College of Engineering Technology

AEEP2211
Electrical Machines
Laboratory Exercise #5
Transformer Regulation

SECTION: 2 Group: DATE: 02/10/2023

Student Name: Rayyan Irshad No.: 60302204

Student Name: Mahmoud Firas No.: 60099554

Student Name: Farzhan Kabeer No.: 60103041

Student Name: Haseeb Ahmed No.: 60084195

Instructor Name: Raqib Anwarruddin

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 Table of Contents

SAFETY RULES AND OPERATING PROCEDURES ............................................................... 3

LABORATORY SPECIFIC SAFETY INFORMATION .............................................................. 4
LABORATORY EXERCISE OBJECTIVE ................................................................................... 5
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 5
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................. 6
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ............................................................................................................. 6
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 9
REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 9
FINAL COMMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 11
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 13

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SAFETY RULES AND OPERATING PROCEDURES
The safety of our employees and students is a core value of CNA – Qatar. No other business
objective has higher priority.

1. Note the location of the Emergency Disconnect (red button near the door) to shut off power
in an emergency. Note the location of the nearest emergency exit (map on bulletin board) and
safety equipment (fire extinguisher, safety shower etc.).

2. No shop tool, equipment or machine will be used unless the operator fully understands the
proper and safe operation. If the operator is not sure of correct procedures, help must be
requested from the instructor.

3. Report any broken equipment or defective parts to the lab instructor. Do not open, remove
the cover, or attempt to repair any equipment. No shop Tool, equipment or machine will be
used if safeguards are removed or the device is not operating properly.

4. Proper PPE must be worn at all times in the lab. In addition, appropriate attire must be worn
while operating or observing in the vicinity of operating shop and laboratory tools, machines,
equipment and processes. (No loose-fitting clothes, open shoes, long loose hair, excessive
jewelry or accessories.)

5. Students are allowed in the laboratory only when the instructor is present.

6. Open drinks and food are not allowed near the lab benches.

7. When the lab exercise is over, all instruments, except computers, must be turned off and the
laboratory station must be cleaned.

8. Do not move instruments from one lab station to another lab station or from the laboratory
without prior permission from instructor.

Hazards
Electrocution

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LABORATORY SPECIFIC SAFETY INFORMATION

Introduction

The danger of injury or death from electrical shock, fire, or explosion is present while
conducting experiments in this laboratory. To work safely, it is important that you understand the
prudent practices necessary to minimize the risks and what to do if there is an accident.

Electrical Shock

Avoid contact with conductors in energized electrical circuits. The typical cannot let-go (the
current in which a person cannot let go) current is about 6-30 mA (OSHA). Muscle contractions
can prevent the person from moving away the energized circuit. Possible death can occur as low
50 mA. For a person that is wet the body resistance can be as low as 1000 ohms. A voltage of 50
volts can result in death.

Do not touch someone who is being shocked while still in contact with the electrical conductor
or you may also be electrocuted. Instead, press the Emergency Disconnect (red button located
near the door to the laboratory). This shuts off all power.

Make sure your hands are dry. The resistance of dry, unbroken skin is relatively high and thus
reduces the risk of shock. Skin that is broken, wet, or damp with sweat has a low resistance.
When working with an energized circuit, work with only your right hand, keeping your left hand
away from all conductive material. This reduces the likelihood of an accident that results in
current passing through your heart.

Be cautious of rings, watches, and necklaces. Skin beneath a ring or watch is damp, lowering the
skin resistance.

If the victim isn’t breathing, find someone certified in CPR. Be quick! Some of the staff in the
Department Office are certified in CPR. If the victim is unconscious or needs an ambulance,
contact the Security or call 2999. If able, the victim should go to the Student
Medical Services for examination and treatment.

Fire

Transistors and other components can become extremely hot and cause severe burns if touched.
If resistors or other components on your proto-board catch fire, turn off the power supply and
notify the instructor. If electronic instruments catch fire, press the Emergency Disconnect (red
button). These small electrical fires extinguish quickly after the power is shut off. Avoid using dry
powder fire extinguishers on electronic instruments. Try to use only CO2 extinguisher, if possible.

First Aid
A first aid kit is located on the wall near the door. Proceed to Medical Services, if needed

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Electrical Machines
Laboratory Exercise #7

Transformer Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE • To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.

• To study transformer regulation with inductive and capacitive loading.

