D.

Interference
Course Title: Psychology of Learning 5. The psychological frame of reference that deals
extensively with the effects of unconscious
motivation on behavior is
1.......... law refers to the state in which the animal
is mentally set to perform the instrumental A. Behaviorism
behaviour owing to some motivation. B. Structuralism
A. Law of Exercise C. Psychoanalysis
B. Law of Effect D. Humanism
C. Motivation 6. When previous learning hinders learning of a
D. Law of Readiness new task, it is called .......?

2. Of the following, learning is best defined as A. Positive transfer

_____ B. Proactive inhibition
A. Development that occurs without external C. Retroactive inhibition
stimulation
D. Negative transfer
B. The process of overcoming obstacles during
instinctual behavior 7. Which of the following is not the best reinforcer
in the classroom situation?
C. Effort that is persistent, selective and purposeful
A. Praise
D. The modification of behavior through
experience B. Grades

3. Learner form a simple way of linking their C. Completion of a goal

facts, this is called ......? D. Money
A. Cramming 8. The law of ...... state that repetition strengthens
B. Association the connection between the stimulus and response

C. Mnemonic A. Readiness

D. Remembering B. Effect

4. When a learner does not recall what has been C. Motivation

learnt for a long time is called ........? D. Exercise
A. Inhibition 9. _____ is the branch of psychology that focuses
B. Time on the internal mental states

C. Fading A. Clinical psychology

B. Educational psychology
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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

C. Developmental psychology C. Giving each student one or two acorns to plant and
presenting a lesson on how oak trees grow
D. Cognitive psychology
D. Decorating the classroom bulletin boards with the
10. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent
pictures of trees
change in an organism’s behaviour due to ____
14. A child messes up her desk in school in order
A. instinct
to gain attention from her teacher. For the child,
B. mental processes the teacher’s attention serves as which of the
following
C. experience
A. Negative reinforcement
D. motivation
B. Positive reinforcement
11. The area of psychology that looks at
psychopathology and abnormal behavior is C. Extinction
_______
D. Primary reinforcement
A. Cognitive Psychology
15. A very useful principle of learning is that a
B. Behavioral Psychology new response is strengthened by____

C. Abnormal Psychology A. Punishment

D. None of the above B. Reinforcement

12. When there is interference effect of new C. Discriminative stimulus

learning experience on the retention of the new
D. Bio feedback
learning experiences, it is called ......?
16. The last stage in Maslow hierarchy is ..........
A. Inhibition
A. Physiological needs
B. Proactive inhibition
B. Safety needs
C. Retroactive inhibition
C. Self-actualization
D. Interference
D. Self-esteem needs
13. A teacher wants her students to learn how to
recognize oak trees. Which of the following 17. Negative transfer of learning is also referred
strategies would best lead to that goal? to as .......?
A. Bringing oak leaves into the classroom and having A. Inhibition
students trace them
B. Time
B. Taking the students to the park to show them
C. Fading
oaks and other trees and pointing out the
distinguishing characteristics of oaks D. Interference

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18. A child who is frightened by a dog and 22. Who illucidates the contiguity theory of rein-
develops a fear of other dogs is exhibiting which forcement in the most pronounced and consistent
of the following principles of learning
manner?
A. Discrimination learning
(a) C. Hull
B. Negative transfer
(b) Guthrie
C. Behavior shaping (c) Tolman
D. Stimulus generalization (d) Mc Dougal
19. In our daily life, any kind of looking for things (e) J. B. Watson
which occur without any reference to our 23. In comparison with drive-reduction or need-
behaviour may illustrate the application of: reduction interpretation, stimulus intensity
(a) Variable Interval Schedule reduction theory has an added advantage in that:
(b) Fixed Ratio (a) It offers a unified account of primary and
(c) Variable Ratio Schedule learned drives as also of primary and conditioned
(d) Fixed interval Schedule reinforcement
(e) None of the above (b) It is very precise and placed importance on Trial
20. In case of continuous reinforcement, we get and Error Learning
the least resistance to extinction and the: (c) It has some mathematical derivations which are
(a) Highest response rate during training conducive for learning theorists
(b) 50% response rate during training (d) All learning theories can be explained through
(c) Smallest response rate during training this
(d) 90% response rate during training (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 24. Who preferred to call Classical Conditioning”
21. The expression “Contingencies of reinforce- by the name of “Sign Learning”?
ment” occurs frequently in: (a) I. P. Pavlov
(a) Operant Conditioning Literature (b) Mowrer
(b) Classical Conditioning Literature (c) Miller
(c) Trial and Error Learning Literature (d) Guthrie
(d) Latent Learning Literature (e) J. B. Watson
(e) None of the above

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25. Which type of learning tells us what to do with 29. According to Guthrie, forgetting is not a
the world and applies to what is commonly called matter of decay of old impressions and
habit formation? associations but:
(a) Insightful Learning (a) A result of inhibition of old connections by new
(b) Latent Learning ones
(c) Trial and Error Learning (b) A result of disinhibitions of old connections
(d) Instrumental Learning (c) A result of generalizations of stimuli
(e) Classical Conditioning (d) A result of discrimination
26. Who propounded the expectancy theory of (e) None of the above
learning? 30. The great learning theorist, Clark Hull was
(a) Guthrie influenced by the moderate wing of:
(b) C. Hull (a) Gestalt Psychology
(c) Tolman (b) Behaviouristic Orientation
(d) Thorndike (c) Psychoanalytic Literature
(e) I. P. Pavlov (d) Logical Positivism and by conventionalism
27. Who said that any act is a movement but not (e) None of the above
vice versa? 31. Who defined “Need” as a state of the organism
(a) J.B. Watson in which a deviation of the organism from the
(b) W. Kohler optimum of biological conditions necessary for
(c) Guthrie survival takes place?
(d) E. L. Thorndike (a) Mc Dougal
(e) C. Hull (b) Clark H. Hull
28. Guthrie believed that conditioning should take (c) E.L Thorndike
place: (d) I.P. Pavlov
(a) After two trials (e) None of the above
(b) After three trials 32. According to Hullian theory, under the
(c) After a single trial pressure of needs and drives, the organism
(d) After ten trials undertakes:
(e) None of the above (a) Adaptive actions
(b) Learning by foresight

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(c) Learning by hindsight (b) E. L. Thorndike

(d) Transfer of training (c) I.P. Pavlov
(e) None of the above (d) W. Kohler
33. Hull believes that no conditioning will take (e) None of the above
place unless there is: 36. Most of Hull’s explanations are stated in two
(a) Food languages, one of the empirical description and
(b) Need Reduction the other in:
(c) Puzzle Box (a) Psycho physiological terms
(d) Secondary Reinforcement (b) Neurophysiological terms
(e) None of the above (c) Physiological terms
34. Who defined stimulus (S) in terms of physical (c) Physical terms
energy such as mechanical pressure, sound, light (e) None of the above
etc.? 37. The molar approach deals with the organism
(a) E. L. Thorndike as a whole, the molecular approach:
(b) W. Kohler (a) Deals with parts
(c) B. F. Skinner (b) Deals with stimuli
(d) Clark Hull (c) Deals with responses
(e) E. C. Tolman (d) Has nothing to do with the organism
35. “Where a reaction (R) takes place in temporal (e) Deals with the detailed, fine and exact elements
contiguity with an afferent receptor impulse (S) of action of the nervous system
resulting from the impact upon a receptor of a 38. The hypothetico-deductive system in geo-
stimulus energy (S) and the conjunction is metry was developed by:
followed closely by the diminution in a need and (a) I.P. Pavlov
the associated diminution in the drive, D, and in (b) B. L. Thorndike
the drive receptor discharge, SD, there will result (c) C. Hull
in increment, A (S →R), in the tendency for that (d) Pieri
stimulus on subsequent occasions to evoke that (e) E. C. Tolman
reaction”. Who has given the above definition of 39. Whenever behaviour is correlated to specific
“reinforcement”? eliciting stimuli, it is:
(a) Clark L. Hull (a) Respondent Behaviour

