Mathematics - Complex Number - Points - ST Line - Pair of ST Lines

XI MODULE - III
COMPLEX NUMBER AND POINTS, STRAIGHT LINE

&
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
Modus Operandi for Practice

(Suggested Ideal Approach)
Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT Problems

{while Chapter is running in Class-Room}
(Mandatory)
Step – II
CatalyseR 's Module
(Mandatory)
Step – III Previous Years’ KVPY &

JEE Subjective & Objective Questions
(Mandatory)
Step – IV After Completion of Step – III, if time permits, students can

solve questions from Mathematics books by
(Optional) R. D. Sharma (Objective), A. Das Gupta (Subjective)
This Study Package is Prepared by

d`fr
seR
o f Cataly
t Wing
Conten
COMPLEX NUMBER
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (COMPLEX NUMBER) 01 – 21

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 22 – 24
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 01 25 – 26
 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 01 45 – 47
 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 53 – 57
 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 58 – 62
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
MATHEMATICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 1 4/120
2016 1 4/120
2017 1 4/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
2015 1 4/120
2016 2 7/168
2017 1 4/124
COMPLEX NUMBER 1
COMPLEX NUMBER
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1
Number system consists of real numbers (  5, 7, , 3..............etc.) and imaginary
3
numbers ( 5, 9 ....etc). If we combine these two numbers by some mathematical operations,
the resulting number is known as Complex Number i.e., “Complex Number is the combination of
real and imaginary numbers”.
(1) Basic concepts of complex number
(i) General definition : A number of the form x  iy , where x, yR and i  1 is
called a complex number so the quantity 1 is denoted by 'i' called iota thus i  1 . A
complex number is usually denoted by z and the set of complex number is denoted by C
i.e., C  {x  i y : x  R, y  R, i  1}
For example, 5  3i, 1  i,0  4i, 4  0i etc. are complex numbers.
Note :
 Euler was the first mathematician to introduce the symbol i (iota) for the
squareroot of – 1 with property i2  1. He also called this symbol as the
imaginary unit.
 Iota (i) is neither 0, nor greater than 0, nor less than 0.
 The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary unit.
 For any positive real number a, we have  a  1  a   1 a  i a
 i a   a .
 The property a b  ab is valid only if at least one of a and b is non-negative.
If a and b are both negative then a b   ab .
 If a  0 then a  |a| i .
(2) Integral powers of iota (i) : Since i  1 hence we have i 2  1 , i3  i and
i4  1. To find the value of i n (n  4), first divide n by 4. Let q be the quotient and r be the
remainder.
i.e., n  4q  r where 0  r  3 i n  i 4qr  (i4 )q .(i)r  (1)q .(i)r  ir
In general we have the following results i 4n  1, i 4n 1  i, i 4n 2  1, i4 n3  i ,
where n is any integer.
1
Also i 1    i
i
Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

COMPLEX NUMBER 2
Important Tip
 The sum of four consecutive powers of i is always zero i.e., i n  i n1  i n 2  i n3  0, n  I .
1.2. REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
If x and y are two real numbers, then a number of the form z  x  iy is called a complex
number. Here ‘x’ is called the real part of z and ‘y’ is known as the imaginary part of z.
The real part of z is denoted by Re(z) and the imaginary part by Im(z).
If z = 3 – 4i, then Re(z) = 3 and Im(z) = – 4.
Note :  A complex number z is purely real if its imaginary part is zero i.e., Im(z) = 0
and purely imaginary if its real part is zero i.e., Re(z) = 0.
 A complex number is imaginary if y 0 i.e. Im  z   0
Important Tips
 All purely imaginary numbers except zero are imaginary numbers but an imaginary
number may or not be purely imaginary.
 A real number can be written as a + i.0, therefore every real number can be considered as
a complex number whose imaginary part is zero. Thus the set of real number (R) is a
proper subset of the complex number (C) i.e., R  C.
 Complex number as an ordered pair: A complex number may also be defined as an ordered
pair of real numbers and may be denoted by the symbol (a,b). For a complex number to be
uniquely specified, we need two real numbers in particular order.
1.3. EQUALITY OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS
Two complex numbers z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2 are said to be equal if and only if
their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal.
i.e., z1  z2  x1  iy1  x2  iy2  x1  x2 and y1  y2 .
Thus, one complex equation is equivalent to two real equations.

Note :  A complex number z  x  iy  0 iff x  0, y  0.
 The complex number do not possess the property of order i.e.,
(a  ib)  (or )  (c  id ) is not defined. For example, the statement
9  6i  3  2i makes no sense.

COMPLEX NUMBER 3
1.4. CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
(1) Conjugate complex number : If there exists a complex number z = a  ib,(a, b)R ,
then its conjugate is defined as z  a  i b .
Y
zz zz
Imaginary axis
Hence, we have Re( z )  and Im ( z )  . Geometrically,
2 2i P(z)

the conjugate of z is the reflection or point image of z in the real axis. O – Real axis
X
(2) Properties of conjugate : If z, z1 and z2 are existing complex

numbers, then we have the following results:
(i) (z )  z (ii) z1  z 2  z1  z 2
(iii) z1  z 2  z1  z 2
(iv) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 , Ingeneral z1 .z 2 .z 3 .....z n  z1. z 2 .z 3 ..... z n
 z1  z1
(v)    , z2  0 (vi) ( z )n  ( z n )
 z2  z2
(vii) z  z  2Re( z)  2Re( z )  purely real
(viii) z  z  2i Im( z)  purely imaginary (ix) z z  purely real
(x) z1 z2  z1 z2  2Re( z1 z2 )  2Re( z1 z2 )
(xi) z  z  0 i.e., z  z  z is purely real i.e., Im( z)  0
(xii) z  z  0 i.e., z   z  either z  0 or z is purely imaginary i.e., Re( z)  0
(xiii) z1  z2  z1  z2 (xiv) z0  z 0
(xv) zz  0  z  0 (xvi) If w  f ( z) then w  f ( z )
1.5. MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Modulus of a complex number z  a  ib is defined by a positive real
Y
number given by | z | a 2  b 2 , where a, b real numbers. P(z)
Geometrically |z| represents the distance of point P (represented by z)
from the origin, i.e. |z| = OP.
If |z| = 0, then z is known as zero modular complex number and is
O X
used to represent the origin of reference plane.
If |z| = 1 the corresponding complex number is known as unimodular
complex number. Clearly z lies on a circle of unit radius having centre (0, 0).
Note :  In the set C of all complex numbers, the order relation is not defined. As such
z1  z2  or z1  z2 has no meaning. But | z1 |  | z2 |or |z1 |  | z2 | has got its
meaning since | z1 |and| z2 | are real numbers.

COMPLEX NUMBER 4
Properties of modulus
(i) z  0  z  0 iff z  0 and |z| 0 iff z  0 .
(ii)  z  Re ( z )  z and  z  Im ( z )  z
2
(iii) z  z   z   z | zi | (iv) zz  z | z | 2
(v) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 . In general z1 z 2 z3 ......z n  z1 z2 z 3 .... z n
z1 z1
(vi)  , ( z2  0) (vii) | z n |  | z |n , n  N
z2 z2
2 2
(viii) z1  z2 2  ( z1  z2 )( z1  z2 )  z1  z2  ( z1z2  z1z2 ) or | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2 Re( z1 z2 )
2 2 2 z1 z 
(ix) z1  z 2  z1  z2  is purely imaginary or Re  1   0
z2  z2 
(x) z1  z2
2
 z1  z 2
2
2 z 1
2
 z2
2
 (Law of parallelogram)
(xi) az1  bz2

2
 bz1  az2
2
 ( a 2  b2 )  2
z1  z2
2
 , where a, b  R.
Important Tips
 Modulus of every complex number is a non-negative real number.

 | z |  0 iff z  0 i.e., Re( z)  Im( z)  0
1 z
 | z |  |Re( z ) |  Re( z) and | z |  | Im( z) |  Im( z)  | z |  1 z   1
z z
z
 is always a unimodular complex number if z  0
z
 | Re( z ) |  | Im( z ) |  2 | z |  || z1 |  | z2 ||  | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |
Thus | z1 |  | z2 | is the greatest possible value of | z1  z2 | and || z1 |  | z2 || is the least
possible value of | z1  z2 |
1 a  a2  4
 If z  a , the greatest and least values of | z | are respectively and
z 2
a  a 2  4
2
 | z1  z12  z22 |  | z1  z12  z 22 |  | z1  z 2 |  | z1  z 2 |

COMPLEX NUMBER 5
1.6. ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let z  a  ib be any complex number. If this complex number is represented

geometrically by a point P, then the angle made by the line OP with real axis is known as
argument or amplitude of z and is expressed as
b
arg ( z )    tan 1   ,   POM . Also, argument of a complex number is not unique,
a
since if  be a value of the argument, so also is 2n   , where n I .
Y (+,+)
– P(z)
(–,+)
-
 
X' X
 – M
(–, –) O (+,–)
– + –
Y'
(1) Principal value of arg (z) : The value  of the argument, which satisfies the
inequality      is called the principal value of argument. Principal values of
argument z will be  ,    ,     and  according as the point z lies in the 1st , 2nd ,
b
3rd and 4th quadrants respectively, where   tan 1   (acute angle). Principal value
a
of argument of any complex number lies between      .
Y
– 
(–,+) (+,+)
X' X
(–,–) O (+,–)
– ( – ) –
Y'
b
(i) a, b First quadrant a  0, b  0 . arg ( z )    tan 1   . It is an acute angle and
a
positive.
Y
(a, b)
b

X' X
O a
Y'

COMPLEX NUMBER 6
 b 
(ii) (a, b) Second quadrant, a  0, b  0, arg ( z )      tan 1   . It is an obtuse
|a |
angle and positive.
(a, b) y
b 
x' x
a O
y'
b
(iii) (a, b)  Third quadrant a  0, b  0, arg ( z )      tan 1   . It is an
a
obtuse angle and negative. y
a O
x' x
b 
(a, b)
y'
|b|
(iv) (a, b) Fourth quadrant a  0, b  0, arg ( z )     tan 1   . It is an acute angle
 a 
and negative.
y
O a
x' x

b
y' (a, b)
Quadrant x y arg(z) Interval of 

I + +  0   / 2
II – +    / 2   
III – – (   )      / 2
IV + –  / 2    0

Note :  Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.

 Principal value of argument of a purely real number is 0 if the real number is
positive and is  if the real number is negative.
 Principal value of argument of a purely imaginary number is  / 2 if the
imaginary part is positive and is  / 2 if the imaginary part is negative.

COMPLEX NUMBER 7
(2) Properties of arguments

(i) arg ( z1 z2 )  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )  2k , (k  0 or 1 or – 1)
In general
arg ( z1 z2 z3 .........zn )  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )  arg ( z3 )  ..........  arg ( zn )  2k , (k  0 or 1 or  1)

(ii) arg ( z1 z2 )  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )
z 
(iii) arg  1   arg z1  arg z2  2k , (k  0 or 1 or – 1)
 z2 
z
(iv) arg    2 arg z  2k , ( k  0 or 1 or – 1)
z
(v) arg ( z n )  n arg z  2k , (k  0 or 1 or – 1)
z  z 
(vi) If arg  2    , then arg  1   2k   , where k  I
 z1   z2 
1
(vii) arg z   arg z  arg
z
(viii) Arg ( z  z )   / 2
(ix) arg( z)  arg ( z)  
(x) arg ( z)  arg ( z )  0 or arg ( z)   arg ( z )
(xi) arg ( z)  arg ( z )  
(xii) z1 z2  z1 z2  2 | z1 | | z2 |cos(1  2 ), where 1  arg ( z1 ) and 2  arg ( z2 )
Note :  Proper value of k must be chosen so that R.H.S. of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) lies
in ( ,  )
 The property of argument is same as the property of logarithm.
If arg (z) lies between  and  ( inclusive), then this value itself is the
principal value of arg (z). If not, see whether arg (z)   or    . If
arg ( z)   , go on subtracting 2 until it lies between  and  (
inclusive). The value thus obtained will be the principal value of arg (z).
 The general value of arg ( z ) is 2n  arg ( z) .

