmx?n] kf]NofG8 / k"jL{ hd{gLaLr agfPsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
l;hk|m]8 nfOg hd{gLåf/f lgld{t hd{gL / k|mfG;aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d]g/]xd nfOg ?; / lkmGNofG8aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d[To' /]vf cd]l/sf / lnljofaLr ljjfb k/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o hn;Ldf /]vf
d]s df]xg nfOg la|l6; k|ltlglw Sir Mc Mohan åf/f ;g\ !@(($ df rLg–ef/taLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] &)) dLn
nfdf] ;Ldf/]vf
8\o'/]g8 nfOg df]l6e/ 8\o'/]G8åf/f ;g\ !*(^ df ef/t / ckmuflg:tfgaLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf/]vf
lxG8]gju{ nfOg ;g\ !(!& df hd{gL / kf]NofG8aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf/]vf .
/]8lSnkm nfOg Sir Red Clief åf/f ;g\ !($& df ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr lgwf{l/t ;Ldf/]vf
17 Parallel pQ/ / blIf0f leotgfdaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf, tL b]zaLr PsLs/0f eO;s]sfn] xfn o;sf] cl:tTj 5}g .
o'/]l;of o'/f]k / Pl;ofnfo{ 5'6\ofpg] Ps kxf8 / gbL .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf], ;fgf], cUnf], nfdf], ulx/f], w]/} cflb .

ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]

rnlrq :6'l8of] o'lge;{n :6'l8of] -n; PGhN;, cd]l/sf_

6fk' lu|gNofG8 -8]gdfs{_
6fk' ;d'bfo OG8f]g]l;of
hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z rLg
hgfj/ gLnf] Xj]n
hxfhL gx/ XjfO6 jflN6s gx/ -?;_
Hjfnfd'vL df}gfnf]jf
h'jf3/ (Casino) l/hf]6;{ OG6/g];gn Sofl;gf] -P6\nflG6s l;6L, cd]l/sf_
c:ktfn lknlu|d :6]6 xl:k6n -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
sf/ agfpg] sDkgL 6f]of]6f -hfkfg_
vf8L d]lS;sf] vf8L
306f The Great Bell of Moskow (196 tons)
38L lauj]g -nG8g_
u|x j[x:klt
rr{ ;]G6lk6;{sf] jfl;lnsf -Eofl6sg l;6L_
rnlrt ejg /]l8of] l;6L Do'lhs xn -cd]l/sf_
tfn Sofl:kog ;L=
tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn
t]n If]q ua/ lkmN8 -;fpbL c/a_
t]n k|sf]wg s]Gb| wfjgs]Gb| -;fpbL c/a_
gbL cd]hg
gx/ :j]h
kvf{n u|]6jfn ckm gfOgf -^@)) dfOn_
kfgLhxfh SjLg Plnhfj]y
k':tsfno nfOj|]/L ckm sf+u|]; -cd]l/sf_
k|zf;sLo ejg k]G6fug -cd]l/sf_
k|hftflGqs b]z ef/t
k+IfL cl:6«r
k|foåLk c/]ljof
km'6an d}bfg /ªg]8f] d] 8] :6]l8od -pQ/sf]l/of_
afFw Go"g sfg]{lnof 6]lnGh -cd]l/sf_
jfo';]jf P/f]ˆnf]6 -?;_
j}1flgs ejg hf]g ckm s]g]8L :k]; ;]G6/ -cd]l/sf_
d'våLk ;'Gb/jg -ef/t_
/+uzfnf :6«f]xfd :6]l8od -r]sf]:nf]eflsof_
/fhb"tfjf; ckmuflg:tfgdf /x]sf] cd]l/sL /fhb"tfjf;
/fhk|;fb a|'gfO ;'Ntfgsf] !&** sf]7f ePsf] /fhdxn
/fi6« ?;
/fli6«o lgs'~h p8 jkm]nf] /f=lg= Sofg8f