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(b) Operant Behaviour (d) Perception and Motivation

(c) Stimulant Behaviour (e) None of the above
(d) Fixed Behaviour 44. Who stated that appetites and aversions are
(e) Static Behaviour “states of agitation”?
40. Whenever behaviour is not correlated to any (a) E. L. Thorndike
specific eliciting stimuli, it is: (b) E. C. Tolman
(a) Respondent Behaviour (c) W. Kohler
(b) Operant Behaviour (d) Clark Hull
(c) Static Behaviour (e) None of the above
(d) Modified Behaviour 45. Who said that the ultimate goal of aversion is
(e) None of the above the state of physiological quiescence to be reached
41. According to Tolman, docile or teachable when the disturbing stimulus ceases to act upon
behaviour is: the organism?
(a) Molar (a) E. L. Thorndike
(b) Molecular (b) W. Kohler
(c) Respondent (c) E. C. Tolman
(d) Operant (d) Clark Hull
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
42. According to Skinnerian theory, the “S” type 46. According to E. C. Tolman, there are two
of conditioning applies to: aversions: fright and pugnacity. Fright is
(a) Modified Behaviour avoidance of injury and pugnacity is avoidance
(b) Stimulant Behaviour of:
(c) Operant Behaviour (a) Interference
(d) Respondent Behaviour (b) Affiliation
(e) None of the above (c) Motivation
43. The sign-gestalt expectation represents a (d) Perception
combination of: (e) None of the above
(a) Intelligence and Perception 47. “Equivalence Belief’ is a connection between”
(b) Perception and Learning a positively cathected type of disturbance-object
(c) Intelligence and Learning and a type of what may be called:

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1
(a) An interfering object
(b) A sub disturbance object
(c) A motivating object
(d) A goal-oriented object
(e) None of the above
48. Who revealed that “Field expectancy” takes
place when one organism is repeatedly and
successfully presented with a certain environ-
mental set-up?
(a) E. C. Tolman
(b) C. L. Hull
(c) E. L. Thorndike
(d) I.P. Pavlov
(e) Guthrie
49. Dollard and Miller related Thorndike’s
spread of effect to the:
(a) Gradient of reinforcement
(b) Biological constraints
(c) Principle of preparedness
(d) None of the above
50. Miller and Dollard are more concerned with:
(a) Biological factor in learning
(b) Social factor in learning
(c) Physiological and Social factors in learning
(d) Personal factors in learning
(e) None of the above
51. Mowrer’s Sign learning comes close to
Guthrie’s contiguity and his ‘solution learning’
corresponds to:
(a) Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
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(b) Kohler’s Insightful learning
(c) Skinner’s instrumental learning
(d) Thorndike’s trial and error learning
(e) None of the above
52. Mowerer’s two-factor theory takes into
consideration the fact that:
(a) Some conditioning do not require reward and
some do
(b) Every conditioning requires reinforcement
(c) The organism learns to make a response to a
specific stimulus
(d) Learning is purposive and goal-oriented
(e) None of the above
53. When learning in one situation influences
learning in another situation, there is evidence of:
(a) Avoidance learning
(b) Learned helplessness
(c) Premise of Equipotentiality
(d) Transfer of Training
(e) None of the above
54. If learning in situation ‘A’ may favourably
influence learning in situation ‘B’, then we have:
(a) Positive Transfer
(b) Negative Transfer
(c) Zero Transfer
(d) Bilateral Transfer
(e) Neutral Transfer
55. If learning in situation ‘A’ has a detrimental
effect on learning in situation ‘B’, then we have:
(a) Positive Transfer
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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

(b) Zero Transfer (d) Transfer of Training

(c) Neutral Transfer (e) None of the above
(d) Negative transfer 60. Who told, “Although Classical Conditioning is
(e) None of the above a laboratory procedure, it is easy to find real
56. Mediation occurs when one member of an world examples.”?
associated pair is linked to the other by means of: (a) B.J. Underwood (1983)
(a) A reinforcement (b) G. H. Bower (1976)
(b) An intervening element (c) C. B. Osgood (1957)
(c) Generalization (d) Kimble and Germazy (1980)
(d) Secondary reinforcement (e) Mc Geoch (1942)
(e) None of the above 61. According to Hull, a systematic behaviour or
57. Zero transfer is otherwise known as: learning theory can be possible by happy
(a) Neutral Transfer amalgamation of the technique of conditioning
(b) Positive Transfer and the:
(c) Negative Transfer (a) Law of Effect
(d) Bilateral Transfer (b) Law of Exercise
(e) None of the above (c) Law of Frequency
58. Negative Transfer of Training is otherwise (d) Law of Recency
known as: (e) None of the above
(a) Neutral Transfer 62. The methods of verbal learning are important
(b) Habit interference because:
(c) Zero Transfer (a) The use of standard methods for learning makes
(d) Bilateral Transfer comparisons of results possible
(e) None of the above (b) Rewards are not necessary here
59. “If you do not like milk, you may not like all (c) They minimise the effect of punishment
milk products like cheese butter, ghee and curd”. (d) Punishment has no effect on learning
This is due to: (e) None of the above
(a) Generalization Gradient 63. Positive transfer of training is possible with:
(b) Avoidance Learning (a) Dissimilar tasks
(c) Biological Constraints (b) Motor tasks

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(c) Similar tasks (e) None of the above

(d) Verbal tasks 68. The new items which are added to the original
(e) None of the above list in recognition method are known as:
64. A ‘Skinner Box’ is used for: (a) Stimulants
(a) Motor learning (b) Respondents
(b) Verbal learning (c) Gradients
(c) Sensory learning (d) Distractors
(d) Problem Solving (e) None of the above
(e) Incidental learning 69. Learning to make new responses to identical
65. Punishment is effective only when it weakens: or similar stimuli results in a:
(a) Undesirable response (a) Negative Transfer
(b) Desirable response (b) Positive Transfer
(c) Positive response (c) Zero transfer
(d) Negative response (d) Neutral transfer
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
66. Which one of the following psychologists is not 70. Both positive and negative transfers are
associated with the theories of learning? largely the result of:
(a) Sullivan (a) Similarity of responses in the first and the second
(b) C. Hull task
(c) Tolman (b) Dissimilarity of responses in the first and the
(d) Thorndike second task
(e) Guthrie (c) Co-ordination of responses in the first and the
67. In which method, the entire list is once second task
exposed to ‘S’ and then he is asked to anticipate (d) Both similarity and dissimilarity of responses in
each item in the list before it is exposed on the the first and the second task
memory drum? (e) None of the above
(a) Recall 71. The greater the similarity between the stimuli
(b) Recognition of the first task and the second task:
(c) Relearning and Saving (a) The less the extent of transfer
(d) Anticipation Method (b) The greater the extent of transfer