COMPLEX NUMBER 8
Important Tips
 If z1  z 2  z1  z 2 and arg z1 = arg z2.
 z1  z 2  z1 |  | z 2  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 ) i.e., z1 and z2 are parallel.
 z1  z 2  z1 |  | z 2  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )  2n , where n is some integer.
 | z1  z2 |  | | z1 |  | z2 ||  arg( z1 )  arg( z2 )  2n , where n is some integer.
 z1  z 2  z1  z 2  arg ( z1 ) – arg ( z2 )   / 2 .
2 2 2
 If | z1 | 1,| z2 | 1 then (i) z1  z 2   z1  z 2   (arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 ))
2 2 2
(ii) z1  z 2   z1  z 2    arg ( z1 )  arg ( z 2 ) 
2 2 2
 z1  z 2  z1  z 2  2 | z1 || z 2 | cos(1   2 ).
2 2 2
 z1  z 2  z1  z 2  2 | z1 || z 2 | cos(1   2 ).
 If | z1 |  | z2 | and amp ( z1 )  amp ( z2 )  0, then z1  z2 are conjugate complex numbers of
each other.
 z  0, amp ( z  z )  0 or  ; amp( zz )  0; amp ( z  z )   / 2.
 arg (1)  0, arg (1)   ; arg (i)   / 2, arg (i)   / 2.

 arg ( z )   Re ( z )  Im( z ).
4
 Amplitude of complex number in I and II quadrant is always positive and in III rd and IVth
quadrant is always negative.
1.7. SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :
Let a  ib be a complex number such that a  ib  x  iy , where x and y are real

2 2 2
numbers. Then a  ib  x  iy  a  ib  ( x  iy)  a  ib  ( x  y )  2ixy
 x2  y 2  a .....(i)
and 2xy  b .....(ii) [On equating real and imaginary parts]
 a 2  b2  a   a 2  b2  a 
Solving, x     and y    
 2   2 
   
  a 2  b2  a   a2  b2  a  
 a  ib      i  
  2   2 
    
 | z | a | z | a   | z | a | z | a 
Hence a  ib    i  for b > 0,    i  for b < 0.
 2 2   2 2 

COMPLEX NUMBER 9
1.8. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX MUMBER :

A complex number can be represented in the following form:
(1) Geometrical representation (Cartesian representation): The complex number
z  a  ib  (a, b) is represented by a point P whose
coordinates are referred to rectangular axes XOX  and
YOY  which are called real and imaginary axis
respectively. Thus a complex number z is represented by a
point in a plane, and corresponding to every point in this
plane there exists a complex number such a plane is called
argand plane or argand diagram or complex plane or
gaussian plane.
Note :  Distance of any complex number from the origin is called the modulus of
complex number and is denoted by |z|, i.e., | z |  a 2  b 2
 Angle of any complex number with positive direction of x– axis is called
b
amplitude or argument of z. i.e., amp ( z )  arg ( z )  tan 1  
a
(2) Trigonometrical (Polar) representation : In  OPM, let OP  r , then a  r cos
and b  r sin  . Hence z can be expressed as z  r (cos  i sin  )
where r = |z| and  = principal value of argument of z.
For general values of the argument z  r  cos(2n   )  i sin(2 n   ) 
Note :  Sometimes  cos   i sin   is written in short as cis .
(3) Vector representation : If P is the point (a, b) on the argand plane corresponding to
the complex number z  a  ib .

Then OP  aiˆ  bjˆ ,
  b
 | OP | a 2  b 2 | z | and arg z = direction of the vector OP  tan 1  
a

Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by OP .
(4) Eulerian representation (Exponential form) : Since we have ei = cos  i sin 
and thus z can be expressed as z  rei , where | z |  r and   arg (z)
Note :  ei  (cos  i sin )
 ei  ei  2cos , ei  ei  2i sin 

COMPLEX NUMBER 10
1.9. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :
Let z  x  iy and
loge ( x  iy)  a  ib .....(i)
x  iy  r (cos  i sin  )  rei .....(ii)
 y
then x  r cos , y  r sin  , clearly r  x 2  y 2 and   tan 1  
x
i i
From equation (ii), log( x  iy )  log e (re )  log r  loge e  log e r  i
 y
 log e ( x 2  y 2 )  i tan 1  
x
loge ( z)  loge | z |  i amp z
Obviously, the general value is log ( z )  log e ( z )  2 ni (   amp ( z)   )
1.10. GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBER
(1) Geometrical representation of algebraic operations on complex numbers

(i) Sum: Let the complex numbers z1  x1  iy1  ( x1, y1 ) and z2  x2  iy2  ( x2 , y2 ) be
represented by the points P and Q on the argand plane.
Y R(x1+x2, y2+y2)
Q(x2,y2)
y2
P(x1,y1)
M
y1
X
O x2 N L K
Then sum of z1 and z2 i.e., z1  z2 is represented by the point R. Complex number z can

be represented by OR.
 ( x1  x2 )  i( y1  y2 )  ( x1  iy1 )  ( x2  iy2 )  ( z1  z2 )  ( x1 , y1 )  ( x2 , y2 )
    
In vector notation, we have z1  z 2  OP  OQ  OP  PR  OR
(ii) Difference : We first represent z2 by Q', so that QQ' is bisected at O.
The point R represents the difference z1  z2 .
 
In parallelogram ORPQ, OR  QP
   
We have in vectorial notation z1  z 2  OP  OQ  OP  QO
   
 OP  PR  OR  QP .

COMPLEX NUMBER 11
Q(x2,y2)
Y
P(x1,y1)
X
O
R(x1–x2, y1–y2)
Q'(–x2,–y2)
(iii) Product : Let z1  r1 (cos 1  i sin 1 )  r1ei1

 | z1 | r1 and arg ( z1 )  1 and z2  r2 (cos  2  i sin  2 )  r2 ei 2
 | z2 | r2 and arg ( z2 )  2
Then, z1 z2  r1r2 (cos1  i sin 1 )(cos 2  i sin 2 )
= r1r2{cos(1  2 )  i sin(1  2 )}
 | z1 z2 | r1r2 and arg arg ( z1 z2 )  1  2
R is the point representing product of complex numbers z1 and z2 .
Y
R(z1,z2)
r1r2
r2 Q(z2)
1 P(z1)
2 r1
1
O X
A
1.11. USE OF COMPLEX NUMBER IN CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
(1) Distance formula : The distance between two points P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) is given by
PQ  | z2  z1 | = |affix of Q – affix of P|
Note :  The distance of point z from origin | z  0 |  | z |  | z  (0  i 0) | .
Thus, modulus of a complex number z represented by a point in the
argand plane is its distance from the origin.
Q(z2)
P(z1)

COMPLEX NUMBER 12
(2) Section formula : If R(z) divides the joining of P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) in the ratio
m1 : m2 (m1 , m2  0)
m1 z2  m2 z1
(i) If R(z) divides the segment PQ internally in the ratio of m1 : m2 then z 
m1  m2
(ii) If R(z) divides the segment PQ externally in the ratio of m1 : m2
m1 z2  m2 z1
then z 
m1  m2
Q(z2)
m2
(3) Equation of the perpendicular bisector : If P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) m1 R(z) m2

m1 R(z)
are two fixed points and R( z) is moving point such that it is P(z1)
Q(z2)
always at equal distance from P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) P(z1)
i.e., PR = QR or | z  z1 |  | z  z2 |
Then z lies on the perpendicular bisector of z1 and z2 .
P(z1)
(4) Equation of a straight line
R(z)
(i) Parametric form : Equation of a straight line joining the point
having affixes z1 and z2 is z  t z1  (1  t ) z2 , when t  R Q(z2)
(ii) Non parametric form : Equation of a straight line joining the points having affixes
z z 1
z1 and z2 is z1 z1 1  0  z ( z1  z2 )  z ( z1  z2 )  z1 z2  z2 z1  0 .
z2 z2 1
z1 z1 1
Note :  Three points z1 , z2 and z3 are collinear z2 z2 1  0
z3 z3 1
(iii) General equation of a straight line: The general equation of a straight line is of the
form az  az  b  0 , where a is complex number and b is real number.
(iv) Length of perpendicular : The length of perpendicular from a point z1 to

| az1  az1  b | | az1  az1  b |
the line az  az  b  0 is given by or
|a||a | 2|a|

COMPLEX NUMBER 13
(5) Equation of a circle : The equation of a circle whose centre is at point having affix zo
and radius r is | z  zo |  r
(i) General equation of a circle : The general equation of the circle is
P(z)
zz  az  az  b  0 where a is complex number and b  R .
r
 Centre and radius are – a and | a | 2  b respectively.
C(z0)
(ii) Equation of circle through three non-collinear points : Let
A( z1 ), B( z2 ), C ( z3 ) are three points on the circle and P( z) be any
point on the circle, then ACB  APB
z 2  z3 BC i P(z)
Using coni method In ACB,  e .....(i)
z1  z3 CA C(z3)

z 2  z BP i 
In  APB,  e .....(ii)
z1  z AP A(z1) B(z2)
From (i) and (ii) we get

( z  z1 )( z2  z3 )
= Real .....(iii)
( z  z2 ) ( z1  z3 )
(6) Equation of parabola : Now for parabola SP  PM

| z  z  2a | 1 P(z)
| z  a | or zz  4a ( z  z )  { z 2  ( z ) 2 } M
2 2
where a  R (focus) N A S(a+i.0)
z+z+2a=0
Directrix is z  z  2a  0
P(z)
(7) Equation of ellipse : For ellipse SP  S ' P  2a
 | z  z1 |  | z  z2 | 2a S'(z2) S(z1)
where 2a | z1  z2 | (since eccentricity <1)

Then point z describes an ellipse having foci at z1 and z2 and
a  R .
(8) Equation of hyperbola : For hyperbola SP  S ' P  2a P(z)
 | z  z1 |  | z  z2 | 2a
S(z1) O S'(z2)
where 2a | z1  z2 | (since eccentricity >1)
Then point z describes a hyperbola having foci at z1 and z2 and
a  R

COMPLEX NUMBER 14
1.12. ROTATION THEOREM

Rotational theorem i.e., angle between two intersecting lines. This is also known as coni
method.
Let z1 , z2 and z3 be the affixes of three points A, B and C respectively taken on argand
plane.
 
Then we have AC  z 3  z1 and AB = z2  z1
  Y
C(z3)
and let arg AC  arg ( z3  z1 )   and arg AB  arg ( z2  z1 )   B(z2)

Let CAB   ,  CAB       A(z1)
   z z   
= arg AC  arg AB = arg ( z3  z1 )  arg ( z2  z1 ) = arg  3 1  X
O
 z2  z1 
 affix of C  affix of A 
or angle between AC and AB = arg  
 affix of B  affix of A 
For any complex number z we have z  | z | ei ( argz ) P(z1)
D
 z z  S(z4)
 z3  z1   z3  z1  i  a rg z32  z11  A

B
Similarly,     e R(z3)
 z2  z1   z2  z1 
C Q(z2)
z3  z1 | z3  z1 | i (CAB ) AC i
or  e  e
z2  z1 | z2  z1 | AB
Note :  Here only principal values of the arguments are considered.

 z z   z z 
 arg  1 2    , if AB coincides with CD, then arg  1 2   0 or   , so
 z3  z 4   z3  z4 
z z z z
that 1 2 is real. It follows that if 1 2 is real, then the points A, B, C, D are
z3  z 4 z3  z 4
collinear.
 z z 
 If AB is perpendicular to CD, then arg  1 2    / 2 , so
Y Q(zei)
 z3  z4 
 P(z)
z1  z2
is purely imaginary. It follows that if z1  z2 = X'

X
z3  z 4 O
 k  z3  z 4  , where k purely imaginary number, then AB and

Y'
CD are perpendicular to each other.

COMPLEX NUMBER 15
1.13. TRIANGLE INEQUALITIES
In any triangle, sum of any two sides is greater than the third side and difference of any
two side is less than the third side. By applying this basic concept to the set of complex
numbers we are having the following results.
(1) | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 | (2) | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |
(3) | z1  z2 |  || z1 |  | z2 || (4) | z1  z2 |  || z1 |  | z2 ||
Note :  In a complex plane | z1  z2 | is the distance between the points z1 and z2 .
 The equality | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 | holds only when arg (z1 ) = arg (z2 ) i.e., z1
and z2 are parallel.
 The equality | z1  z2 |  || z1 |  | z2 || holds only when arg (z1 ) – arg (z2 ) =  i.e.,
z1 and z2 are antiparallel.
 In any parallelogram sum of the squares of its sides is equal to the sum of the
squares of its diagonals i.e. | z1  z2 |2  | z1  z2 |2  2 (| z1 |2  | z2 |2 )
 Law of polygon i.e., | z1  z2  ....  zn |  | z1 |  | z2 | .... | zn |
Important Tips
1
 The area of the triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz is | z |2 .
2
 (z 2  z3 ) | z1 |2
 If z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of a triangle then the area of the triangle is .
4iz1
3 2
 Area of the triangle with vertices z , wz and z  wz is | z |.
4
 If z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle and zo be the circumcentre, then
z12  z22  z32   3z02 .
 If z1 , z2 , z3 .....zn be the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides and z0 be its centroid, then
z12  z22  .....  zn2  nz02 .
 If z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of a triangle, then the triangle is equilateraliff
( z1  z 2 )2  ( z 2  z3 )2  ( z3  z1 )2  0 or z12  z22  z32  z1 z 2  z2 z3  z3 z1 or
1 1 1
   0.
z1  z 2 z2  z3 z3  z1

COMPLEX NUMBER 16
 If z1 , z 2 z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, right angled at z2 then

z12  z22  z32  2 z2 ( z1  z3 ) .
 If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of right-angled isosceles triangle, then
( z1  z 2 ) 2  2  z1  z 3  ( z 3  z 2 ) .
 If one of the vertices of the triangle is at the origin i.e., z3  0, then the triangle is
equilateral iff z12  z22  z1 z 2  0 .
z1 z1 1
 If z1 , z2 , z3 and z1, z2 , z3 are the vertices of a similar triangle, then z 2 z2 1  0 .
z3 z3 1
1.14. STANDARD LOCI IN THE ARGAND PLANE
(1) If z is a variable point in the argand plane such that arg ( z)   , then locus of z is a
straight line (excluding origin) through the origin inclined at an angle  with x–axis.
(2) If z is a variable point and z1 is a fixed point in the argand plane such that
arg ( z  z1 )   , then locus of z is a straight line passing through the point representing z1
and inclined at an angle  with x-axis. Note that the point z1 is excluded from the locus.
(3) If z is a variable point and z1 , z2 are two fixed points in the argand plane, then
(i) | z  z1 | | z  z2 |  Locus of z is the
perpendicular bisector of the
line segment joining z1 and z2
(ii) | z  z1 |  | z  z2 | = constant   | z1  z2 |  Locus of z is an ellipse
(iii) | z  z1 |  | z  z2 || z1  z2 |  Locus of z is the line segment
joining z1 and z2
(iv) | z  z1 |  | z  z2 || z1  z2 |  Locus of z is a straight line
joining z1 and z2 but z
does not lie between z1 and z2 .
(v) | z  z1 |  | z  z2 |  constant  | z1  z 2 |   Locus of z is a hyperbola.
(vi) | z  z1 |2  | z  z 2 |2 | z1  z2 |  Locus of z is a circle with z1
and z2 as the extremities of diameter.
(vii) | z  z1 | k | z  z2 | k  1  Locus of z is a circle.