DISCUSSION The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small
value in the early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks
of maximum industrial and commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage
will vary somewhat with the load and, because motors and incandescent lamps and
heating devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes, transformer regulation is
of considerable importance. The secondary voltage is also dependent upon whether
the power factor of the load is leading, lagging or unity. Therefore, it should be
known how the transformer will behave when it is loaded with a capacitive, an
inductive or a resistive load.

If a transformer were perfect (ideal) its windings would have no resistance.

Furthermore, it would require no reactive power (vars) to set up the magnetic field
within it. Such a transformer would have perfect regulation under all load conditions
and the secondary voltage would remain absolutely constant. But, practical
transformers do have winding resistance and they do require reactive power to
produce their magnetic fields. The primary and secondary windings possess,
therefore, an overall resistance R and an overall reactance X. The equivalent circuit
of a power transformer having a turn ratio of 1 to 1, can be approximated by the
circuit shown in Figure 41-1. The actual transformer terminals are P 1 P2 on the
primary side and S1 S 2 on the secondary.

In between these terminals we have shown the transformer as being composed of

a perfect (ideal) transformer in series with an impedance consisting of R and X,
which represents its imperfections. It is clear that if the primary voltage is held
constant, then the secondary voltage will vary with loading because of R and X.

An interesting feature arises with a capacitive load, because partial resonance is set
up between the capacitance and the reactance X so that the secondary voltage E2
may actually tend to rise as the capacitive load value increases.

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Traчs(ormer Regulatioч

Figure 41-1.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart, in Appendix A of this manual, to obtain the
list of equipment required to perform this exercise.

PROCEDURE

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any

connections with the power on! The power should be turned off
after completing each individual measurement!

Figure 41-2.

◻ 1. Using your Single-Phase Transformer, Power Supply, Resistive Load,

AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure 41-2.

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Traчs(ormer Regulatioч

◻ 2. a. Place all of the Resistive Load switches in their open position for zero
load current.

b. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 240 V ac as indicated
by voltmeter E1.

c. Measure and record in Table 41-1 the input current I1, the output
current I2 and the output voltage E2.

d. Adjust the load resistance ZL to 4800 M. Make sure that the input
voltage remains at exactly 240 V ac. Measure and record I1, I2 and E2.

e. Repeat (d) for each of the listed values in Table 41-1.

f. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

ZL I2 E2 I1
(ohms) (mA ac) (V ac) (mA ac)

0 0.014 238.6 0.021

4800 0.05 234.9 0.057

2400 0.096 230.9 0.102

1600 0.141 226.9 0.147

1200 0.185 223 0.191

960 0.228 219.3 0.234

Table 41-1.
◻ 3. a. Calculate the transformer regulation using the no-load and full-load
output voltages from Table 41-1.

= %

b. Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every
value of load resistance in the Table? Explain.

◻ Yes ◻ No

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Traчs(ormer Regulatioч

◻ 4. a. Repeat procedure 2 using the Inductive Load in place of the resistance

load.

b. Record your measurements in Table 41-2.

ZL I2 E2 I1
(ohms) (mA ac) (V ac) (mA ac)
0.008 239.4 0.012

4800 0.05 233.1 0.057

2400 0.094 227.5 0.101

1600 0.138 222 0.145

1200 0.185 216.2 0.192

960 0.225 211.1 0.231

Table 41-2.
◻ 5. a. Repeat procedure 2 using the Capacitive Load in place of the resis-
tance load.

b. Record your measurements in Table 41-3.

ZL I2 E2 I1
(ohms) (mA ac) (V ac) (mA ac)

0 0.008 239.8 0.012

4800 0.056 246 0.051

2400 0.11 252.2 0.105

1600 0.165 258.4 0.159

1200 0.224 265 0.218

960 0.287 271.9 0.28

Table 41-3.

◻ 6. You will now construct an output voltage E2 vs output current I2 regulation

curve for each type of transformer load.

a. Plot your recorded values of E2 (at each value of I2 listed in Table 41-1)
on the graph of Figure 41-3.

b. Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points. Label this curve
“resistive load”.
CONCLUSION/REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitance loading is used.

2. A transformer has a very low impedance (small R and X):

a) What effect does this have on the regulation?

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Traчs(ormer Regulatioч

b) What effect does this have on short-circuit current?

3. Very large transformers are sometimes designed not to have optimum

regulation properties in order for the associated circuit breakers to be within
reasonable size. Explain.

4. Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or

capacitive loads of the same VA rating? Explain.

◻ Yes ◻ No

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Final Comments:

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