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(c) The minimum the extent of transfer (c) C.L. Hull

(d) No transfer occurs (d) J.B. Watson
(e) None of the above 76. Who has first devised a machine for teaching
72. A high positive transfer results when stimuli in 1920?
are similar and responses are: (a) M. R. F. Maier
(a) Identical (b) A. Luchins
(b) Not Identical (c) S. L. Pressey
(b) Haphazard (d) H. F. Harlow
(d) Equipotential (e) D. O. Hebb
(e) None of the above 77. In the system of programmed learning, the
73. It is possible to maximize a positive transfer learner becomes:
from a class room situation to real life situation by (a) An active agent in acquiring the acquisition
making formal education more realistic or closely (b) A passive agent in acquiring the acquisition
connected with: (c) A neutral age in acquiring the acquisition
(a) Real-life problems (d) Instrumental in acquiring the acquisition
(b) Imaginary problems (e) None of the above
(c) Temporary problems 78. Programmed learning:
(d) Easy Problems (a) Is not helpful for teaching
(e) None of the above (b) Is not helpful in the socialization of the child
74. In programmed learning, the importance is (c) Is not helpful in classroom situation
placed on: (d) Is not helpful for teachers
(a) Trial and error learning (e) None of the above
(b) Latent learning 79. Lewin’s field theory gives more importance to
(c) Classical conditioning behaviour and motivation and less to:
(d) Operant conditioning (a) Incentive
(e) None of the above (b) Drive
75. Who is regarded as the father of the (c) Experience
‘Programmed Learning’? (d) Intelligence
(a) B. F. Skinner (e) None of the above
(b) I. P. Pavlov

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80. Kurt Lewin regards the environment of the 84. Materials like food for hungry animals or
individual as his: water for thirsty animals are called:
(a) life-space (a) Secondary reinforcers
(b) Instinctive drift (b) Primary Reinforcers
(c) Autoshaping (c) Intermittent reinforcers
(d) Foresight (d) Fixed reinforcers
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
81. Guthrie’s theory of learning is known as the 85. When a thing acquires some characteristics of
learning by: a reinforcer because of its consistent association
(a) Interpretation with the primary reinforcement, we call it a/an:
(b) Representation (a) Secondary Reinforcer
(c) Substitution (b) Primary Reinforcer
(d) Response (c) Fixed Reinforcer
(e) None of the above (d) Intermittent Reinforcer
82. For Skinner, the basic issue is how rein- (e) None of the above
forcement sustains and controls responding 86. In one experiment, the chimpanzees were
rather than: taught to insert poker chips in a vending machine
(a) Which stimulus evokes a response in order to obtain grapes. When this was done,
(b) Which response is helpful they were made to pull, with all their strength, an
(c) Which stimulus can be generalized iron bar attached to a similar machine to obtain
(d) Which stimulus can be discriminated poker chips. The chimpanzees learned it too,
(e) None of the above because they were allowed to cash those chips for
83. Who said that the event-that is drive reducing grapes afterwards. Here the token chips had only
is satisfying? a/an:
(a) E. C. Tolman (a) Primary Reinforcing Value
(b) R. S. Woodworth (b) Extra Reinforcing Value
(c) E. L. Thorndike (c) Special Reinforcing Value
(d) Clark H. Hull (d) Secondary Reinforcing Value
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
87. Partial Reinforcement is often called:

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

(a) Intermittent Reinforcment (b) Operant conditioning

(b) Schedules of Reinforcement (c) Latent Learning
(c) Span of Reinforcement (d) Sign Learning
(d) Reinforcement Schedule (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 92. In Operant Conditioning, he strength of an
88. Reinforcing a given response only for some- operant response is usually measured in terms of
time on trials is known as: the frequency of lever pressing:
(a) Partial Reinforcement (a) Per unit of time
(b) Continuous Reinforcement (b) In every five minutes
(c) Reinforcement Schedule (c) As a whole
(d) No Reinforcement (d) In a day
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
89. Most human habits are reinforced in a: 93. The method we use in memorising poetry is
(a) Variable fashion called:
(b) Constant fashion (a) Paired-associate learning
(c) Partial Manner (b) Distributed learning
(d) Particular Time span (c) Serial memorisation
(e) None of the above (d) Massed learning
90. Most human habits are resistent to extinction (e) Syntactic Memorisation
because these are reinforced: 94. Shifting from right-hand driving in (in U.S.A.)
(a) In a constant fashion to a left-hand driving (in India) is an illustration
(b) All the times of:
(c) Every now and then (a) Negative transfer of training
(d) In a variable fashion (b) Positive transfer of training
(e) Very often (c) Neutral transfer of training
91. Which type of learning experiments show how (d) Both neutral and positive transfer of training
the behaviour of animals can be controlled or (e) None of the above
shaped in a desired direction by making a careful 95. The replacement of one conditioned response
use of reinforcement? by the establishment of an incompatible response
(a) Classical conditioning to the same conditioned stimulus is known as:

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(a) Backward Conditioning the environment as a result of experience or

(b) Counter Conditioning practice with the stimulation coming from it.”?
(c) Forward Conditioning (a) I. P. Pavlov
(d) High order conditioning (b) Wertheimer
(e) None of the above (c) B. F. Skinner
96. Experimental literature revealed that experi- (d) Eleanor Gibson (1969)
ments on latent learning were done by: (e) J.B. Watson
(a) Tolman and Honzik (1930) 100. To distinguish the calls of birds:
(b) Gibson and Harlow (a) Sign learning is necessary
(c) Pavlov and Watson (b) Perceptual learning is needed
(d) Kohler and Wertheimer (c) Operant conditioning would be conducive
97. Working with monkeys, Harlow (1949) (d) Insight is needed
propounded that the general transfer effect from (e) CR will be helpful
one situation to another may be accounted for by 101. The remarkable feats of blind people are
the concept of: often matters of:
(a) “Learning how to learn” or “Learning Sets” (a) Operant conditioning
(b) Sign learning (b) Classical conditioning
(c) Latent learning (c) Perceptual learning
(d) Gradient of learning (d) Sign learning
(e) Plateau (e) Latent learning
98. Proactive Inhibition refers to the learning of 102. What has been called avoidance conditioning
‘A’ having a detrimental effect on the learning of involves a combination of the features of:
‘B’. So it is a: (a) Classical and Instrumental Conditioning
(a) Neutral transfer of effect (b) Operant and Trial and Error Learning
(b) Zero transfer of effect (c) Insightful learning and Operant Conditioning
(c) Positive transfer of effect (d) Perceptual learning and Classical Conditioning
(d) Negative transfer of effect (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 103. The “Aha experience’ is associated with:
99. Who has defined “perceptual learning” as “an (a) Classical Conditioning
increase in the ability to extract information from (b) Insightful learning

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(c) Operant conditioning (c) Insightful Learning