COMPLEX NUMBER 17
 z  z1 
(viii) arg     (fixed)  Locus of z is a segment of circle.
 z  z2 
 z  z1 
(ix) arg   =  / 2  Locus of z is a circle with z1
 z  z2 
and z2 as the vertices of diameter.
 z  z1 
(x) arg   = 0 or   Locus z is a straight line
 z  z2 
passing through z1 and z2 .
(xi) The equation of the line joining complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by
z z 1
z  z1 z  z1
 or z1 z1 1  0
z2  z1 z2  z1
z2 z2 1
1.15. DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
(1) If n is any rational number, then (cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n .

(2) If z  (cos1  i sin 1 ) (cos2  i sin 2 ) (cos3  i sin 3 ).....(cosn  i sin n )
then z  cos(1  2  3  .....  n )  i sin(1  2  3  .....  n ) , where
1 , 2,3 .....n  R .
(3) If z  r (cos  i sin  ) and n is a positive integer, then
  2 k     2 k    
z1/ n  r1/ n cos    i sin   , where k  0,1,2,3,.....(n 1) .
  n   n 
 2k  p   2k  p 
(4) If p, q  Z and q  0, then (cos   i sin  ) p / q  cos    i sin  ,
 q   q 
where k  0,1, 2,3.....(q 1) .
Applications
(i) In finding the expansions of trigonometric functions i.e.
cos n  cos n   nC2 cos n  2  sin 2   nC4 cos n  4  sin 4  – ......
sin n  nC1 cos n 1  sin   nC3 cos n 3  sin 3   nC5 cos n 5  sin 5   .......
(ii) In finding the roots of complex numbers.
(iii)In finding the complex solution of algebraic equations.
Note : This theorem is not valid when n is not a rational number or the complex number
is not in the form of cos  i sin  .

COMPLEX NUMBER 18
1.16. ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

(1) nth roots of complex number (z1/n) : Let z  r (cos  i sin  ) be a complex
number. To find the roots of a complex number, first we express it in polar form with the
general value of its amplitude and use the De' moivre's theorem. By using De'moivre's
theorem nth roots having n distinct values of such a complex number are given by
 2m   2m   
z1/ n  r1/ n  cos  i sin  , where m  0,1,2,.....,(n 1).
 n n 
Properties of the roots of z1/n :
(i) All roots of z1/n are in geometrical progression with common ratio e2 i /n .
(ii) Sum of all roots of z1/n is always equal to zero.
(iii) Product of all roots of z1/ n  (1)n1 z.
(iv) Modulus of all roots of z1/n are equal and each equal to r 1/ n or | z |1/ n .
2
(v) Amplitude of all the roots of z1/n are in A.P. with common difference .
n
(vi) All roots of z1/n lies on the circumference of a circle whose centre is origin and
radius equal to | z |1/ n . Also these roots divides the circle into n equal parts and
forms a polygon of n sides.
(2) The nth roots of unity : The nth roots of unity are given by the solution set of
the equation xn  1  cos0  i sin 0  cos 2k  i sin 2k
x  [cos 2k  i sin 2k ]1/n
2 k 2 k
x  cos  i sin , where k  0,1, 2,.....,(n  1) .
n n
Properties of nth roots of unity
2 2 th
(i) Let   cos  i sin  e i (2 / n ) , the n roots of unity can be expressed in the
n n
form of a series i.e., 1,  ,  2 ,..... n1. Clearly the series is G.P. with common
difference  i.e., ei (2 / n ) .
(ii) The sum of all n roots of unity is zero i.e., 1     2  .....   n1  0.
(iii) Product of all n roots of unity is (1)n1.
(iv) Sum of pth power of n roots of unity
0,when p is not multiple of n
1   p   2 p  .....   ( n1) p  
n, when p is a multiple of n

COMPLEX NUMBER 19
(v) The n, nth roots of unity if represented on a complex plane locate their positions
at the vertices of a regular plane polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle
having centre at origin, one vertex on positive real axis.
Note :  xn 1  ( x 1)( xn1  x n2  .....  x  1)
 (sin   i cos )  i 2 sin   i cos  i(cos  i sin  )
(3) Cube roots of unity : Cube roots of unity are the solution set of the equation
x3 1  0  x  (1)1/3  x  (cos 0  i sin 0)1/3
2k  2k
 x  cos  i sin   , where k  0,1, 2
3  3 
2 2 4 4
Therefore roots are 1, cos  i sin , cos  i sin or 1, e2 i /3 , e4 i /3 .
3 3 3 3
1  i 3 1  i 3
Alternative : x  (1)1/3  x3 1  0  ( x 1)( x2  x  1)  0 x  1, ,
2 2
If one of the complex roots is  , then other root will be  2 or vice-versa.
Properties of cube roots of unity
(i) 1   2  0 (ii) 3  1
0,if r not a multiple of 3
(iii) 1   r   2 r  
3, if r is a multiple of 3
(iv)    2 and ( ) 2   and  .   3 . (v) Cube roots of unity form a G.P.
(vi) Imaginary cube roots of unity are square of each other i.e., ( ) 2   2 and
( 2 )2   3 .  
1 1
(vii) Imaginary cube roots of unity are reciprocal to each other i.e.,   2 and 2   .
 
(viii) The cube roots of unity by, when represented on complex plane, lie on vertices of
an equilateral triangle inscribed in a unit circle having centre at origin, one vertex
being on positive real axis.
(ix) A complex number a  ib, for which | a : b |  1: 3 or 3 :1, can always be expressed
2
in terms of i, ,  .
1  i 3 1  i 3
Note : If    e2 i /3 , then  2   e4 i /3  e 2 i /3 or vice-versa
2 2
 .   3 .
2
 a  b  c  0  a  b  c, if a, b, c are real.
m/ n
 Cube root of – 1 are z .

COMPLEX NUMBER 20
Important Tips
2 2
x  x  1  ( x  ) ( x   )
x2  x 1   x    x   2 
x 2  xy  y 2   x  y   x  y 2 
x 2  xy  y 2   x  y   x  y 2 
x 2  y 2  ( x  iy)( x  iy)
x3  y 3  ( x  y) ( x  y) ( x  y 2 )
x3  y3  ( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y 2 )
x2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx  ( x  y  z 2 )( x  y 2  z )
x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz  ( x  y  z ) ( x   y   2 z ) ( x   2 y   z )
Fourth roots of unity : The four, fourth roots of unity are given by the solution
set of the equation x 4  1  0.  ( x 2 1)( x 2  1)  0  x   1,  i
Note :  Sum of roots = 0 and product of roots =–1.
 Fourth roots of unity are vertices of a square which lies on coordinate axes.
Continued product of the roots
If z  r (cos  i sin  ) i.e., | z |  r and amp ( z)   then continued product of
roots of z1/n is
n 1
2m  
 r (cos   i sin  ) , where     (n  1)   .
m 0 n
Thus continued product of roots of
 z, if n is odd
z1/ n  r[cos{(n  1)   }  i sin{(n  1)   }]  
 z,if n is even
m/ n
 z m , if n is odd
Similarly, the continued product of values of z is   m
(-z) ,if n is even
Important Tips
1 1
 If x   2 cos  or x   2i sin  then
x x
1 1 1
x  cos   i sin  ,  cos   i sin  , x n  n  2 cos n , x n  n  2i sin n .
x x x
n
n n 2
1 n
 If n be a positive integer then , (1  i )  (1  i )  2 cos .
4
 If z is a complex number, then ez is periodic.

COMPLEX NUMBER 21
 nth root of –1 are the solution of the equation zn 1  0

z n  1  ( z 1) ( z   )( z   2 ).....( z   n1 ), where   nth root of unity
( n 2)/2
2 r
z n 1  ( z 1)( z  1)  ( z 2  2 z cos  1), if n is even.
r 1 n
 ( n  2)/ 2  2  (2r  1)  
   z  2 z cos    1 ,if n is even.
n  r 0   n  
z 1   (n-3)/2
(z  1)  2  (2r  1)  
 r 0 
 z  2 z cos 
 n
  1, if n is odd.
 
 If x  cos  i sin  , y  cos   i sin  , z  cos   i sin  and given, x  y  z  0, then
1 1 1
(i)    0 (ii) yz  zx  xy  0 (iii) x2  y 2  z 2  0 (iv) x3  y3  z3  3xyz
x y z
then, putting, values if x, y, z in these results
x y z  0 cos  cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin   yz  zx  xy  0 
cos(   )  cos(   )  cos(   )  0

sin(    )  sin(   )  sin(   )  0
 cos 2  0
x2  y 2  z 2  0   the summation consists 3 terms
 sin 2  0,
x3  y 3  z3  3xyz, gives similarly
 cos 3  3 cos(     )   sin 3  3sin(     )
If the condition given be x  y  z  xyz, then  cos   cos(     ) etc.


COMPLEX NUMBER 22
1.17. SOLVED EXAMPLES

OBJECTIVES
 1  1   1  1   1  1 
1. The value of the expression 2  1   1  2  +3  2    2  2  + 4  3   3  2 
              
 1  1 
+ . . . + (n + 1)  n    n  2  , where  is an imaginary cube root of unity, is
    
(a)

n n2  2  (b)
n n2  2  (c)
 2
n2  n  1  4n
(d) none of these
3 3 4
 1  1   1 1   1 1
Sol: (c) tn = (n+1)  n    n  2  = n3 + n2  2   1  n  1  2    1
          
3 2 2 2 3
= n + n ( +  + 1)+ n( +  +1) +1 = n +1
2
n n
n 2  n  1
 Sn =  t   r
r 1
r
r 1
3
 1 
4
n . Hence (c) is the correct answer.
2. The equation | z + i | – | z – i | = k represents a hyperbola if

(a)–2 < k < 2 (b) k > 2 (c) 0 < k < 2 (d) none of these
16
Sol: (a) |z + i| –|z –i| = k represents a hyperbola if 4 – 2 < 0 i.e. k2 < 4.
k
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
3
3. The complex number z = 1 + i is rotated through an angle in anticlockwise direction
2
about the origin and stretched by additional 2 units, Then the new complex number is
(a) – 2 – 2 i (b) 2 – 2
(c) 2 – 2i (d) 2 – 2i
Sol: If z1 be the new complex number then |z1| = |z| + 2 = 2 2
z z  3 3 
Also 1  1 e i 3 / 2  z1 = z. 2  cos  i sin 
z z  2 2 
= 2( 1+i) ( 0 – i) = – 2i +2 = 2( 1– i) Hence (d) is the correct answer.
4. If |z| < 4, then | iz +3 – 4i| is less than

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 9
Sol: | iz + ( 3 – 4i)|  | iz| + |3 – 4i| = |z| +5 < 4 + 5 = 9.
Hence (d) is the correct answer.
1  iz
5. If z = x + iy, and w  , then w = 1 implies that in the complex plane
z i
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle (d) None of these.

COMPLEX NUMBER 23
1  iz
Sol: w ,
z i
As |w| = 1  | z – i| = |1 – iz| = |z + i| ( as 1/i = –i)
 z lies on the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points i and –i.
Thus ‘z’ lies on the real axis. Hence (b) is correct answer.
6. If (a + ib)5 =  + i then (b + ia)5 is equal to

(a)  + i (b)  – i (c)  – i (d) –  – i
5 5 5
Sol: (b + ia) = i (a –ib) = i( –i) Hence (c) is the correct answer.
cos   i sin   
7. Let z = ,    . Then arg z is
cos   i sin  4 2
(a) 2 (b) 2 – (c)  + 2 (d) none of these

Sol: z = (cos  + i sin )2 = cos 2 + i sin 2, < 2 < 
2
 z is a complex number in the second quadrant.

 < arg (z) <   arg (z) = tan–1 (tan 2) = 2 Hence (a) is the correct answer.
2
8
   
 1  cos 8  i sin 8 
8.   is equal to
 1  cos   i sin  
 8 8 
(a) 1 + i (b) 1 – I (c) 1 (d) – 1
8 8
 2         8 8
 2 cos 16  2i sin 16 cos 16   cos 16  i sin 16  cos 16  i sin 16
Sol: Given exp.      
2      8 8
 2 cos  2i sin cos   cos  i sin  cos  i sin
 16 16 16   16 16  16 16
0  i 1
  1 . Hence (d) is the correct answer.
0  i 1
1 1
9. If z is any complex number such that z   1 , then the value of z 99  99 is
z z
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 2 (d) – 2
1 1  3i
Sol: z  1  z2  z 1  0  z   z   or   2 .
z 2
33 99 1 1
Case I. z = –  
99
z 99        3    1  z  99
  1   2 .
z  1
99 66
Case II z = – 2  z 99    2      3   1
1 1
 z 99  99
  1   2
z  1
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

COMPLEX NUMBER 24
100
10. If  3 i   299  a  ib  , then b is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these

 1  3 i 
Sol: 
3  i  i  3 i 2  i 1  3 i  2 i   2
  2 i 
 
100 25 3 33
 2 99  a  ib     2 i    2100 i100  100  2100  i 4      2100 
 1  3 i  99
 2100 
2
  2 1  3 i  
 
 a  ib  1  3 i.  b  3 . Hence (a) is the correct answer.


