Review of terms and Concept: The Nature of communication

1.Communication is ______________.
2. The consequence of communication is ______________.
3. Language is one form of ______________.
4. Language is a code made up of a ______________and a
______________.
5. All codes have ______________.
6. A grammar refers to the rules for combining various types of
linguistic elements. There are also rules for combining units of sound.
The study of these rules is called ______________. ______________
deals with how words are constructed. How these words are combined
into larger units is called ______________. And the study of meaning is
called ______________.
7. Most of the rules of a language are known ______________.
8. A person's internalized knowledge of a language's grammar and
lexicon is called ______________.
9. The way we actually speak is called our ______________.
10.Language resides in the ______________.
11. The three ways in which humans can communicate linguistically are
______________, ______________, and ______________.
12. Language is not dependent on ______________ or
______________.
13. Nonverbal communication appears to be like a "dance" that includes
spatial arrangement, physical appearance, facial expressions, and
touching behavior, which appear to be coordinated. This "dance"
involves ______________.
14. Bees do not learn any aspects of their "dance." This statement is
______________ (true or false).
15. Bees communicate the ______________, ______________, and
______________ of a food source to members of their hive through
elaborate dances.
16. In addition to the visual channel of communication, bees use
the_____________of communication by leaving pheromone at the
source of the food supply.
17. Multiple channels of information or multiple messages over the same
channel of communication that indicate the same information are called
______________.
18. Bird calls, as compared to bird songs, are generally ______________
and ______________. Songs, on the other hand, are ______________
and ______________.
19. Bird songs of different species are often the same or similar. This
statement is ______________ (true or false).
20. Language is impressive for it is ______________.
21. The ability to coin new words is called ______________, and the
related ability to create new combinations of words (sentences) and to
understand sentences that you have never heard before is called
______________.
22. The number of messages that humans can generate by using
language is potentially ______________. This ______________ (is or is
not) true of most nonhuman communication systems.
23. One word is independent of another. Therefore, words are
______________ units.
24. The units of language are ______________ in that they have no
direct relationship to what they refer to.
25. Displacement is ______________.
26. The ability to say false or fictional things is called ______________.
27. The fact that most nonhuman communication is initiated by
something that occurs in the environment led to the characterization of
nonhuman communication as being primarily ______________, whereas
most human communication is ______________.
28. Washoe was a ______________ who learned to use
______________.
29. Koko, a ______________, has learned ______________ (more or
fewer) signs than Washoe.
30. Everyone believes that apes have really learned to use a human
linguistic system in the same way that humans use language. This
statement is ______________ (true or false).
31. ______________ is an ape-language researcher mentioned in the
text who does not believe that the apes are really learning language.
32. Some of the criticisms of the conclusion that apes are
communicating linguistically are(in the narrow sense as described in
box 1-3 )
Answer:
33.Most ape-language researchers believe that their critics have unfairly
assessed them. This statement is ______________ (true or false).
34. The area of the brain that is involved in the production of speech is
called ______________, whereas the area of the brain that is involved
with the comprehension of speech is called ______________.
35. In general, the ______________ (right or left) hemisphere of the
brain "houses" the main language processing areas.
36. Language may not be an all-or-nothing phenomenon. What are some
evolutionary explanations for this statement?

Answer:___________________________________________________
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Answer:
1.behavior that affects the behavior of others by the transmission of
information.(behavior)
2. change
3. communication
4.pattern, grammar
5. rules
6. phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics
7. subconsciously
8. linguistic competence
9. linguistic performance
10. (mind)brain
11. speech, writing, sign language
12. speech, hearing
13. synchrony
14. False
15. direction, distance, quality
16. chemical channel, pheromone
17. redundancy
18. shorter, less complex, longer, complex
19. False
20. broad scope
21. openness, productivity
22. infinite, is not
23. discrete
24. arbitrary
25. the ability to communicate about things not directly in front of
the sender and /or receiver
26. prevarication
27. stimulus-bound, non-stimulus-bound
28. chimpanzee, ASL(American Sign Language=A system of sign make
with hands)
29. gorilla, more
30. False
31. Terrace (Herbert S. Terrace)
32. Apes were responding in a stimulus-response manner; the clever
hans effect
33. True
34. Broca's area, Waernicke's area
35. left
36.Auswer:
1.This would be expected because modern apes and modern humans
shared a common ancestor.
2.Abilities of the common ancestor that might have involved into
language in the human life might have evolved into the fluid and
sometimes creative nonlinguistic communication we see in apes in
the wild.
End-of-Chaper Question