(d) Sign Learning (d) Trial and Error Learning
(e) Perceptual Learning (e) None of the above
104. Experiments on “Latent Learning” reveal 108. A boy who is learning to ride a bicycle will
that learning can occur: have to discard many wrong movements until he
(a) Without reinforcement learns how to ride it perfectly. The principle
(b) With reinforcement underlying this process of learning is called:
(c) Without response (a) Trial and Error
(d) Without Stimulus (b) Insight
(e) None of the above (c) Classical Conditioning
105. When complete learning has taken place, the (d) Instrumental Conditioning
best way of responding to a situation becomes: (e) None of the above
(a) Temporary 109. A principle in Thorndike’s theory reveals
(b) Permanent that the strength of the bond decreases propor-
(c) Haphazard tionately with the non-use of a particular bond or
(d) Unnecessary a connection over a period of time. What is the
(e) None of the above name of this principle?
106. The first psychological research concerned (a) Law of Effect
with associative learning was conducted by E. L. (b) Law of Recency
Thorndike on: (c) Law of Disuse
(a) Animals (d) Law of Frequency
(b) Human beings (e) None of the above
(c) Dogs 110. ‘Negative Reinforcement’ and ‘Punishment’
(d) Cats are:
(e) Chimpanzees (a) Similar terms
107. The theory of E. L. Thorndike reveals that (b) Dissimilar terms
the most characteristic form of learning in both (c) Similar to some extent
lower animals and men is: (d) Similar depending on the situation
(a) Instrumental Conditioning (e) None of the above
(b) Classical Conditioning

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111. Negative reinforcement involves the termi- (e) None of the above
nation of a pleasant situation while punishment 115. The first psychologist to term one type of
involves causing an unpleasant condition in an rigid learning as imprinting was:
attempt to eliminate: (a) Konrad Lorenz
(a) Any response (b) Clark L. Hull
(b) Desirable Behaviour (c) B.F. Skinner
(c) Undesirable Behaviour (d) G.A. Kimble
(d) Any Stimulus (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 116. “A monkey was watching a banana being
112. If a child refuses to carry or touch dishes for placed under one of two containers but was not
the fear of breaking them and getting punished, allowed immediate access to the same. A few
then it is called: minutes later, it was permitted to choose between
(a) Escape training the containers and it invariably demonstrated its
(b) Avoidance Conditioning memory by choosing correctly. Later, when the
(c) Aversive Training monkey was out of view, the experimenter placed
(d) Effective Reaction a lettuce leaf (a less preferred food) under one of
(e) None of the above the containers. On finding the lettuce leaf instead
113. The term SeR is usually explained as: of the preferred banana, the monkey showed
(a) Habit Strength signs of surprise and frustration, rejected the
(b) Effective Reaction lettuce leaf and engaged in definite searching
(c) Successive Approximation behaviour as if looking for the expected banana.
(d) Retroactive Inhibition Similar behaviour was found when the food in the
(e) None of the above goal-box of a maze experiment was changed from
114. Imprinting is a special form of learning in barnmash to sunflower seeds.”
which a specific stimulus-response connection is This is an illustration of:
established at: (a) Successive Approximation
(a) Childhood (b) Reward Expectancy
(b) Early childhood (c) Effective Reaction
(c) Critical periods (d) Habit Strength
(d) Adulthood (e) None of the above

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

117. “A psychologist applied a technique which (d) Insightful Learning

was found very much effective in case of the not- (e) Imprinting
so-young children who used to wet their beds 120. Sometimes mothers and teachers reward
every night. These children were made to sleep on successively better pronunciation in their
especially-designed cots which emitted mild shock children’s speech. This is an example of:
as soon as they tried to wet the bed. This gradually (a) Biofeedback
led to the unlearning of this habit.” (b) Successive Approximation
This technique is popularly known as: (c) Language Acquisition
(a) Successive Approximation (d) Systematic Deconditioning
(b) Aversive Therapy (e) None of the above
(c) Reward Expectancy 121. Active avoidance learning is an operant
(c) Effective Reaction procedure in which a particular response allows
(e) None of the above the animal to avoid:
118. Which procedure involves a rationale oppo- (a) Punishment
site to the one involved in systematic desen- (b) Stimulus
sitization? (c) Response
(a) Flooding or Implosive Therapy (d) Reinforcement
(b) Systematic Deconditioning (e) None of the above
(c) Aversive Therapy 122. The graphic representation of the strength of
(d) Place Learning response evoked by stimuli that vary in similarity
(e) None of the above to a stimulus to which the organism has been
119. “Sometimes the patients who are phobic to previously trained to respond is known as:
rats or snakes are suddenly made to touch live (a) Generalization Gradient
snakes or rats (which are harmless) rather than (b) Learning Curve
asking them first imagine the objects of their (c) Cumulative Response Curve
phobias. This method includes on trial learning or (d) Acquisition Curve
unlearning.” Which method is this? (e) None of the above
(a) Aversive Therapy 123. B. F. Skinner’s learning theory was based
(b) Place Learning largely on “laboratory experiments” whereas
(c) Flooding or Impulsive Therapy Hull’s theory based on:

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(a) Hypotheses (c) Imprinting

(b) Mathematical Deduction (d) Successive Approximation
(c) Experiments outside the laboratory (e) None of the above
(d) Social Learning 127. The theorists who emphasize that learning
(e) None of the above essentially involves a change in cognition and not
124. According to Hull, habit strength (SHR) is merely the acquisition of a response are popularly
considered as an expression of: known as:
(a) Inhibitory Potential (a) Gestalt Psychologists
(b) Excitatory Potential (b) Psychoanalysts
(c) Associative Intensity (c) Cognitive Theorists
(d) Reaction Potential (d) Functionalists
(e) None of the above (e) Structuralists
125. Reactive Inhibition is the result of reduction 128. Which type of theory of learning emphasizes
in the: the role of perception and the changes in
(a) Drive Strength perception during the learning process?
(b) Reaction Potential (a) Cognitive Theory
(c) Habit Strength (b) Sign-Gestalt theory
(d) Inhibitions (c) Imprinting
(e) None of the above (d) Conditioning
126. One of the principles of B. F. Skinner is a (e) Insightful Learning
valuable contribution to science and mankind. 129. Ayllon and Azrein, in their programme on
This principle is applied in schools to increase the patients at a psychitric clinic, introduced a
efficiency of teaching arithmetic, reading, spelling monetary system called:
and other subjects using meticulously (a) Token Economy
programmed devices in the belief that children (b) Pokerchips
learn much better this way than through the (c) Barter System
traditional form of teaching. What is the name of (d) Give-and-take principle
this principle? (e) None of the above
(a) Programmed Learning
(b) Biofeedback

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130. Clark Hull’s concepts of drive reduction and (d) Successive approximation
incentive were borrowed by scientists (e) None of the above
investigating: 134. The process of learning to make one response
(a) Emotional Process to one stimulus and a different response or no
(b) Motivational Process response to another stimulus is called:
(c) Personality (a) Generalization
(d) Perceptual Processes (b) Successive Approximation
(e) None of the above (c) Discrimination
131. “Token Economy” was first introduced on (d) Behaviour Modification
patients at a psychiatric clinic by two (e) None of the above
psychologists. Who are they? 135. In Operant Conditioning, when a positive
(a) Maier and Seligman reinforcement is withdrawn following a response,
(b) Dollard and Miller it is called:
(c) Dweck and Repucci (a) Discrimination
(d) Ayllon and Azrein (b) Omission Training
(e) Saligman and Hager (c) Higher-Order Conditioning
132. The process through which information (d) Generalization
coming from the senses is transformed, reduced, (e) None of the above
elaborated, recovered and used is called: 136. Acquisition of material is the central
(a) Cognition objective of the:
(b) Personality (a) Class-room Learning
(c) Emotion (b) Insightful Learning
(d) Conation (c) Latent Learning
(e) None of the above (d) Imitation
133. The extinction and alteration of disturbing (e) Imprinting
emotional responses by classical conditioning is 137. Social learning theory includes the pheno-
called: mena ordinarily subsumed under:
(a) Behaviour Modification (a) Imprinting
(b) Generalization (b) Generalization
(c) Discrimination (c) Imitation and Identification