COMPLEX NUMBER 25
1.18. ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISES :



ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE - 1
Q.1 The sequence S = i + 2i2 + 3i3 + ........ upto 100 terms simplifies to where i = 1 :
(a) 50 (1  i) (b) 25i (c) 25 (1 + i) (d) 100 (1  i)
Q.2 If z + z3 = 0 then which of the following must be true on the complex plane?
(a) Re(z) < 0 (b) Re(z) = 0 (c) Im(z) = 0 (d) z4 = 1
Q.3 Number of integral values of n for which the quantity (n + i)4 where i2 = – 1, is an integer
is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Q.4 Let i = 1 . The product of the real part of the roots of z2 – z = 5 – 5i is

(a) – 25 (b) – 6 (c) – 5 (d) 25
Q.5 There is only one way to choose real numbers M and N such that when the polynomial
5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + Mx + N is divided by the polynomial x2 + 1, the remainder is 0. If M
and N assume these unique values, then M – N is
(a) – 6 (b) – 2 (c) 6 (d) 2
Q.6 In the quadratic equation x2 + (p + iq) x + 3i = 0, p & q are real. If the sum of the squares
of the roots is 8 then
(a) p = 3, q =  1 (b) p = –3, q = –1 (c) p = ± 3, q = ± 1 (d) p =  3, q = 1
Q.7 The complex number z satisfying z + | z | = 1 + 7i then the value of | z |2 equals

(a) 625 (b) 169 (c) 49 (d) 25
25
Q.8 The figure formed by four points 1 + 0 i ;  1 + 0 i ; 3 + 4 i & on the argand
 3  4i
plane is :
(a) a parallelogram but not a rectangle (b) a trapezium which is not equilateral
(c) a cyclic quadrilateral (d) none of these
Q.9 If z = (3 + 7i) (p + iq) where p, q  I – {0}, is purely imaginary then minimum value of |
z |2 is
3364
(a) 0 (b) 58 (c) (d) 3364
3
Q.10 Number of values of z (real or complex) simultaneously satisfying the system of
equations
1 + z + z2 + z3 + .......... + z17 = 0 and 1 + z + z2 + z3 + .......... + z13 = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

COMPLEX NUMBER 26
x3 y 3
Q.11 If + = i where x, y  R then
3i 3i
(a) x = 2 & y = – 8 (b) x = – 2 & y = 8 (c) x = – 2 & y = – 6 (d) x = 2 & y = 8
Q.12 Number of complex numbers z satisfying z 3  z is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
Q.13 If x = 91/3 91/9 91/27 ......ad inf


y = 41/3 4–1/9 41/27 ...... ad inf and 
r 1
z = (1 + i) – r
then , the argument of the complex number w = x + yz is

 2  2  2 
(a) 0 (b)  – tan–1   (c) – tan–1   (d) – tan–1  
 3   3   3
Q.14 Let z = 9 + bi where b is non zero real and i2 = – 1. If the imaginary part of z2 and z3 are
equal, then b2 equals
(a) 261 (b) 225 (c) 125 (d) 361
One or more than one is/are correct:

Q.15 If the expression (1 + ir)3 is of the form of s(1 + i) for some real 's' where 'r' is also real
and i = 1 , then the value of 'r' can be
  5
(a) cot (b) sec  (c) tan (d) tan
8 12 12
Answer Key
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 C
Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 A Q.11 B Q.12 D
Q.13 C Q.14 B Q.15 B, C, D
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COMPLEX NUMBER 27


Q.1 The digram shows several numbers in the complex plane.

The circle is the unit circle centered at the origin. One of
these numbers is the reciprocal of F, which is
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
1  iz
Q.2 If z = x + iy &  = then = 1 implies that, in the complex plane
zi
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle (d) none
Q.3 On the complex plane locus of a point z satisfying the inequality

2  | z – 1 | < 3 denotes
(a) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 1 centered at (1, 0)
(b) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) excluding the
inner and outer boundaries.
(c) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) including the
inner and outer boundaries.
(d) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) including the
inner boundary and excluding the outer boundary.
Q.4 The complex number z satisfies z + | z | = 2 + 8i. The value of | z | is

(a) 10 (b) 13
(c) 17 (d) 23
Q.5 Let Z1 = (8 + i)sin  + (7 + 4i)cos  and Z2 = (1 + 8i)sin  + (4 + 7i)cos  are two

complex numbers. If Z1 · Z2 = a + ib where a, b  R then the largest value of (a + b) 
  R, is
(a) 75 (b) 100
(c) 125 (d) 130
Q.6 The locus of z, for arg z = –  3 is

(a) same as the locus of z for arg z = 2 3
(b) same as the locus of z for arg z =  3
(c) the part of the straight line 3 x  y = 0 with (y < 0, x > 0)
(d) the part of the straight line 3 x  y = 0 with (y > 0, x < 0)

COMPLEX NUMBER 28
Q.7 If z1 & z1 represent adjacent vertices of a regular polygon of n sides with centre at the
Im z1
origin & if  2  1 then the value of n is equal to :
Re z1
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 24
Q.8 If z1, z2 are two complex numbers & a, b are two real numbers then,
2 2
az1  bz 2  bz1  az 2 =
2 2 2 2
(a) ( a  b ) 2  z1  z 2  (b) ( a  b)  z1  z 2 
   
2 2 2 2
(c) a 2
 
 b 2  z1  z2 

(d)  a 2  b 2   z1  z 2 
 
Q.9 The value of e  CiS ( i )  CiS (i )  is equal to.
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 – e (c) e – (d) e2 – 1
e
Q.10 All real numbers x which satisfy the inequality 1  4i  2  x  5 where i = , 1 x  R

are.
(a) [ 2 , ) (b) (– , 2] (c) [0, ) (d) [–2, 0]
1 i 1 i 1 i
Q.11 For Z1 = ; Z2 = 6
6 ; Z3 = 6 which of the following holds good?
1 i 3 3 i 3 i
3
(a)  | Z1 |2  (b) | Z1 |4 + | Z2 |4 = | Z3 |–8
2
(c) |Z 1 |3  | Z 2 |3  | Z 3 |6 (d) | Z1 |4  | Z 2 |4  | Z 3 |8
Q.12 Number of real or purely imaginary solution of the equation, z3 + i z  1 = 0 is :

(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) three
Q.13 A point 'z' moves on the curve z  4  3 i = 2 in an argand plane. The maximum and
minimum values of z are
(a) 2, 1 (b) 6, 5 (c) 4, 3 (d) 7, 3
Q.14 If z is a complex number satisfying the equation | z + i | + | z – i | = 8, on the complex

plane then maximum value of | z | is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Q.15 Let zr (1  r  4) be complex numbers such that | zr | = r  1

and | 30 z1 + 20 z2 + 15 z3 + 12 z4| = k | z1z2 z3+ z2z3 z4+ z3z4 z1+ z4z1 z2 |.
Then the value of k equals
(a) | z1z2 z3 | (b) | z2z3 z4 | (c) | z3z4 z1 | (d) | z4z1 z2 |

COMPLEX NUMBER 29
Answer Key
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 C
Q.7 A Q.8 D Q.9 D Q.10 A Q.11 B Q.12 A
Q.13 D Q.14 B Q.15 D
Q.1 If z1 & z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that z1 + z2 = z1 + z2, then
Arg z1  Arg z2 is equal to:
(a)   (b)  /2
(c) 0 (d) /2
Q.2 Let Z be a complex number satisfying the equation

(Z3 + 3)2 = – 16 then | Z | has the value equal to
(a) 51/2 (b) 51/3
(c) 52/3 (d) 5
3 4 5
Q.3 If z1, z2, z3 are 3 distinct complex numbers such that = = ,
z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2
9 16 25
then the value of   equals
z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2
(a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
Q.4 The points representing the complex number z for which | z + 5 |2 – | z – 5 |2= 10 lie on
(a) a straight line
(b) a circle
(c) a parabola
(d) the bisector of the line joining (5 , 0) & ( 5 , 0)
1 3 i
Q.5 If x = then the value of the expression, y = x4 – x2 + 6x – 4, equals
2
(a) – 1 + 2 3 i (b) 2 – 2 3 i
(c) 2 + 2 3 i (d) none

COMPLEX NUMBER 30
Q.6 Consider two complex numbers  and  as

2 2
 a  bi   a  bi  z 1
=   +  , where a, b  R and  = , where | z | = 1, then
 a  bi   a  bi  z 1
(a) Both  and  are purely real
(b) Both  and  are purely imaginary
(c)  is purely real and  is purely imaginary
(d)  is purely real and  is purely imaginary
Q.7 Let Z is complex satisfying the equation

z2 – (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m R. Suppose the equation has a real root.
The additive inverse of non real root, is
(a) 1 – i (b) 1 + i (c) – 1 – i (d) –2
Q.8 The minimum value of 1 + z + 1  z where z is a complex number is :

(a) 2 (b) 3/2 (c) 1 (d) 0
334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
Q.9 If i =  1 , then 4 + 5     + 3     is equal to
 2 2   2 2 
(a) 1  i 3 (b)  1 + i 3 (c) i 3 (d)  i 3
Q.10 Let | z – 5 + 12 i |  1 and the least and greatest values of | z | are m and n and if l be the
x 2  24 x  1
least positive value of (x > 0), then l is
x
mn
(a) (b) m + n (c) m (d) n
2
z 1 i  2
Q.11 The system of equations  where z is a complex number has :
Re z  1
(a) no solution (b) exactly one solution
(c) two distinct solutions (d) infinite solution
Q.12 Let C1 and C2 are concentric circles of radius 1 and 8/3 respectively having centre at
(3, 0) on the argand plane. If the complex number z satisfies the inequality, log1/3
 | z  3 |2 2 
  > 1 then :
 11 | z  3 |  2 
(a) z lies outside C1 but inside C2 (b) z lies inside of both C1 and C2
(c) z lies outside both of C1 and C2 (d) none of these

COMPLEX NUMBER 31
Q.13 Identify the incorrect statement.

(a) no non zero complex number z satisfies the equation, z =  4z
(b) z = z implies that z is purely real
(c) z =  z implies that z is purely imaginary
(d) if z1, z2 are the roots of the quadratic equation az2 + bz + c = 0 such that Im (z1 z2)  0
then a, b, c must be real numbers .
Q.14 The equation of the radical axis of the two circles represented by the equations,
z  2 = 3 and z  2  3 i = 4 on the complex plane is :
(a) 3y + 1 = 0 (b) 3y  1 = 0 (c) 2y  1 = 0 (d) none of these
Q.15 If z1 =  3 + 5i ; z2 = – 5 – 3i and z is a complex number lying on the line segment

joining z1 & z2 then arg z can be :
3   5
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
4 4 6 6
Q.16 Given z = f(x) + i g(x) where f, g : ( 0, 1)  (0, 1) are real valued functions then, which
of the following holds good?
1  1  1  1 
(a) z = + i  (b) z = +i  
1  ix  1  ix  1  ix  1  ix 
1  1  1  1 
(c) z = +i   (d) z = +i  
1  ix  1  ix  1  ix  1  ix 
a b
Q.17 z1 = ; z2 = ; z3 = a – bi for a, b  R
1 i 2i
if z1 – z2 = 1 then the centroid of the triangle formed by the points z1 , z2 , z3 in the
argand’s plane is given by
1 1 1 1
(a) (1 + 7i) (b) ( 1 + 7i) (c) (1 – 3i) (d) (1 – 3i)
9 3 3 9
Q.18 Consider the equation 10z2 – 3iz – k = 0, where z is a complex variable and i2 = – 1.
Which of the following statements is True?
(a) For all real positive numbers k, both roots are pure imaginary.
(b) For negative real numbers k, both roots are pure imaginary.
(c) For all pure imaginary numbers k, both roots are real and irrational.
(d) For all complex numbers k, neither root is real.

COMPLEX NUMBER 32
z z
Q.19 Number of complex numbers z such that | z | = 1 and  = 1 is
z z
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) more than 8
Q.20 Number of ordered pairs(s) (a, b) of real numbers such that (a + ib)2008 = a – ib holds
good, is
(a) 2008 (b) 2009 (c) 2010 (d) 1
Answer Key
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 C Q.10 B Q.11 B Q.12 A
Q.13 D Q.14 B Q.15 D Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 B
Q.19 C Q.20 C
Q.1 Consider az2 + bz + c = 0, where a, b, c  R and 4ac > b2.