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 /]n j] :6];g u|fG8 ;]G6«n 6ld{gn -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
jg ?;sf] sf]0fwf/L jg
ljdfg:yn ls+u cAb'n clhh cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn -;fpbL_
ljdfg agfpg] sDkgL cd]l/sfsf] jf]Oª sDkgL
af}4 dlGb/ OG8f]g]k;ofsf] af/f]a'b'/
Joj:yflksf rLgsf] /fli6«o hgsfFu|];
dlGb/ Pª\s/ef6 -sDaf]l8of_
d?e"ld ;xf/f -clk|msf_
dxfsfJo dxfef/t
dxfåLk Pl;of
dxf;fu/ k|zfGt
dl:hb dfnljof -O/fs_
ljZjljBfnosf] ejg d:sf] ljZjljBfno -?;_
ljB't u[x sl/af -hflDjof_
kfs{ g];gn kfs{ ckm gy{ Oi6g{ -lu|gNof08_
;d'b| ;fpy rfOgf ;L
;d'b|L aGb/ufx kf]6{ ckm Gofof]s{
;}lgs u0ftGq rLgsf] d'lQm ;]gf
:yn hLj xfQL
:s'n ;fpy KjfOG6 xfO:s'n -sf]nsftf, ef/t_
xL/f #,!)^ Sof/]6sf] s'lngfg lx/f -a]nfot_

ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf]

pku|x Leda -sl/a !% lsnf]ld6/ Jof; ePsf]_

?v 6'G8«f ?v -lu|gNofG8_
k':ts hd{gLsf] k':tsfnodf /x]sf]
;k{ ad{ :g]s -cd]l/sf_
dxfåLk c:6]«lnof
:jtGq /fHo Eofl6sg l;6L -)=$$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
r/f aL xldªj8{, So'jflt/ kfOg] @=@$ OGr nfdf]
l;Ssf hfjf d'b|f -/fhf hok|sfz dNnsf] kfnfdf ag]sf])
ljZjdf ;aeGbf cUnf]
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /]nj] 6f+u'nf /]nj] :6];g -%,)^* ld6/sf] prfOdf lgld{t_, rLg
:6];g
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] xjfO afª\bf Po/kf]6{ -ltAat, rLg_
c8\8f
;aeGbf cUnf] xf]6n l;+ufk'/sf] j]i6 Og :6fdkmf]8{, @@^=! ld6/ cUnf]
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] xf]6n Pe/]:6 Eo" -g]kfn_, !@,&!# lkm6 cUnf]
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;x/ Nxf;f ltAat
af}4 :t'k n'lDagLsf] af}4 :t'k -!)%=$ lkm6_
cUnf] d"lt{ db/Nof08 -cd]l/sf_, *)=#) ld6/
afFw s|'u/ afFw -?;_, #)) ld6/ cUnf]
;aeGbf cUnf] ejg a'h{ vflnkmf, b'aO{ -!^) tnfd'Qm*@* ld6/ cyf{t @&!^ lkm6
prfO ePsf]
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
 ;aeGbf cUnf] hgfj/ lh/fkm
;aeGbf ch]{lG6hfsf] cfGtf]kmf]nf -^$%) ld6/_
cUnf] :Yffgdf /x]sf] jfnfd'vL
;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf PGh]n -e]g]Hj]nf_
;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/ 6f]/]G6f] -Sog8f_ sf] d]6«f] ;]G6/df l:yt ;L= Pg\= 6fj/
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgaf6 6]lnlehg ;u/dfyf -**$* ld6/_ af6 g]kfn, hfkfg, rLg ;+o'Qm cleofg
k|zf;g bnn] ;g\ !(** sf] dO{ % sf lbg ;j{k|uyd 6]lnlehgåf/f
ul/Psf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn ltlnrf]tfn, $(!@ ld6/ -dgfª, g]kfn_
;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/ 6f]/G6f] -Sofg8f_ sf] d]6«] ;]G6/df l:Yt ;L= Pg\= 6fj/
kxf8sf] >]0fL lxdfno kj{t >]0fL
kxf8sf] r'r'/f ;u/dfyf, **$* ld6/ -g]kfn_
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhhwfgL nfkfh -af]lnleof)
ljZjdf ;aeGbf nfdf]
afFw ofls/]tf PkfOk afFw, &@ lsnf]ld6/ -ch]{lG6gf_
/]ndfu{ 6«fG;, ;fOj]l/og /]n nfOg ($#* lsnf]ld6/ -;f]leot ;ª\3sf]
df:sf]b]lv gvf]b\sf;Dd uPsf]_
/]n j] Kn]6kmd{ ef/tsf] klZrd j+ufnl:Yt v8\sk'/ Kn]6kmd{
/fhdfu{ -;8s dfu{_ Pan-American Highway, @$,!$) lsnf]ld6/ -cd]l/sfsf]
cnf:sf, lrnLsf] ;glG6ofuf], ch]{lG6ghfsf] Jo'g;{cfo;{ x'Fb}
a|flhnsf] /fhwfgL a|fl;lnofdf ;dfKt x'g] ._
l;+rfO gx/ sf/f s'D;sfO (Karakumsky), *%) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf]
;8sL ;'?ª gj]{sf] nf8{n (Laerdal) ;'?ª, @$=% lsnf]ld6/ nfdf]
k'n bfofª, s'zª, u|f08la|h -rLg_, !^$=* lsnf]ld6/
gbL gfOn -^(() lsnf]ld6/_
gx/ ef]Unf aflN6s gx/ -@#)) lsnf]ld6/_
kvf{n u|]6jfn, ^@)) dfON -rLg_
kj{t z[+vnf b PlG8h -cd]l/sf_
k|f0fL Ribbon Worm h;nfO{ Bootlace Worm klg elgG5 .
pQ/L ;d'b|lt/ kfOg] !*) lkm6;Dd nfdf]