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(d) Discrimination (e) None of the above

(e) None of the above 142. A famous learning theorist died recently.
138. Who viewed that modelling is much broader Who is he?
in scope and in psychological effect than (a) E. L. Thorndike
responses implied by imitation and identification? (b) B. F. Skinner
(a) Rosenthal (1968) (c) W. Kohler
(b) Bandura (1969) (d) I. P. Pavlov
(c) Jacobson (1968) (e) None of the above.
(d) Snow (1969) 143. In the book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity”
(e) Taylor(1970) (1971), B. F. Skinner widened the scope of
139. Who is the author of the book “The Art of Operant Conditioning to encompass practically
Teaching”? all:
(a) Gilbert Height (1950) (a) Animal behaviour
(b) Button (1972) (b) Human behaviour
(c) Anttonem (1971) (c) Types of stimuli
(d) Brophy (1974) 147. (d) Types of responses
(e) Fleming (1971) (e) None of the above
140. The very term “Social Learning” was first 144. The author of the famous book “The
introduced by: mentality of Apes” (1925) was:
(a) Gestalt Psychologists (a) E. L. Thorndike
(b) Functionalists (b) Wolfgang Kohler
(c) Behaviourists (c) Clark L. Hull
(d) Structuralists 148. (d) B. F. Skinner
(e) Psychoanalysts (e) I. P. Pavlov
141. Who is the author of the book “Beyond 145. Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) was a/an:
Freedom and Dignity”? (a) American Psychologist
(a) B. F. Skinner (b) German Psychologist
(b) E. L. Thorndike (c) Spanish Psychologist
(c) W. Kohler (d) Swiss Psychologist
(d) I. P. Pavlov 149. (e) Russian Psychologist

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146. The book “Mentality of Apes” carried out a 150. Experiments on learned helpessness with
number of experiments on : human Subjects (Ss) were started in the:
(a) Insightful learning (a) Early 1970s
(b) Classical Conditioning (b) Early 1980s
(c) Instrumental Conditioning (c) Early 1990s
(d) Trial and Error Learning (d) Early 1960s
(e) None of the above (e) Early 1950s
147. “Contraprepared behaviours” are those that 151. An adequate adjustment of life situations is
can be learned only with: possible due to :
(a) Moderate amount of difficulty (a) Psychology
(b) No difficulty (b) Mind
(c) A single trial (c) Learning
(d) Great difficulty (d) Nervous System
(e) None of these (e) None of the above
148. Behaviours that can be learned with a 152. Verbal learning takes place at a/an:
moderate amount of difficulty are said to be: (a) Ideational level
(a) Unprepared (b) Sympathetic level
(b) Prepared (c) Organic level
(c) Difficult (d) Psychophysical level
(d) Easy (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 153. When one tries to understand the concept of
149. Taking the dogs as Subjects (Ss), Steven specific gravity, he learns:
Maier and Martin Seligman (1976) have (a) With the help of symbols
conducted several studies of: (b) With the help of images
(a) Token Economy (c) With the help of ideas
(b) High Order Conditioning (d) With the help of clues
(c) Learned Helplessness (e) None of the above
(d) Generalisation 154. The gradual weakening of a conditioned
(e) Extinction response by repeated stimulations without
reinforcement is:

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(a) Extinction (c) Aversive Conditioning

(b) Generalisation (d) Experimental Neurosis
(c) Discrimination (e) None of the above
(d) Adaptation 158. If the unconditioned Stimulus did not evoke
(e) None of the above the Unconditioned Response, the Conditioned
155. When experimentally extinguished response Stimulus would not have the opportunity to
reappears again after a period, it is called: become associated with the :
(a) Generalization (a) Unconditioned response
(b) Extinction (b) Conditioned response
(c) Discrimination (c) Unconditioned stimulus
(d) Spontaneous recovery (d) Similar stimuli
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
156. Our bad habits like nail biting, bed wetting, 159. I. P. Pavlov (1927) chose to study the salivary
moving the leg all the while, various ticks and response in dogs because it can be measured
mannerisms, thumb sucking, smoking, alco- precisely and age has:
holism, breast feeding in case of older children (a) No effect on it
and irrelevant fears can be withdrawn by: (b) Considerable effect on it
(a) Higher-order Conditioning (c) Negligible effect on it
(b) Spontaneous Recovery (d) Some contributions towards the development of
(c) Negative Conditioning salivary glands
(d) Experimental Neurosis (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 160. Extinction often only temporarily suppresses
157. “A mother had seen that her children did not to:
give up the habit of breast feeding even if they (a) UCR (Unconditioned Response)
were older. So she smeared quinine on her (b) UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)
nipples. Then the children developed aversion for (c) CR (Conditioned Response)
breast feeding.” This story illustrates the concept (d) CS (Conditioned Stimulus)
of: (e) None of the above
(a) Spontaneous Recovery 161. The phenomenon of stimulus generalization
(b) Higher-order Conditioning was more pertinent in the development of fear

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emotion on Albert, a 11-month old boy in an (a) Conditioning Procedure

experiment of: (b) Trial and Error Learning
(a) J.B. Watson (c) Learning through Insight
(b) I.P. Pavlov (d) Imitation
(c) Sherrington (e) None of the above
(d) E. L. Throndike 166. A refinement of instrumental reward condi-
(e) None of the above tioning is called:
162. Conditioning occurs due to close temporal (a) Aversion Timings
contiguity between: (b) Sidman Avoidance Schedule
(a) The CS-UCS presentation (c) Avoidance Learning
(b) The CR-UCR presentation (d) Successive Approximation
(c) The CS-CR presentation (e) None of the above
(d) The UCS-UCR presentation 167. Thorndike’s Law of Effect was found accep-
(e) None of the above tance in theories of learning by later psychologists
163. The interfering effects of stimulus genera- named:
lisation can be overcome by: (a) Hull and Skinner
(a) Generalized Discrimination (b) Pavlov and Watson
(b) Unconditioned Discrimination (c) Kohier and Koffka
(c) Conditioned Generalization (d) Barry and Schwartz
(d) Conditioned Discrimination (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 168. Maturation merely provides a biological pace
164. Disordered behaviours are also understood for:
in terms of: (a) Memory to occur
(a) Trial and Error Learning (b) Growth to occur
(b) Conditioning (c) Learning to occur
(c) Insightful Learning (d) Thinking to occur
(d) Latent Learning (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 169. Contemporary psychology of learning is an
165. The child’s learning of first words like da-da, objective interpretation of association of ideas,
ma-ma, pa-pa etc. are learned through: which can be traced back to:

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(a) Watson 173. Those which state the conditions under