(i) If z1 and z2 are the roots of the equation given above, then which one of the
following complex numbers is purely real?
(a) z1 z 2 (b) z1 z 2 (c) z1 – z2 (d) (z1 – z2)i
(ii) In the argand's plane, if A is the point representing z1, B is the point representing

OA
z2 and z =  then
OB
(a) z is purely real (b) z is purely imaginary
(c) | z | = 1 (d)  AOB is a scalene triangle.
Q.2 Let z be a complex number having the argument , 0 <  < /2 and satisfying the
6
equality z  3i = 3. Then cot   is equal to :
z
(a) 1 (b)  1 (c) i (d)  i
1
Q.3 If the complex number z satisfies the condition z  3, then the least value of z 
z
is equal to :
(a) 5/3 (b) 8/3 (c) 11/3 (d) none of these

COMPLEX NUMBER 33
   
Q.4 Given zp = cos  P  + i sin  P  , then Lim (z1 z2 z3 .... zn) =
2  2  n 
(a) 1 (b)  1 (c) i (d) – i
Q.5 The maximum & minimum values of z + 1 when z + 3  3 are :

(a) (5 , 0) (b) (6 , 0)
(c) (7 , 1) (d) (5 , 1)
Q.6 If z3 + (3 + 2i) z + (–1 + ia) = 0 has one real root, then the value of 'a' lies in the interval
(a  R)
(a) (– 2, – 1) (b) (– 1, 0)
(c) (0, 1) (d) (1, 2)
Q.7 If | z | = 1 and |  – 1 | = 1 where z,  C, then the largest set of values of

| 2z – 1 |2 + | 2 – 1 |2 equals
(a) [1, 9] (b) [2, 6]
(c) [2, 12] (d) [2, 18]
 2
Q.8 If Arg (z + a) = and Arg (z – a) = ; a  R  , then
6 3
(a) z is independent of a (b) | a | = | z + a |
 
(c) z = a Cis (d) z = a Cis
6 3
Q.9 If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of the  ABC on the complex plane which are also the roots
of the equation,
z3  3 z2 + 3 z + x = 0, then the condition for the  ABC to be equilateral triangle is
(a) 2 =  (b)  = 2
(c) 2 = 3  (d)  = 32
Q.10 The locus represented by the equation, z  1 + z + 1 = 2 is :

(a) an ellipse with focii (1 , 0) ; ( 1 , 0)
(b) one of the family of circles passing through the points of intersection of the circles z
 1 = 1 and z + 1 = 1
(c) the radical axis of the circles z  1 = 1 and z + 1 = 1
(d) the portion of the real axis between the points (1 , 0) ; ( 1 , 0) including both.

COMPLEX NUMBER 34
Q.11 The points z1 = 3 + 3 i and z2 = 2 3 + 6i are given on a complex plane. The complex
number lying on the bisector of the angle formed by the vectors z1 and z2 is :
(a) z =
3  2 3   32
i (b) z = 5 + 5i
2 2
(c) z =  1  i (d) none of these
Q.12 Let z1 & z2 be non zero complex numbers satisfying the equation, z12  2 z1z2 + 2 z22 =
0. The geometrical nature of the triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points
representing z1 & z2 is :
(a) an isosceles right angled triangle
(b) a right angled triangle which is not isosceles
(c) an equilateral triangle
(d) an isosceles triangle which is not right angled .
Q.13 Let P denotes a complex number z on the Argand's plane, and Q denotes a complex
number 2 | z |2 CiS  4    where  = amp z. If 'O' is the origin, then the  OPQ is :
(a) isosceles but not right angled (b) right angled but not isosceles
(c) right isosceles (d) equilateral .
Q.14 On the Argand plane point ' A ' denotes a complex number z1. A triangle OBQ is made
directily similiar to the triangle OAM, where OM = 1 as shown in the figure. If the point
B denotes the complex number z2, then the complex number corresponding to the point '
Q ' is
z
(a) z1 z2 (b) 1
z2
z2 z1  z2
(c) (d)
z1 z2
Q.15 z1 & z2 are two distinct points in an argand plane. If a z1 = b z2 , (where a, b  R)
a z1 b z2
then the point + is a point on the :
b z2 a z1
(a) line segment [  2, 2 ] of the real axis
(b) line segment [  2, 2 ] of the imaginary axis
(c) unit circle z = 1
(d) the line with arg z = tan 1 2 .

COMPLEX NUMBER 35
Q.16 When the polynomial 5x3 + Mx + N is divided by x2 + x + 1 the remainder is 0. The

value of
(M + N) is equal to
(a) – 3 (b) 5 (c) – 5 (d) 15
  1  i  i   |z| 
Q.17 If z = (1 + i)4    then   equals
4    i 1  i   amp z 
(a) 1 (b)  (c) 3 (d) 4
One ore more than one is/are correct:

Q.18 Let z1, z2, z3 be non-zero complex numbers satisfying the equation z4 = iz.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
 3 1
(a) The complex number having least positive argument is  ,  .
 2 2
3

(b)  Amp ( z )  2
k 1
k
 1 1 
(c) Centroid of the triangle formed by z1, z2 and z3 is  , 
 3 3 
3 3
(d) Area of triangle formed by z1, z2 and z3 is
2
Q.19 If z  C, which of the following relation(s) represents a circle on an Argand diagram?

(a) | z – 1 | + | z + 1 | = 3 (b) (z – 3 + i)  z  3  i  = 5
(c) 3| z – 2 + i | = 7 (d) | z – 3 | = 2
Q.20 Let z1, z2, z3 be three complex number such that

z12 z2 z2
 2  3 1  0
| z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | = 1 and
z2 z3 z1 z3 z1 z2
then | z1 + z2 + z3 | can take the value equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

COMPLEX NUMBER 36
Answer Key
Q.1 (i)D, (ii)C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 B
Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 A
Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 A Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 A,B
Q.19 B,C,D Q.20 A,B
Q.1 A root of unity is a complex number that is a solution to the equation, z n = 1 for some
positive integer n. Number of roots of unity that are also the roots of the equation z2 + az
+ b = 0, for some integer a and b is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
1 1
Q.2 z is a complex number such that z + = 2 cos 3°, then the value of z2000 + 2000 + 1 is
z z
equal to
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 3 1 (d) 1 – 3
Q.3 The complex number  satisfying the equation 3 = 8i and lying in the second quadrant
on the complex plane is
3 1
(a) – 3 + i (b) – + i (c) – 2 3 + i (d) – 3 + 2i
2 2
Q.4 If z4 + 1 = 3 i
(a) z3 is purely real
(b) z represents the vertices of a square of side 21/4
(c) z9 is purely imaginary
(d) z represents the vertices of a square of side 23/4.
25
Q.5 The complex number z satisfies the condition z  = 24 . The maximum distance
z
from the origin of co-ordinates to the point z is :
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 32 (d) none of these
Q.6 If the expression x2m + xm + 1 is divisible by x2 + x + 1, then :

(a) m is any odd integer (b) m is divisible by 3
(c) m is not divisible by 3 (d) none of these

COMPLEX NUMBER 37
Q.7 If z1 = 2 + 3 i , z2 = 3 – 2 i and z3 = – 1 – 2 3 i then which of the following is true?

z   z3  z1  z  z 
(a) arg  3  = arg   (b) arg  3  = arg  2 
 z2   z2  z1   z2   z1 
z   z3  z1  z  1  z z 
(c) arg  3  = 2 arg   (d) arg  3  = arg  3 1 
 z2   z2  z1   z2  2  z2  z1 
Q.8 If m and n are the smallest positive integers satisfying the relation
m n
   
 2Cis    4Cis  , then (m + n) has the value equal to
 6  4
(a) 120 (b) 96 (c) 72 (d) 60
Q.9 If z is a complex number satisfying the equation

Z6 + Z3 + 1 = 0.
If this equation has a root rei with 90° <  < 180° then the value of '' is
(a) 100° (b) 110°
(c) 160° (d) 170°
Q.10 Least positive argument of the 4th root of the complex number 2  i 12 is
(a)  6 (b) 5 12
(c) 7 12 (d) 11 12
Q.11 P(z) is the point moving in the Argand's plane satisfying arg(z – 1) – arg(z + i) =  then,
P is
(a) a real number, hence lies on the real axis.
(b) an imaginary number, hence lies on the imaginary axis.
(c) a point on the hypotenuse of the right angled triangle OAB formed by O  (0, 0); A 
(1, 0);B  (0, – 1).
(d) a point on an arc of the circle passing through A  (1, 0); B  (0, – 1).
Q.12 Number of ordered pair(s) (z, ) of the complex numbers z and  satisfying the system
of equations, z3 +  7 = 0 and z5 . 11 = 1 is :
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
Q.13 If p = a + b + c2 ; q = b + c + a2 and r = c + a + b2 where a, b, c  0 and  is the

complex cube root of unity, then :
(a) p + q + r = a + b + c (b) p2 + q2 + r2 = a2 + b2 + c2
(c) p2 + q2 + r2 = 2(pq + qr + rp) (d) none of these

COMPLEX NUMBER 38
A B
Q.14 If A and B be two complex numbers satisfying  = 1. Then the two points
B A
represented by A and B and the origin form the vertices of
(a) an equilateral triangle
(b) an isosceles triangle which is not equilateral
(c) an isosceles triangle which is not right angled
(d) a right angled triangle
Q.15 On the complex plane triangles OAP & OQR are similiar and l
(OA) = 1. If the points P and Q denotes the complex numbers z1 &
z2 then the complex number ' z ' denoted by the point R is given
by :
z z
(a) z1 z2 (b) 1 (c) 2
z2 z1
z1  z2
(d)
z2
2008
Q.16 If 1, 1, 2......., 2008 are (2009)th roots of unity, then the value of  r ( r   2009  r )
r 1
equals
(a) 2009 (b) 2008 (c) 0 (d) – 2009
Paragraph for question nos. 17 to 19
4 z  5i
For the complex number w =
2z 1
Q.17 The locus of z, when w is a real number other than 2, is

(a) a point circle
5 5
(b) a straight line with slope – and y-intercept
2 4
5 5
(c) a straight line with slope and y-intercept
2 4
(d) a straight line passing through the origin

COMPLEX NUMBER 39
Q.18 The locus of z, when w is a purely imaginary number is

1 5
(a) a circle with centre  ,   passing through origin.
2 4
 1 5
(b) a circle with centre   ,  passing through origin.
 4 8
1 5 29
(c) a circle with centre  ,   and radius
 4 8 8
(d) any other circle
Q.19 The locus of z, when | w | = 1 is

 5 1 1
(a) a circle with centre   ,  and radius
 8 4 2
 1 5 1
(b) a circle with centre  ,   and radius
 4 8 2
5 1 1
(c) a circle with centre  ,   and radius
 8 4  2
(d) any other circle
Paragraph for question nos. 20 to 22
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below.

 z 1 
A = {z : | z +1 |  2 + Re(z)}, B = {z : | z –1 |  1} and C =  z :  1
 z 1 
Q.20 The number of point(s) having integral coordinates in the region A B C is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 10
Q.21 The area of region bounded by A B C is

(a) 2 3 (b) 3 (c) 4 3 (d) 2
Q.22 The real part of the complex number in the region A B C and having maximum
amplitude is
3 1
(a) –1 (b) (c) (d) – 2
2 2

COMPLEX NUMBER 40
Answer Key
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 D Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 B Q.11 C Q.12 D
Q.13 C Q.14 A Q.15 A Q.16 D Q.17 C Q.18 B
Q.19 D Q.20 B Q.21 A Q.22 B
Q.1 If the six solutions of x6 = – 64 are written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real, then
the product of those solutions with a > 0, is
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 64
Q.2 Number of imaginary complex numbers satisfying the equation, z2 = z 21| z| is

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
z1  z2
Q.3 If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers & if arg = z1  z 2 but  z1  z 2 then
z1  z2
the figure formed by the points represented by 0, z1, z2 & z1 + z2 is :
(a) a parallelogram but not a rectangle or a rhombous
(b) a rectangle but not a square
(c) a rhombous but not a square (d) a square
 
Q.4 If zn = cos + i sin , then Limit (z1 . z2 . z3 . ...... zn) =
(2 n  1) (2n  3) (2 n  1) (2n  3) n
   
(a) cos + i sin (b) cos + i sin
3 3 6 6
5 5 3 3
(c) cos + i sin (d) cos + i sin
6 6 2 2
Q.5 The straight line (1 + 2i)z + (2i – 1) z = 10i on the complex plane, has intercept on the
imaginary axis equal to
5 5
(a) 5 (b) (c) – (d) – 5
2 2

COMPLEX NUMBER 41
Q.6 If cos  + i sin  is a root of the equation xn + a1xn  1 + a2 xn  2 + ...... + an  1x + an = 0

n
then the value of 
r 1
ar cos r  equals (where all coefficient are real)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) none of these
Q.7 Let A(z1) and B(z2) represent two complex numbers on the complex plane. Suppose the
z z
complex slope of the line joining A and B is defined as 1 2 . Then the lines l1 with
z1  z2
complex slope 1 and l2 with complex slope 2 on the complex plane will be
perpendicular to each other if
(a) 1 + 2 = 0 (b) 1 – 2 = 0 (c) 1 2 = –1 (d) 1 2 = 1
Q.8 If the equation, z4 + a1z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 0, where a1, a2, a3, a4 are real coefficients
a3 aa
different from zero has a pure imaginary root then the expression + 1 4 has the
a1 a2 a2 a3
value equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  2 (d) 2
Q.9 Suppose A is a complex number & n  N, such that An = (A + 1)n = 1, then the least
value of n is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
Q.10 Intercept made by the circle z z +  z +  z + r = 0 on the real axis on complex plane, is
(a) (   )  r (b) (   ) 2  2r
(c) (   ) 2  r (d) (   ) 2  4r
50
Q.11 If Zr ; r = 1, 2, 3,..., 50 are the roots of the equation  (Z)r = 0, then the value of
r 0
50
1

r 1 Zr  1
is
(a)  85 (b)  25 (c) 25 (d) 75
Q.12 All roots of the equation, (1 + z)6 + z6 = 0 :

(a) lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin
(b) lie on a unit circle with centre at (- 1, 0)
(c) lie on the vertices of a regular polygon with centre at the origin
(d) are collinear