k'/fgf] efiff rLgLof

k'/fgf] cIf/ ) -z"Go_
k'/fgf] ;+u|xfno PZdf]lnog Do'god -a]nfot_
k'/fgf] v]n kf]nf]
k'/fgf] wft' tfdf
k'/fgf] d"lt{ k]+r b] Ph bf]bf]{g -k|mfG;_
l56f] bf}8g] hgfj/ lrt'jf
l56f] p8\g] ljdfg ;'k/;f]lgs sgs8{
Jo:t aGb/ufx /f]6/8\ofd o'/f]kf]6{, g]b/Nof08
Jo:t ljdfg:Yn xf6{sf]6{ HofS;g OG6/g];gn Po/kf]6{, cd]l/sf
k'/fgf] wd{ lxGb"

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194
ljZjdf ;aeGbf a9L÷w/}

dtbftf ePsf] b]z ef/t

afFRg] k|f0fL s5'jf -#)) jif{;Dd_
h+un ePsf] b]z a|flhn
hn;|f]t ePsf] b]z a|flhn
k|b"lift ;x/ d]lS;sf] l;6L
uLt /]s8{ ug]{ df]xDdb /kmL -ef/t_
;fOn rNg] b]z rLg
;fOsn rNg] ;x/ hank'/ -ef/t_
afFRg] ls/f SjLg 6df{O6\;
;'g kfOg] b]z blIf0f clk|msf
lrof pTkfbg ug]{ b]z a+unfb]z
s]/f pTkfbg ug]{ b]z ci6]«lnof
skmL pTkfbg ug]{ b]z a|flhn
uf]ne]+8f pTkfbg ug]{ b]z O6fnL
k|of]u ul/g] t/sf/L Kofh
;fOsn rNg] b]z rLg
rn]sf] gf6s b dfp; 6«ofk
 wdf{jnDaL lqmlZrog
 ljZjdf htftt} kfOg] k+IfL eFu]/f
j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ b]z rLg
k|fs[lts /a/ pTkfbg ug]{ b]z yfONofG8
;"tL{ pTkfbg ug]{ b]z rLg
cfn' pTkfbg ug]{ b]z hd{gL
hf8f] x'g] 7fpF evf]{of+S; -?;_
vlr{nf] ;x/ 6f]lsof] -hfkfg_
wfg pTkfbg ug]{ b]z rLg
kfgL kg]{ 7fpF r]/fk'~hL
;DaGw ljR5]b ug]{ b]z cd]l/sf
6fk' ePsf] b]z OG8f]g]l;of
e'sDk hfg] b]z hfkfg
hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z rLg

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 9861534895, 9851172194