(b) Aristotle which sequences of associations tend to occur are
(c) Freud known as:
(d) C.G. Jung (a) Token Economy
(e) None of the above (b) Explanatory Laws
170. Who was awarded the Nobel prize in (c) Descriptive Laws
Medicine in the year 1904 for his experimental (d) Principle of Preparedness
investigations into the physiology of digestion, (e) None of the above
particularly the reflex secretions of the salivary, 174. Those which state relations of dependence
gastric and intestinal glands? between the observed variable and the antecedent
(a) I. P. Pavlov conditions which are capable of being observed
(b) J. B. Watson independently are known as:
(c) Sigmund Freud (a) Explanatory Laws
(d) C. G. Jung (b) Token Economy
(e) None of the above (c) Partial Reinforcement
171. A conditioned response (CR) is established (d) Autoshaping
by a series of contiguous pairings of: (e) None of the above
(a) UCR and CR 175. While conducting his experiments, I. P.
(b) UCS and CR Pavlov has found that a bee had accidentally
(c) CS and US flown into his laboratory. The buzzing sound of
(d) CS and UCR the bee elicited the salivary response in the dog.
(e) None of the above The dog was previously conditioned to the sound
172. If CS is repeated without reinforcement, CR of a tuning fork. Pavlov and his followers referred
gradually: to this phenomenon as:
(a) Becomes established and static (a) Stimulus Discrimination
(b) Shows an increase (b) Sidman Avoidance Schedule
(c) Calls for a generalization gradient (c) Stimulus Generalization
(d) Weakens and disappears (d) Premise of Equipotentiality
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above

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176. It was Russian physiologist Sechenov who (c) Reinforcement

has first pointed to the reflex act as the cardinal (d) Autoshaping
element of behaviour and I. P. Pavlov, at the turn (e) None of the above
of the century, made it explicit in his principle of 180. In classical conditioning experiment, the
the : reinforcer is not viewed as a reward for good
(a) “Conditioned Reflex” response work and reinforcement is just an inevitable
(b) “Conditioned Stimulus” response arrangement of presenting the:
(c) Instinctive Drift (a) CS accompanied by the US
(d) Biological Constraints (b) CR accompanied by the UCR
(e) None of the above (c) UCS accompanied by UCR
177. Who stated, “Learning is a relatively (d) CR accompanied by CS
permanent change in behaviour resulting from (e) None of the above
conditions of practice”? 181. The time gap between the onset of CS and
(a) Wenger, Jones and Jones beginning of CR is known as :
(b) Kling (1971) (a) Biofeedback
(c) Mc Geoch and Irion (1952) (b) Latency of CR
(d) Munn (1955) (c) Mediation
(e) None of the above (d) Instinctive Drift
178. In the basic experiment of Pavlov on (e) None of the above
conditioning, food is the: 182. In experiments of Classical Conditioning, as
(a) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) the training proceeds, CR amplitude:
(b) Conditioned Stimulus (a) Increases
(c) Generalized Stimulus (b) Decreases
(d) Discriminating stimulus (c) Remains constant
(e) None of the above (d) Is converted into autoshaping
179. The process which increases the strength of (e) None of the above
the response (CR) as a result of presenting the CS 183. A well established CR gradually weakens
in association with the US is known as: and ultimately fails to occur if the CS is
(a) Token Economy repeatedly presented:
(b) Contiguity (a) With the reinforcement of US

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(b) Without the reinforcement of US (c) Contiguity between CS and UCS

(c) With biological constraints (d) Contiguity between CR and UCS
(d) Without biological constraints (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 188. In earlier experiments of withdrawal of
184. Extinction refers to CR decrement following hands from the electric shock, Wolfle (1932) had
omission of the: found that best conditioning was obtained when
(a) Incentive CS antedated the US by:
(b) Food (a) 0.2 Seconds
(c) Reinforcer (b) 0.3 Seconds
(d) Contingency (c) 0.4 Seconds
(e) None of the above (d) 0.5 Seconds
185. Extinction is: (e) 0.6 Seconds
(a) Temporary 189. As the CS-US time interval deviates from the
(b) Permanent optimum value of 0.5 seconds, in either direction,
(c) Also a reinforcer conditioning becomes: s
(d) A secondary motive (a) Temporary
(e) None of the above (b) Permanent
186. According to Pavlov, the excitatory process (c) Less and less efficient
was supposed to be connected with the occurrence (d) More and more efficient
of: (e) None of the above
(a) Contiguity 190. A great learning theorist suggested that
(b) Biofeedback pseudo-conditioning may be partly involved
(c) Spontaneous Recovery whenever aversive stimulus (like electric shock) is
(d) Reflexes used as US. Who is he?
(e) None of the above (a) G.A. Kimble
187. Classical Conditioning theory reveals that (b) Clark L. Hull
the inhibitory process (inhibition) is supposed to (c) E. L. Thorndike
be connected with the non-occurence of the: (d) B. F. Skinner
(a) Reflexes (e) None of the above
(b) Contiguity between CR and UCR 191. If reinforcement is given at regular intervals:

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(a) The CR may appear at the usual time although the 195. Recent studies on the relationship between
US is not presented anxiety and conditioning reveal that:
(b) The CS may appear at the usual time although the (a) Conditioning is not possible without anxiety
US is not presented 197. (b) Conditioning is possible with anxiety
(c) The CR may appear at the usual time although the (c) Excessive anxiety makes conditioning almost
UCR is not presented impossible
(d) The UCS may appear at the usual time although (d) Excessive anxiety makes conditioning possible
the UCR is not presented (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above 196. Who thought that conditioning is not only the
192. It is likely that word meanings are learned by prototype of all learning but that the most
way of: complex human behaviour and experience could
(a) Operant conditioning be reduced to Pavlovian conditioned reflexes?
(b) Trial and Error Learning (a) J.B. Watson
(c) Insightful Learning (b) W. Kohler
(d) Classical Conditioning (c) B. F. Skinner
(e) None of the above (d) Clark L. Hull
193. Skinner (1935) distinguished two classes of (e) None of the above
responses. These are: 197. Classical conditioning seems to be largely
(a) Positive and Negative 199. concerned with responses mediated by the :
(b) Respondents and Operants (a) Central Nervous System
(c) Permanent and Temporary (b) Peripheral Nervous System
(d) Formal and informal (c) Autonomic Nervous System
(e) None of the above (d) Endocrine System
194. Razran’s early experiments on salivary (e) None of the above
conditioning among children: 198. Pavlovian principles commonly appear to be
(a) Show complete lack of uniformity of results confined to:
(b) Were vague having no concrete facts (a) Glandular reactions and those of the soft muscles
(c) Were not systematic (b) Central Nervous System
(d) Have no tentative conclusion (c) Peripheral Nervous System
(e) None of the above (d) Both Central and Peripheral Nervous System

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(e) Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands 203. In Operant conditioning, the innate
199. Dependence on experimenter controlled behaviour is instrumental in bringing out the:
presentation of reinforcement is a restrictive (a) Conditioned Response
feature in: (b) Conditioned Stimulus
(a) Operant Conditioning (c) Unconditioned Stimulus
(b) Classical Conditioning (d) Unconditioned Response
(c) Trial and Error Learning (e) None of the above
(d) Latent Learning 204. In Pavlovian Conditioning:
(e) None of these (a) Neither stimulus nor response changes
200. The return in strength of conditioned (b) For the same stimulus, a different response is
response (CR) after an interval of time following made
extinction is called: (c) The same response is made to a different stimulus
(a) Spontaneous recovery (d) Both stimulus and response change
(b) Generalization (e) None of the above
(c) Association 205. The use of nonsense syllables in the
(d) Revival laboratory study of learning was first introduced
(e) None of these by:
201. Which one of the following psychologists is (a) J. B. Watson
associated with a theory of learning? (b) William James
(a) Sigmund Freud (c) Osgood
(b) C. G Jung (d) H. Ebbinghaus
(c) E. L. Thorndike (e) E. B. Titchener
(d) Fechner 206. Once a conditioned response (CR) has been
(e) Binet established with a given stimulus, similar stimuli
202. Reward or punishment is a/an: will also evoke that response. In Classical
(a) Motivating Factor Conditioning this phenomenon is called:
(b) Distracting Factor (a) Primary Reinforcement
(c) Enhancing Factor (b) Secondary Reinforcement
(d) Reinforcing Factor (c) Discrimination
(e) Facilitating Factor (d) Generalization