COMPLEX NUMBER 42
Q.13 If z & w are two complex numbers simultaneously satisfying the equations,
z3 + w5 = 0 and z2 . w4 = 1 , then :
(a) z and w both are purely real
(b) z is purely real and w is purely imaginary
(c) w is purely real and z is purely imaginarly
(d) z and w both are imaginary .
Q.14 A function f is defined by f (z) = (4 + i)z2 + z +  for all complex numbers z, where 
and  are complex numbers. If f (1) and f (i) are both real then the smallest possible
value of |  | + |  | equals
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 2
Q.15 Given f (z) = the real part of a complex number z. For example, f (3 – 4i) = 3. If a  N, n
6a n
 N then the value of  log 2 f  1  i 3  has the value equal to
 
n 1  
2
(a) 18a + 9a 2
(b) 18a + 7a (c) 18a2 – 3a (d) 18a2 – a
Q.16 It is given that complex numbers z1 and z2 satisfy | z1 | = 2 and | z2 | = 3. If the included
z1  z 2 N
angle of their corresponding vectors is 60° then can be expressed as
z1  z 2 7
where N is natural number then N equals
(a) 126 (b) 119 (c) 133 (d) 19
Q.17 Let f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c be a cubic polynomial with real coefficients and all real
roots. Also | f (i) | = 1 where i  1
Statement-1: All 3 roots of f (x) = 0 are zero
because
Statement-2: a + b + c = 0
(a) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Q.18 All complex numbers 'z' which satisfy the relation z  | z  1 | = z  | z  1 | on the
complex plane lie on the
(a) line y = 0 or an ellipse with foci (– 1, 0) and (1, 0)
(b) radical axis of the circles | z – 1 | = 1 and | z + 1 | = 1
(c) circle x2 + y2 = 1
(d) line x = 0 or on a line segment joining (–1, 0) to (1, 0)

COMPLEX NUMBER 43
One ore more than one is/are correct:

Q.19 Let A and B be two distinct points denoting the complex numbers  and  respectively.
A complex number z lies between A and B where z , z . Which of the following
relation(s) hold good?
(a) | – z | + | z – | = | – |
(b)  a positive real number 't' such that z = (1 – t)  + t
z  z  z z 1
(c) =0 (d)   1 =0
      1
Q.20 Equation of a straight line on the complex plane passing through a point P denoting the

complex number  and perpendicular to the vector O P where 'O' is the origin can be
written as
 z    z  
(a) Im   0 (b) Re  0
     
(c) Re( z)  0 (d)  z   z  2 |  |2  0
Q.21 Which of the following represents a point on an argands' plane, equidistant from the roots
of the equation (z + 1)4 = 16z4?
 1  1   2 
(a) (0, 0) (b)   , 0  (c)  , 0  (d)  0, 
 3  3   5
Q.22 If z is a complex number which simultaneously satisfies the equations

3 | z – 12 | = 5 |z – 8i | and | z – 4 | = | z – 8 | then the Im(z) can be
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 8
Q.23 Let z1, z2, z3 are the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle A1 A2 A3. Which of the
following statements are equivalent.
(a) A1A2 A3 is an equilateral triangle.
(b) (z1 + z2 + 2z3)(z1 + 2 z2 + z3) = 0, where  is the cube root of unity.
z2  z1 z z
(c) = 3 2
z3  z 2 z1  z3
1 1 1
(d) z1 z2 z3 = 0
z2 z3 z1

COMPLEX NUMBER 44
n 1
Q.24 If 1, 2, 3 , .......,n – 1 are the imaginary nth roots of unity then the product  i   
r 1
r
(where i   1 ) can take the value equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) i (d) (1 + i)
[MATCH THE COLUMN]
Q.25 Match the equation in z, in Column-I with the corresponding values of arg(z) in
Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(equations in z) (principal value of arg (z) )
2
(a) z – z + 1 = 0 (P)– 2 3
(b) z2 + z + 1 = 0 (Q)–  3
(c) 2z2 + 1 + i 3 = 0 (R)  3
(d) 2z2 + 1 – i 3 = 0 (S) 2 3
Answer Key
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 A Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 D
Q.13 A Q.14 B Q.15 D Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 D
Q.19 A, B,C,D Q.20 B, D Q.21 C Q.22 C, D Q.23 A,B,C, D
Q.24 A,B,C, D Q.25 (a) Q, R; (b) P, S; (c) Q, S; (d) P, R

COMPLEX NUMBER 45
1.19. ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISES :
ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE - 1
Q.1 (a) If i Z3 + Z2  Z + i = 0, then find | Z |.

z1  2 z2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 |  1, find
2  z1 z 2
| z1 |.
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of,
z  z1 
is , then prove that z  7  9i= 3 2 .
z  z2 4
Q.2 Show that the product,

22 2n
1  i    1  i    1  i  
2
  1  i    1 
1   2   1   2   1   2   ...... 1   2   is equal to  1  2n 
                 2 
(1+ i) where n  2 .
Q.3 Let z1, z2 be complex numbers with | z1 | = | z2 | = 1, prove that | z1 + 1 | + | z2 + 1 | + | z1z2
+ 1 |  2.
Q.4 Let A = {a  R | the equation (1 + 2i)x3 – 2(3 + i)x2 + (5 – 4i)x + 2a2 = 0}
has at least one real root. Find the value of  a 2 .
a A
Q.5 P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R
are taken such that  POQ =  QOR = . If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are
represented by the complex numbers Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2  =
Z1 . Z3 cos².
Q.6 Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t 1, t2, t3 are non-negative
real numbers such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3
lies inside a triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
Q.7 Let A  z1 ; B  z2; C  z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute
angled triangle. If the origin ‘O’ is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z1 z2 + z1 z2 = z2 z3 + z2 z3 = z3 z1 + z3 z1
hence show that the  ABC is a right angled triangle  z1 z2 + z1 z2 = z2 z3 + z2 z3 = z3 z1
+ z3 z1 = 0

COMPLEX NUMBER 46
Q.8 Let  + i;  R, be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0; q, r  R. Find a real

cubic equation, independent of  & , whose one root is 2.
Q.9 If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle
e2iA eiC eiB
D= eiC e2iB eiA where i = 1 then find the value of D.
iB iA 2 iC
e e e
Im Z 5
Q.10 If Z is a non-real complex number, then find the minimum value of .
Im5 Z
n
 1  sin   i cos    n   n 
Q.11 Prove that   = cos   n  + i sin   n  . Hence deduce that
 1  sin   i cos    2   2 
5 5
     
 1  sin  i cos  + i  1  sin  i cos  = 0
 5 5  5 5
Q.12 If cos (  ) + cos (  ) + cos (  ) =  3/2 then prove that:

(a)  cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2 (b)  sin (+ ) = 0 =  cos (+ )
(c)  sin2  =  cos2  = 3/2 (d)  sin 3 = 3 sin (+ + )
(e)  cos 3 = 3 cos (+ + )
(f) cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) = 3 cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) where
R.
Q.13 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4·sin
 
·cos = 1.
10 5
Q.14 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y=1i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime

p > 3.
Q.15 Dividing f(z) by z  i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the
remainder
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.16 (a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be
the sets defined by
A = {z | | z |  2} and B = {z | (1 – i)z + (1 + i) z  4}. Find the area of the region
A  B.
1
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = , where i = 1 . If there exist
xi
real number a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b) , f
(c) and f
(d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of the square.

COMPLEX NUMBER 47
Answer Key
Q.1 (a) 1, (b) 2 Q.4 18 Q.8 x3 + q x  r = 0
Q.9 –4
Q.10 –4 Q.13 (Z + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 108° + 1)
iz 1
Q.15  i Q.16 (a)  – 2 ; (b) ½
2 2
1
1. If z   a , where z is a complex number and a > 0. Find the greatest value of z
z
2. If z1  2 z 2  5 z 3  4 z 4  0 , prove that the points z1, z2, z3 and z4 are concyclic if

2 2
z1  z 2  10 z 3  z 4 .
8
3. Solve the equation z  1  0 and deduce that
   3   5   7 
cos 4  8 cos   cos   cos  cos   cos   cos   cos   cos 
 8  8  8  8 
10
4. Solve the equation x  1  0 and deduce that
  
 sin 2   2 
sin 5  5 sin  1   1  sin  
 2   2 2 
 sin   sin 
 5  5 
7  3 5  1
5. Solve the equation x  1  0 and deduce that cos cos cos 
7 7 7 8
6. Find z such that z  2  2i  1 and z has
(i) least absolute value

(ii) numerically least amplitude

COMPLEX NUMBER 48
 2 i 2   2 i 6   5

, C  2 e 6
i
Consider a triangle formed by the points A     . Let P(z)
7.
 3 e , B 3 e   3 
     
2 2 2
be any point on it’s in-circle. Prove that AP  BP  CP  5 .
8. z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers and p, q, r are real numbers such that
p q r p2 q2 r2
  . Prove that   0.
z 2  z3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2 z 2  z 3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2
4 4
9. Find all the roots of the equation 3z  1   z  2   0 in the simplified form.
1 1 1 1 2
10. If     , where a, b, c are real and  is a non real cube root of
a  b  c  d  
unity then prove that
1 1 1 1 2
(a) 2
 2
 2
 2
 2 (b)  abc = 2
a  b c  d  
1 1 1 1
(c) a + b + c + d = 2abcd (d)    2
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
3 2
11. Show that the equation az  bz  b z  a  0 has a root , such that   1 . a, b, z and 
belong to the set of complex numbers.
12. The radius of the circle circumscribed about regular n-gon A1 A2……An is equal to R. Prove that
(a) the sum of the square of all sides and of the squares of all diagonals of the n-gon is equal to
nR2 ;
 R 
(b) the sum of all sides and of all diagonal of n-gon is equal to n cot  ;
 2n 
(c) the product of all sides and of all diagonals of the n-gon is equal to n n/2 R   .
n n 1 /2
13. If n is an odd integer greater than 3 but not a multiple of 3, prove that
n

[  x  y   x n  y n is divisible by xy  x  y  x  xy  y
2 2


COMPLEX NUMBER 49
5 3 2
14. Find the roots common to the equations x  x  x  1  0 , x4 = 1
15. If  is the nth root of unity and z1 and z2 are any two complex number prove that
n 1
2
z
k 0
1 
  k z 2  n z1  z 2
2 2
 , n  N.
3n
 3i
16. Prove that   1  0 for all odd integral values of n.
 3  i 
 
1 z2n  1
17. If z +  2 cos    the prove that 2n  tan  
z z 1
n 1
 2k  n
18. Prove that   n  k  cos 
k 1 n 

2
19. Two different non-parallel lines meet the circle |z| = r, one at points a and b and other touches at
2c 1  a 1  b 1
c. Show that the point of intersection of two lines is .
c 2  a 1b1
20. The verticles of a triangle represent the complex numbers z1, z3 and z3
2
 z 2  z3  z1
(i) Prove that area of the triangle is  4iz1
(ii) Prove the length of the altitude of the triangle through the vertex z1.
Answer Key
a  a2  4 r r
1. z  , 5. x  cos  i sin , where r = 0, 1, 2, … 9.
2 5 5
6. (i) z 
2 2 1   i  2 2  1
 (ii)  
7 cos  sin 1
1  
  i sin   sin 1
1 

 2 
2   4 2 2 4 2 2 
14. 1, –1
2
 1  z2  z3  z1 
20. 
 z2  z3
 2iz1



COMPLEX NUMBER 50
p q r
Q.1 If q r p  0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of nonzero complex numbers u, v, w
r p q
2
w  wu 
respectively, prove that, arg = arg   .
v  v u 
Q.2 Let Z = 18 + 26i where Z0 = x0 + iy0 (x0, y0  R) is the cube root of Z having least
positive argument. Find the value of x0 y0(x0 + y0).
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate
 Im( z )
axes in the Argand’s plane. Further show that |z| =
2 Re( z ) Im( z )  1
Q.4 If  is the fifth root of 2 and x =  + 2, prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
Q.5 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip) z + q + iq = 0
where p , p, q , q are all real.
(i) if the equation has one real root then q 2  pp  q + qp 2 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p2  p2 = 4q & pp = 2q .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a)  Re( Z r ) and (b)  Im(Z )
r
r 1 r 1
Q.7 Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent
them are collinear on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of
2 2
 m  2  m 
the equation  2 sin  Z +  2 sin  Z + 1 = 0.
 n   n 
Q.8 If the expression z5 – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real
coefficients as
(z5 – 32) = (z – 2)(z2 – pz + 4)(z2 – qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :
1 z z
z1 + z2   | z1 |  | z2 |  1  2 .
2 | z1 | | z2 |

COMPLEX NUMBER 51
Q.10 If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m  N are the roots of the equation

2m
1
Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that  = m
r 1 Zr 1
Q.11 (i) Let Cr's denotes the combinatorial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x) n, n 
N. If the integers
an = C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + ........
bn = C1 + C4 + C7 + C10 + ........
and cn = C2 + C5 + C8 + C11 + ........, then
prove that (a) an3  bn3  cn3 – 3anbncn = 2n, (b) (an – bn)2 + (bn – cn)2 + (cn – an)2 = 2.
(ii) Prove the identity: (C0 – C2 + C4 – C6 + .....)2 + (C1 – C3 + C5 – C7 + .......)2 =2n
Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the

Argand diagram taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3 & (ii) 2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
n
1  i x  1  ia
Q.13 Show that all the roots of the equation    a  R are real and distinct.
1  i x  1  ia
Q.14 Prove that:

(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ..... + nCn cos (n + 1)
x n  2
x = 2n .cosn . cos  x
2  2 
x n  2
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + ..... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . sin  x
2  2 
 2   4   6   2n  1
(c) cos   + cos   + cos   + ..... + cos   =  When
 2n  1  2n  1  2n  1  2n  1 2
n  N.
Q.15 Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn – 1 + ...... + an – 1z + an = n,
where | ai |  1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius
n 1
.
n
Q.16 The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex
1
plane & the angle B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to (   ) . Show that
2

(z2  z3)² = 4 (z3  z1) (z1  z2) sin2 .
2

COMPLEX NUMBER 52
Q.17 A particle starts to travel from a point P on the curve C1 : |z – 3 – 4i| = 5, where | z | is
3
maximum. From P, the particle moves through an angle tan–1 in anticlockwise
4
direction on |z – 3 – 4i| = 5 and reaches at point Q. From Q, it comes down parallel
to imaginary axis by 2 units and reaches at point R. Find the complex number
corresponding to point R in the Argand plane.
p
32  10  2q  2q
Q.18 Evaluate:  (3 p  2)    sin 11  i cos 11
 .
p 1  q 1  
a b c
Q.19 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that = = = k. Find the
1 b 1 c 1 a
value of k.
Q.20 Let ,  be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2 2
z   + z   = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and
radius of the circle.
Q.21 C is the complex number. f : C  R is defined by f (z) = | z3 – z + 2|. Find the maximum
value of f (z) if | z | = 1.
Q.22 Let f (x) = log cos 3 x (cos 2 i x ) if x  0 and f (0) = K (where i = 1 ) is continuous at x
= 0 then find the value of K.
2i 20
If  = e
7
Q.23 and f(x) = A0 
k 1
+ Ak xk, then find the value of, f (x) + f (x) + ...... +
f(6x) independent of .

Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 – 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d  R) has 4 non real roots, two
with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.
Answer Key
7
Q.2 12 Q.6 (a) – , (b) zero Q.8 4 Q.17 (3+ 7i)
2
1 2
Q.18 48(1 - i) Q.19 –  or – 2 Q.20 k >  
2
Q.21 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where  is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
4
Q.22 K=– Q.23 7A0 + 7A7 x7 + 7A14 x14 Q.24 198 Q.25 51
9

COMPLEX NUMBER 53
1.20. JEE ( MAIN) CORNER

10
 2k 2k 
1. The value of   sin  i cos  is : (2006)
k 1  11 11 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) –i (d) i
2. If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is complex number, then the value of (2006)
2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   1 
 z   + z  2  + z  3  +.......+  z 6  6  is :
 z  z   z   z 
(a) 54 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 18
3. If |z + 4|  3, then the maximum value of |z + 1| is (2007)
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 0
1
4. The conjugate of a complex number is . Then, that complex number is- (2008)
i –1
1 1 1 1
(a) – (b) (c) – (d)
i –1 i 1 i 1 i –1
4
5. If z  = 2, then the maximum value of |z| is equal to : (2009)
z
(a) 5 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 3 1
6. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 – x + 1 = 0, then  2009   2009  (2010)
(a) – 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2
7. The number of complex numbers z such that | z – 1| = | z + 1| = |z – i| equals (2010)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)  (d) 0
8. Let  ,  be real and z be a complex number. If z 2   z    0 has two distinct roots on
the line Re z  1 , then it is necessary that: (2011)
(a)     1, 0  (b)  1 (c)   1,   (d)    0,1
7
9. If    1 is a cube root of unity, and 1     A  B . Then  A, B  equals (2011)
(a) 1,1 (b) 1,0 (c)  1,1 (d)  0,1
 0 
10. It   1is the complex cube root of unity and matrix H    , then H 70 is equal to –
 0 
(2011 RS)
2
(a) 0 (b) H (c) H (d) H

COMPLEX NUMBER 54
z2
11. If z  1 and is real, then the point represented by the complex number z lies: (2012)
z 1
(a) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the origin
(b) on a circle with centre at the origin
(c) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through the origin
(d) on the imaginary axis.
1 z 
12. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument  , then arg   equals:
1 z 
(JEE M 2013)

(a)  (b)  (c)  (d)  
2
Z2
13. If Z1  0& Z 2 be two complex such that is a purely imaginary number, then
Z1
2 Z1  3 Z 2
is equal to : (JEE M 2013 ONLINE)
2 Z 1  3Z 2
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1
14. If a complex number z satisfies the equation z  2 z  1  i  0, then z is equal to :
(JEE M 2013 ONLINE)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1
 1 z2 
15. Let a  Im   , where z is any non – zero complex number..
 2i z 
The set A  a : z  1& z   1 is equal to : (JEE M 2013 ONLINE)
(a) (– 1. 1) (b) [–1, 1 ] (c) [0, 1) (d) ( – 1, 0]
16. Let z satisfy z  1& z  1  z .
Statement 1 : z is a real number.

Statement 2 : Principal argument of z is . (JEE M 2013 ONLINE)
3
(a) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

COMPLEX NUMBER 55
1
17. If z is a complex number such that z  2 , then the minimum value of | z  |:
2
(JEE M 2014)
5
(a) is equal to
2
(b) lies in the interval (1, 2)
5
(c) is strictly greater than
2
3 5
(d) is strictly greater than but less than
2 2
18. Let   Im   0  , be a complex number. Then the set of all complex number z satisfying
the equation    z  k 1  z  , w - wz = k (1- z) , for some real number k, is
(JEE M 2014 ONLINE)
(a) { z : z = 1} (b) z : z  z
(c)  z : z  1 (d) z : z  1, z  1
z i
19. Let z  i , be any complex number such that is a purelt imaginary number. Then
z i
1
z  , is : (JEE M 2014 ONLINE)
z
(a) 0 (b) any non-zero real number other than 1.
(c) any non-zero real number. (d) a purely imaginary number.
z  z 
20. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are 2 pairs of complex conjugate numbers, then arg  1   arg  2 
 z4   z3 
equals: (JEE M 2014 ONLINE)

(a) 0 (b)
2
3
(c) (d) 
2
21. For all complex numbers z of the form 1 i ,   R, if z2 = x + iy, then
(JEE M 2014 ONLINE)
2 2
(a) y – 4x + 2 = 0 (b) y + 4x – 4 = 0
(c) y2 – 4x – 4 = 0 (d) y2 + 4x + 2 = 0

COMPLEX NUMBER 56
22. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if |z| = 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex
z1  2 z 2
numbers such that is unimodular and z1 is not unimodular. Then the point z1 lies
2  z1 z 2
on a : (JEE M 2015)
(a) straight line parallel to x – axis (b) straight line parallel to y-axis
(c) circle of radius 2 (d) circle of radius 2
23. The largest value of r for which the region represented by the set   C /   4  i  r  is
contained in the region represented by the set  z  C / 4  1  z  i  , is equal to :

(JEE M 2015 ONLINE)
3 5
(a) 17 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
2 2
24. If 2 + 3i is one of the roots of the equation 2x3 – 9x2 + kx – 13 = 0, k R , then the real
root of this equation : (JEE M 2015 ONLINE)
1
(a) does not exist. (b) exists and is equal to
2
1
(c) exists and is equal to  (d) exists and is equal to 1.
2
Im z 5
25. If z is a non – real complex number, then the minimum value of 5 is :
 Im z 
(JEE M 2015 ONLINE)
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –4 (d) –5

2  3i sin 
26. A value of  for which , is purely imaginary, is : (JEE M 2016)
1  2i sin 
 1     3
(a) sin 1   (b) (c) (d) sin 1  
 3 3 6  4 
27. The point represented by 2 + i in the Argand plane moves 1 unit eastwards, then 2 units
northwards and finally from there 2 2 units in the south-westwards direction. Then its
new position in the Argand plane is at the point represented by :
(JEE M 2016 ONLINE)
(a) 2 + 2 i (b) – 2 – 2 i (c) 1 + I (d) – 1 – i

COMPLEX NUMBER 57
28. Let z = 1 + ai be a complex number, a > 0 such that z3 is a real number. Then the sum
1 + z + z2 +....+ z11 is equal to (JEE M 2016 ONLINE)
(a)  1250 3 i (b) 1250 3 i (c)  1365 3 i (d) 1365 3 i
29. Let  be a complex number such that 2  1  z where z  3. If

1 1 1
1   1  2  3k , then k is equal to:
2
(JEE 2017)
1 2 7
(a) z (b) z (c) 1 (d) 1
Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C C C C A B A C A D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A C D C D D B D C A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
B C D B C A C C A

COMPLEX NUMBER 58
1.21. JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER
w  wz
1. If is purely real where w    i  ,   0 and z  1 , then the set of the values of z is
1 z
(2006 – 3 M, - 1)
(a)  z : z  1 
(b) z : z  z 
(c)  z : z  1 (d)  z : z  1, z  1
2. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards the north – east (N 45° E)
direction. From there, he walks a distance of 4 units towards the north – west (N 45° W)
direction to reach a point P. Then the position of P in the Argand plane is
(a) 3e i / 4  4 i (b)  3  4i  ei /4
(c)  4  3i  ei /4 (d)  3  4i  ei /4
z
3. If |z| = 1 and z  1 , then all the values of lie on (2007 – 3 marks)
1 z2
(a) A line not passing through the origin (b) | z | 2
(c) the x – axis (d) the y – axis
4. A particle P starts from the point z 0  1  2i , where i  1 . It moves horizontally away

from origin by 5 units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z1 .
From z1 the particle moves 2 units in the direction of the vector i  j and then it moves

through an angle in anticlockwise direction on a circle with centre at origin, to reach a
2
point z 2 . The point z 2 is given by (2008)
(a) 6 + 7i (b) – 7 + 6i (c) 7 + 6i (d) – 6 + 7i
PASSAGE – I
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below
A   z : Im z  1
B   z :| z  2  i | 3

C  z : Re  (1  i) z   2 
5. The number of elements in the set A  B  C is (2008)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 

COMPLEX NUMBER 59
6. Let z be any point in A  B  C . Then, | z  1  i |2  | z  5  i |2 lies between (2008)

(a) 25 and 29 (b) 30 and 34 (c) 35 and 39 (d) 40 and 44
7. Let z be any point A  B  C and let w be any point satisfying | w  2  i | 3 . Then,

| z |  | w |  3 lies between (2008)
(a) – 6 and 3 (b) – 3 and 6 (c) – 6 and 6 (d) - 3 and 9
15
8. Let z = cos   i sin  . Then the value of  Im  z
m 1
2 m 1
 at   2 is (2009)
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin 2 3sin 2 2 sin 2 4 sin 2
9. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers. Then the area of the
3
rectangle whose vertices are the roots of the equation z z  zz 3  350 is (2009)
(a) 48 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 80
10. Let z1 and z 2 be two distinct complex numbers and let z  1  t  z1  tz 2 for some real
number t with 0 < t < 1. If Arg(w) denotes the principal argument of a non-zero complex
number w, then (2010)
(a) | z  z1 |  | z  z 2 || z1  z 2 | (b) Arg  z  z1   Arg  z  z 2 
z  z1 z  z1
(c) (d) Arg  z  z1   Arg  z 2  z1 
z 2  z1 z 2  z1
INTEGER VALUE CORRECT TYPE :

11. If z is any complex number satisfying | z  3  2i | 2 , then the minimum value of
| 2 z  6  5i | is (2011)
i
12. Let   e , a, b, c, x, y, z be non – zero complex numbers such that
3
(2011)
a  b  c  x , a  b  c 2  y , a  b 2  c  z .
| x |2  | y |2  | z |2
Then the value of is
| a |2  | b |2  | c |2

COMPLEX NUMBER 60
13. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of z is non – zero and
a  z 2  z  1 is real. Then a cannot take the value (2012)
1 1 3
(a) – 1 (b) (c) (d) .
3 2 4
1 2 2
14. Let complex numbers  and lie on circles  x  x0    y  y 0   r 2 and

2 2 2
 x  x0    y  y0   4r 2 respectively. If z0  x0  iy 0 satisfies the equation 2 z 0  r 2  2
, then   (JEE Adv. 2013)
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) .
2 2 7 3
3 i  1
15. Let w  and P = w n : n  1, 2, 3, ... . Further H1   z  C : Re z   and
2  2
 1 
H 2   z  C : Re z   , where c is the set of all complex numbers. If
 2
z1  P  H1 , z2  P  H 2 and O represents the origin, the  z1Oz 2  (JEE Adv. 2013)
  2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 6
PASSAGE – II
  z 1  3 i  
Let S  S1  S 2  S 3 , where S1   z  C :| z | 4 , S 2   z  C : Im    0  and
  1 3 i  
S 3   z  C : Re z  0 .
16. Area of S = (JEE Adv. 2013)

10 20 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
17. Min | 1  3i  z | z S (JEE Adv. 2013)

2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

COMPLEX NUMBER 61
 2k    2k  
18. Let Z k  cos    i sin   ; k  1, 2,......, 9 (JEE Adv. 2014)
 10   10 
List I List II
P. For each zk there exists a z j such that zk  z j  1 1. True
Q. There exists a k  1, 2,..., 9 such that z1  z  zk has no solution 2. False
z in the set of complex numbers.
| 1  z1 ||1  z 2 | ... |1  z 9 |
R. equals 3. 1
10
9  2k  
S. 1   k 1 cos   equals 4. 2
 10 
P Q S R
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 1 4 3
(C) 1 2 4 3
(D) 2 1 3 4
 k   k 
19. For any integer k , let  k  cos    i sin   , where i   1. The value of the
 7   7 
12

k 1
k 1  k
expression 3
is (JEE Adv. 2015)

k 1
4 k 1   4k  2
1  3 i   z  r z2s 
20. Let z  , where i  
1 and r , s {1, 2, 3}. Let P   2 s  and I be the
2  z z r 
identity order of matrix 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which
P2 – I, is (JEE Adv. 2016)