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(e) None of the above (e) None of the above

207. Sudden perception of the relationship bet- 211. While experiments of learning go on,
ween the learner, the goal and the intervening sometimes a sudden decrease in errors and time
obstacles occurs in: was observed by the Experimenter (E). This
(a) Pavlovian Conditioning sudden decrease can be attributed to:
(b) Insightful Learning (a) Memory
(c) Operant Conditioning (b) Perfect Learning
(d) Transfer of Training (c) Transfer of Training
(e) Trial and Error Learning (d) Insight
208. The most effective stimulus for eliciting fear (e) None of these
responses in infants is: 212. Contrast, continuity etc. are regarded as the
(a) Providing food that is not liked by them laws of:
(b) Loud noise (a) Association
(c) Interruption (b) Dissociation
(d) Dissociation (c) Extinction
(e) None of these (d) Generalization
209. A response may be more resistant to (e) Discrimination
extinction if reinforcement in conditioning trials 213. As we know, in gambling, there is always a
has been: chance of winning but the gambler never knows
(a) Continuous when reinforcement may come; so he keeps going
(b) Never given on responding. This schedule of reinforcement is
(c) Periodic called:
(d) Temporary (a) Variable-interval schedule
(e) None of the above (b) Fixed-Ratio schedule
210. In our societies the beliefs, customs and (c) Variable-Ratio Schedule
attitudes are learned through: (d) Fixed-Interval Schedule
(a) Operant Conditioning (e) None of the above
(b) Classical Conditioning 214. In one experiment Kohler put a wooden box
(c) Transfer of training. and a stick in the cage. He also hung a banana
(d) Insightful learning from the ceiling beyond the reach of a

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Chimpanzee. All these objects were kept in such a (d) Instrumental Conditioning
way that the Chimpanzee could perceive them (e) None of the above
easily. After some manipulation with the stick, 218. Any reinforcer will do two things simul-
standing on the box, the Chimpanzee hit the taneously. It will:
banana with the stick and got the banana down. (a) Attract and inform
This case illustrates: (b) Inform and affect
(a) Classical Conditioning (c) Attract and affect
(b) Motor Learning (d) Attract and reward
(c) Verbal Learning (e) Repel and punish
(d) Trial and Error Learning 219. Conditioning can be established to stimuli
(e) Insightful Learning which are:
215. “Programmed instruction” is based on the (a) Both pleasant and unpleasant
principle of: (b) Only pleasant
(a) Operant Conditioning (c) Only unpleasant
(b) Pavlovian Conditioning (d) Only previously conditioned
(c) Verbal Learning (e) None of the above
(d) Insightful Learning 220. A famous experiment was conducted by
(e) Trial and Error Learning Watson and Raynor in 1920 in which an infant
216. The theory of “Insightful Learning” was boy of 11 months old was taken as the Subject. His
propounded by the: name was Albert. When he was shown a white rat,
(a) Behaviourists he reached for it and showed no sign of fear. But
(b) Gestalists when he was playing with the rat, he was suddenly
(c) Structuralists frightened by a loud sound. Thereafter, he was
(d) Functionalists afraid of the rat. Now the boy was afraid of when
(e) None of the above he was shown a white piece of cotton, a furcoat or
217. Most human behaviour is governed by the other funny objects. But he never showed any
principle of: such fear to rubber balls or blocks which had no
(a) Latent Learning rat-like appearance. In his experiment, the boy
(b) Trial and Error Learning started showing fear of other funny objects
(c) Classical Conditioning besides the rat due to:

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(a) Generalization (b) Variable-Ratio Schedule

(b) Discrimination (c) Fixed-Ratio Schedule
(c) Association (d) Varible-Interval Schedule
(d) Dissociation (e) None of the above
(e) Assimilation 225. In training complex skills, the most effective
221. Acceptable behaviour can be brought into method is to give gradual steps changing each
the open by: response to be reinforced so that it must closely
(a) Feedback resemble the final complex response. This
(b) Generalization training is called:
(c) Punishment (a) Higher Order Conditioning
(d) Reward (b) Secondary Motivation Training
(e) Discrimination (c) Successive approximation
222. Reinforcement for a response is necessary in (d) Autoshaping
: (e) None of the above
(a) Trial and Error Learning 226. Which one of the following is a mental pro-
(b) Latent Learning cess?
(c) Operant Conditioning (a) Maturation
(d) Insightful Learning (b) Learning
(e) None of the above (c) Intelligence
223. Gradual disappearance of a conditioned (d) Personality
response in the absence of reinforcement when (e) Interest
the conditioned stimulus is presented leads to: 227. Learning means:
(a) Discrimination (a) A set
(b) Generalization (b) Imitation
(c) Spontaneous Recovery (c) Temporary change in behaviour
(d) Experimental Extinction (d) Readiness to read
(e) None of the above (e) Relatively permanent modification in behaviour
224. The monthly salary of a government servant 228. Learning is an association between stimulus
is regarded as a reinforcement of: and:
(a) Fixed-interval Schedule (a) Animal

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(b) Organism 232. The law of learning that an act which has a
(c) Past Experience satisfying effect will be learned more quickly than
(d) Response one which had a satisfying effect is called:
(e) None of the above (a) Law of Exercise
229. One who has learnt to ride a cycle rides a (b) Law of Readiness
Bajaj Scooter with little difficulty. The (c) Law of Effect
phenomenon illustrated is called: (d) Law of Intensity
(a) Transfer of learning (e) None of the above
(b) Over learning 233. Which one of the following method is not
(c) Higher Order Conditioning used in verbal learning?
(d) Instinctive Drift (a) Paired-associate learning
(e) None of the above (b) Serial learning
230. Psychologists who have subscribed to the (c) Cognitive Learning
‘connection model’ claim that all learning takes (d) Discrimination Learning
place through the establishment of connections or (e) Verbal-Discrimination learning
associations between: 234. Specialization in any field of study involves
(a) Animal and Human being more and more:
(b) Eye and Ear (a) Discrimination
(c) Brain and Spinal Cord (b) Generalization
(d) Stimuli and Responses (c) Punishment
(e) None of the above (d) Reinforcement
231. Suppose in an experiment, Stimulus (S1) is (e) Feedback
food, response for S1 is salivation (R1); Stimulus 235. The meaning of motor-skill is:
S2 is bell, response for S2 is listening i.e. R2; (a) Manipulation
Classical Conditioning of salivation will relate: (b) Learning to operate machines
(a) Si to R1 (c) Learning to drive motor cars
(b) S2 to R2 (d) Learning which involves mainly the use of
(c) S, to R2 muscles
(d) R, toR2 (e) None of the above
(e) S2 to R1

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236. A driver who has learnt left-hand driving (c) Law of Effect
finds it difficult to learn right- hand driving. It is (d) Law of Contiguity
due to: (e) None of the above
(a) Negative Transfer 240. In Instrumental Conditioning, the response
(b) Positive Transfer is actually instrumental in producing the:
(c) Zero Transfer (a) Punishment
(d) Principle of preparedness (b) Stimulus
(e) None of the above (c) Reward
237. An excellent lady musician may be a very 243 (d) Extinction
poor cook. It may be due to: (e) None of the above
(a) Positive Transfer 241. The organism is not reinforced unless it
(b) Negative Transfer makes the correct response in:
(c) Zero Transfer (a) Classical Conditioning Learning
(d) Discrimination (b) Instrumental Conditioning
(e) None of these (c) Trial and Error
238. In Classical Conditioning, reinforcement is (d) AutoShaping
not contigent on response, but it is quite definitely (e) None of the above
so in: 242. Who recommended the term “Operant Con-
(a) Instrumental Conditioning ditioning” which means behaviour operates upon
(b) Latent Learning the environment to produce reinforcement?
(c) Trial and Error Learning (a) E. L. Thorndike
(d) Insightful Learning (b) W. Kohler
(e) None of these (c) I. P. Pavlov
239. Many learning theorists have believed that (d) B. F. Skinner
Pavlovian Conditioning is based on the principle (e) None of the above
of association by contiguity, whereas 243. A negative reinforcer is one which the
instrumental training is accomplished through organism generally:
the: (a) Avoids and rejects
(a) Law of Exercise (b) Produces and preserves
(b) Law of Intensity (c) Perceives and learns

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

(d) Attends and responds 247. In omission training, reinforcement is drop-

(e) None of the above ped only if:
244. The crucial feature of instrumental conditio- (a) Particular stimulus is presented
ning is that: (b) A particular response is made
(a) It always uses a Skinner box (c) Biological constraints are there
(b) Response is followed by reward accordance with (d) Zero transfer is found
some definite plan (e) None of the above
(c) Stimulus is followed by reward accordance with 248. Because omission training involves omission
some definite plan of reinforcement, it has been sometimes called:
(d) It is only applicable for human beings (a) Pseudo extinction
(e) It is only applicable for animals (b) Zero transfer
245. In which type of learning, the proper (c) Bilateral transfer
instrumental response, if performed immediately (d) Negative transfer
after a warning signal is received, enables the (e) None of the above
organism to ward off some dangerous or noxious 249. Presentation of a noxious stimulus contingent
stimulus? upon an animal’s response is known as:
(a) Maze Learning (a) Reward
(b) Trial and Error Learning (b) Biofeedback
(c) Transfer of Training (c) AutoShaping
(d) Avoidance Training (d) Punishment
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
246. “A mother warns her child not to give sweets 250.The instrumental conditioning principle that
unless the child stops crying. She also refuses all behaviour is moulded by its consequences finds its
advantages on account of his unacceptable echo:
behaviour.” This illustrates: (a) In backward conditioning notion
(a) Omission Training (b) In forward conditioning notion
(b) Transfer of Training (c) In the feedback notion
(c) Instinctive Drift (d) In the biofeedback notion
(d) Premise of Equipotentiality (e) None of the above
(e) None of the above

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

251. In Operant conditioning procedure, the role 254. Current positive reinforcement requires the
of reinforcement is: individual to imagine performing a particular
(a) Strikingly significant task or behaviour followed by a:
(b) Very insignificant (a) Negative consequence
(c) Negligible (b) Zero consequence
(d) Not necessary (c) Positive Consequence
(e) None of the above (d) Neutral consequence
252. According to Skinnerian Operant (e) None of the above
conditioning theory, a negative reinforcement is: 255. Aversion is one of the conditioning
(a) Nothing but punishment procedures used in:
(b) A biofeedback (a) Non-directive therapy
(c) A withdrawing or removal of a positive (b) Psychoanalytic therapy
reinforcer (c) Behaviour therapy
(d) An instinctive drift (d) Chemotherapy
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
253. Behaviour therapists believe that the respon- 256. A very useful principle of learning is that a
dent or classical conditioning is effective in new response is strengthened by:
dealing with the non-voluntary automatic (a) Punishment
behaviour, whereas the operant one is successful (b) Reinforcement
predominantly with motor and cognitive (c) Biofeedback
behaviours, Thus, unadaptive habits such as nail (d) Discriminative Stimulus
biting, trichotillomania, enuresis encopresis, (e) None of the above
thumb sucking etc. are satisfactorily dealt within 257. In continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF),
the: every appropriate response:
(a) Classical Method (a) Is reinforced
(b) Operant Method (b) Is not reinforced
(c) Trial and Error Method (c) Is sometimes reinforced
(d) Insightful learning procedure (d) Is an instinctive drift
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

258. The continuous reinforcement schedule is 262. In which schedule of reinforcement, appro-
generally used: priate movements are reinforced after varying
(a) In the last part of training number of responses?
(b) In early stages of training (a) Fixed Ratio Schedule
(c) In the middle period of training (b) Fixed Interval Schedule
(d) In both last and first part of training (c) Variable ratio Schedule
(e) None of the above (d) Variable Interval Schedule
259. In real life, reinforcement of every response (e) None of the above
(CRF) is: 263. Which schedule of reinforcement does not
(a) Of the nature of an exception rather than the specify any fixed number, rather states the
rule requirement in terms of an average?
(b) Impossible (a) Variable Ratio Schedule
(c) Necessary (b) Fixed Ratio Schedule
(d) Not necessary (c) Fixed Interval Schedule
(e) None of the above (d) Variable Interval Schedule
260. Which schedule of reinforcement is a ratio (e) None of the above
schedule stating a ratio of responses to rein- 264. As a rule, variable ratio schedule (VR)
forcements? arrangements sustain:
(a) Variable Ratio Schedule (a) Low rates of responding
(b) Fixed Interval Schedule (b) High rates of responding
(c) Variable Interval Schedule (c) Zero responding
(d) Fixed Ratio Schedule (d) 90% of responding
(e) None of the above (e) None of the above
261. Respondents are elicited and operants are 265. Under conditions of variable ratio schedule,
not elicited but they are: the only sensible way to obtain more rein-
(a) Emitted spontaneously forcements is through emitting:
(b) Emitted voluntarily (a) 50% responses
(c) Permanent responses (b) 90% responses
(d) Temporary responses (c) Less number of responses
(e) None of the above (d) Greater number of responses

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EFC 232 Question Bank – 270 MCQs on PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - PART 1

(e) None of the above

266. In which schedule of reinforcement, the
experimenter (E) reinforces the first correct
response after a given length of dine?
(a) Fixed Ratio Schedule
(b) Fixed Interval Schedule
(c) Variable Ratio Schedule
(d) Variable Interval Schedule
(e) None of the above
267. In our daily life, watching for the pot of milk
to boil may be somewhat similar to the behaviour
pattern observed in:
(a) Fixed Interval Schedule
(b) Fixed Ratio Schedule
(c) Variable Ratio Schedule
(d) Variable Interval Schedule
(e) None of the above
268. In which schedule of reinforcement, the delay
intervals vary as per a previously decided plan?
(a) Fixed Ratio Schedule
(b) Variable Ratio Schedule
(c) Fixed Interval Schedule
(d) Variable Interval Schedule
(e) None of the above

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