COMPLEX NUMBER 62
 1 
21. Let a, bR & a2  b2  0. Suppose S   z  R : z  , t  R, t  0  , where i   1. If
 a  ibt 
z = x + iy and zS, then (x, y) lies on : (JEE Adv. 2016)
1  1 
(a) The circle of radius and centre  , 0  for a  0, b  0.
2a  2a 
1  1 
(b) The circle of radius  and centre  , 0  for a  0, b  0.
2a  2a 
(c) The x – axis for a  0, b  0.
(d) The y – axis for a  0, b  0.
22. Let a, b, x and y be real numbers such that a  b  1 and y  0. If the complex number
 az  b 
z  x  iy satisfies Im    y, then which of the following is (are) possible value(s)
 z 1 
of x? (2017)
(a) 1  1  y 2 (b) 1  1  y 2 (c) 1  1  y 2 (d) 1  1  y 2
Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D D D B C D D A ACD
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
5 3 D C CD B C C 4 1
21 22
ACD AB

BASIC MATHEMATICS 1
POINTS, STRAIGHT LINE &

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (POINTS) 63 – 71
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (STRAIGHT LINE) 72 – 81
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES) 82 – 87
 SOLVED EXAMPLES 88 – 90
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISES (01 to 05) 91 – 102
 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISES # 01 102 – 104
 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 111 – 117
 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 118 – 120
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘POINTS, STRAIGHT LINE & PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES’

IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
2015 2 8/120
2016 1 4/120
2017 1 4/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
2015 0 0/168
2016 1 4/124
2017 1 3/120

2 ELECTROSTATICS
CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES 63
RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES

1.1. INTRODUCTION
1
Co-ordinates of a point are the real variables associated in
Y
an order to a point to describe its location in some space.
Qu adrant II Quadrant I
Here the space is the two dimensional plane. The work of
(–,+) (+,+)
describing the position of a point in a plane by an ordered X' X
pair of real numbers can be done in different ways. Quadrant III O Quadrant IV
The two lines XOX' and YOY' divide the plane in four (–,–) (+,–)
quadrants. XOY, YOX', X' OY', Y'OX are respectively Y'
called the first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrants. We assume the directions
of OX, OY as positive while the directions of OX', OY' as negative.
1.2. CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES OF A POINT
This is the most popular co-ordinate system. Y
Let us consider two intersecting lines XOX' and YOY', M

x P(x , y)
y
which are perpendicular to each other. Let P be any point
X X
in the plane of lines. Draw the rectangle OLPM with its O L
adjacent sides OL,OM along the lines XOX', YOY'

respectively. The position of the point P can be fixed in the Y
plane provided the locations as well as the magnitudes of OL, OM are known.
 Note:  Co-ordinates of the origin is (0, 0).

 The y co-ordinate of every point on x-axis is zero.
 The x co-ordinate of every point on y-axis is zero.
1.3. POLAR CO-ORDINATES
Let OX be any fixed line which is usually called the initial line and O Y P(r,)
be a fixed point on it. If distance of any point P from the O is 'r' and
r
XOP   , then (r,  ) are called the polar co-ordinates of a point P. 
X X
If (x, y) are the cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then O
2 2  y
x  r cos  ; y  r sin  and r  x  y , where   tan 1  
Y'
x

64 RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES
1.4. DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) is given by Y Q
P R
PQ  ( PR) 2  (QR) 2  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2 X
O
X
Y
 Note:  The distance of a point M ( x0 , y 0 ) from origin O (0, 0)
OM  ( x02  y02 ) .
 When the line PQ is parallel to the y-axis, the abscissa of point P and
Q will be equal i.e, x1  x 2 ;  PQ | y 2  y1 |
 When the segment PQ is parallel to the x-axis, the ordinate of the
points P and Q will be equal i.e., y1  y 2 . Therefore PQ | x2  x1 |
1.4.1. | Distance between two points in polar co-ordinates :

Let O be the pole and OX be the initial line. Let P and P(r1 ,1 )
Q be two given points whose polar co-ordinates are

Q(r2 ,2 )
( r1 , 1 ) and ( r2 ,  2 ) respectively. r1 (1 -2 )
r2
Then OP  r1 , OQ  r2 1
2
O X
 POX  1 and  QOX   2 M
then  POQ  (1   2 )
(OP)2  (OQ)2  ( PQ)2

In POQ , from cosine rule cos(1  2 ) 
2OP. OQ
 ( PQ ) 2  r12  r22  2 r1r2 cos(1   2 )  PQ  r12  r22  2r1r2 cos(1  2 )
 Note:  Always taking  1 and  2 in radians.
1.5. GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS

1.5.1. | Properties of triangles :
(i) In any triangle ABC , AB  BC  AC and | AB  BC | AC .
(ii) The ABC is equilateral  AB  BC  CA .
(iii) The ABC is a right angled triangle  AB 2  AC 2  BC 2 or
AC 2  AB 2  BC 2 or BC 2  AB 2  AC 2 .
(iv) The ABC is isosceles  AB  BC or BC  CA or AB  AC .

1.5.2. | Properties of quadrilaterals :

(i) The quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram if and only if
(a) AB  D C , A D  BC , or
(b) The middle points of BD and AC are the same,

In a parallelogram diagonals AC and BD are not equal and   .
2
(ii) The quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle if and only if C
D
(a) AB  CD , AD  BC and AC 2  AB2  BC 2 or, 
(b) AB  CD, AD  BC , AC  BD or,

(c) The middle points of AC and BD are the same and A B
AC=BD. (    /2 )
(iii) The quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus (but not a square) if and only if
(a) AB  B C  C D  D A and AC  BD or,
D C
(b) The middle points of AC and BD are the same and 
AB  AD but AC  BD . (   / 2)
A
(iv) The quadrilateral ABCD is a square if and only if D
B
C
(a) AB  B C  C D  D A and AC  BD or 
(b) the middle points of AC and BD are the same
and AC  BD , AB  AD . A B
 Note:  Diagonals of square, rhombus, rectangle and parallelogram always bisect

each other.
 Diagonals of rhombus and square bisect each other at right angle.
 Four given points are collinear, if area of quadrilateral is zero.
1.6. SECTION FORMULAE
If P ( x , y ) divides the join of A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) in the ratio m1 : m2 ( m1 , m2  0)

1.6.1. | Internal division :
If P ( x , y ) divides the segment AB internally in the ratio of m1 : m 2
PA m1
 
PB m2 (x2 ,y2 )
B
The co-ordinates of P ( x , y ) are
m1 x2  m2 x1 m y  m2 y1 P (x , y )
x and y  1 2 (x1 ,y1 )
m1  m2 m1  m2 A

1.6.2. | External division :

If P ( x , y ) divides the segment AB externally in the ratio of m1 : m 2
PA m1
  P(x , y)
PB m2
(x2 , y2 )
m x  m2 x1
The co-ordinates of P ( x , y ) are x  1 2 B
m1  m2 (x1 ,y1 )
A
m y  m2 y1
and y  1 2
m1  m2
 Note:  If P ( x , y ) divides the join of A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) in the ratio

 x2  x1 y  y
 :1(  0) , then x  ; y  2 1 . Positive sign is taken for
 1  1
internal division and negative sign is taken for external division.
x x y y 
 The mid point of AB is  1 2 , 1 2  [Here m1 : m 2 ::1 :1 ]
 2 2 
 For finding ratio, use ratio  :1 . If  is positive, then divides
internally and if  is negative, then divides externally.
 Straight line ax  by  c  0 divides the join of points A ( x1 , y1 ) and
 ax1  by1  c 
B ( x 2 , y 2 ) in the ratio    . If ratio is –ve then divides
 ax2  by2  c 
externally and if ratio is +ve then divides internally.
1.7. SOME POINTS OF A TRIANGLE
1.7.1. | Centroid of a triangle :
The centroid of a triangle is the point of

A(x1 ,y1 )
concurrence of its medians. The centroid divides the
medians in the ratio 2:1 (Vertex : base) 2
E
F 1 1
If A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x3 , y 3 ) are the vertices 2 2
G 1
B C
of a triangle. If G be the centroid upon one of the (x2 ,y2 ) D (x3 ,y3 )
median (say) AD, then AG : GD = 2 : 1

 x  x  x y  y  y3 
 Co-ordinate of G are  1 2 3 , 1 2 
 3 3 

1.7.2. | Circumcentre :
The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of
concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the A(x1 ,y1 )
sides of a triangle. It is the centre of the circle which

F E
passes through the vertices of the triangle and so its
O
distance from the vertices of the triangle is the same
(x2 ,y2 )B D C(x3 ,y3 )
and this distance is known as the circum-radius of the
triangle.
Let vertices A, B, C of the triangle ABC be ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ) and let
circumcentre be O(x, y) and then (x, y) can be found by solving
(OA) 2  (OB ) 2  ( OC ) 2
i.e., ( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 ) 2  ( x  x2 ) 2  ( y  y2 ) 2  ( x  x3 ) 2  ( y  y3 ) 2
 Note:  If a triangle is right angle, then its circumcentre is the mid point of
hypotenuse.
 If angles of triangle i.e., A, B, C and vertices of triangle
A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are given, then circumcentre of
the triangle ABC is
 x1 sin 2 A  x2 sin 2 B  x3 sin 2C y1 sin 2 A  y2 sin 2 B  y3 sin 2C 
 , 
 sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C 
1.7.3. | Incentre :
The incentre of a triangle is the point of concurrence of internal bisector of the
angles. Also it is a centre of a circle touching all the sides of a triangle.
 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
Co-ordinates of incentre  1 ,
 abc a  b  c 
Where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC.
1.7.4. | Excentre:
A circle touches one side outside the triangle and other
I3 A I2
two extended sides then circle is known as excircle. Let
ABC be a triangle then there are three excircles with
B C
three excentres. Let I 1 , I 2 , I 3 opposite to vertices A,B I1
and C respectively. If vertices of triangle are

A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) then

  ax1  bx2  cx3  ay1  by 2  cy3   ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
I1   ,  I2   1 , ,
 a  b  c a  b  c   a b c a  b  c 
 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
I3   1 ,
 abc a  b  c 
Note:  Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of remaining sides
BD AB c
e.g.  
DC AC b
 Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio (b  c ) : a , ( c  a ) : b and
(a  b) : c
 Excentre : Point of concurrence of one internal angle bisector and other
two external angle bisector is called as excentre. There are three
excentres in a triangle.
Co-ordinate of each can be obtained by changing the sign of a,b,c
respectively in the formula of in-centre.
1.7.5. | Orthocentre :
It is the point of concurrence of perpendiculars drawn
from vertices on opposite sides (called altitudes) of a A (x1, y1 )
triangle and can be obtained by solving the equation

of any two altitudes. D
O
F
Here O is the orthocentre since AE  BC , BF  AC

and CD  AB , then OE  BC , OF  AC , OD  AB B
E
C
(x2 , y2 ) (x3 , y3 )
Solving any two we can get coordinate of O.
 Note:  If a triangle is right angled triangle, then orthocentre is the point

where right angle is formed.
 If the triangle is equilateral then centroid, incentre, orthocentre,
circum-centre coincides.
 Orthocentre, centroid and circum-centre are always collinear and
centroid divides the line joining orthocentre and circum-centre in the
ratio 2 : 1
 In an isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre, incentre, circum-centre
lie on the same line.

1.8. AREA OF SOME GEOMETRICAL FIGURES
1.8.1. | Area of a triangle :

A (x1 , y1 )
The area of a triangle ABC with vertices A ( x1 , y1 ); B ( x2 , y 2 )
and C ( x3 , y 3 ) . The area of triangle ABC is denoted by ‘’and
is given as
B C
x1 y1 1 (x3 , y3 )
1 1 (x2 , y2 )
  x2 y2 1  ( x1 ( y2  y3 )  x2 ( y3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y2 )
2 2
x3 y3 1
In equilateral triangle
3 2
(i) Having sides a, area is a .
4
( p2 )
(ii) Having length of perpendicular as 'p', area is .
3
 Note:  If a triangle has polar co-ordinates ( r1 , 1 ), ( r2 ,  2 ) and ( r3 ,  3 ) then its
1
area   [ r1r2 sin( 2  1 )  r2 r3 sin( 3   2 )  r3r1 sin(1  3 )]
2
 If area is a rational number. Then the triangle cannot be equilateral.
1.8.2. | Collinear Points :

Three points A ( x1 , y1 ); B ( x2 , y 2 ); C ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear. If area of triangle is zero,
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
1
i.e., (i)   0  x2 y2 1  0  x2 y2 1  0
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
(ii) AB  BC  AC or AC  BC  AB or AC  AB  BC
1.8.3. | Area of a quadrilateral :
If ( x1 , y1 ); ( x 2 , y 2 ); ( x3 , y3 ) and ( x 4 , y 4 ) are vertices of a quadrilateral, then its Area
1
 [( x1 y2  x2 y1 )  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  ( x3 y4  x4 y3 )  ( x4 y1  x1 y4 )]
2
 Note:  If two opposite vertex of rectangle are ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) , then its
area is ( y2  y1 )( x2  x1 ) .
 It two opposite vertex of a square are A ( x1 , y1 ) and C ( x 2 , y 2 ) , then
1 1
its area is  AC 2  [( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 ) 2 ]
2 2

1.8.4. | Area of polygon :

The area of polygon whose vertices are ( x1 , y1 ); ( x2 , y2 ); ( x3 , y3 );....( xn , yn ) is
1
 |{( x1 y2  x2 y1 )  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  ....  ( xn y1  x1 yn )}|
2
Or Stair method : Repeat first co-ordinates one time in last for down arrow use
positive sign and for up arrow use negative sign.  Area of polygon
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
1 1
= | : : |  |{( x1 y2  x2 y3  ....  xn y1 )  ( y1 x2  y2 x3  ....  yn x1 )}|
2 2
: :
xn yn
x1 y1
1.9. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

1.9.1. | Shifting of origin without rotation of axes : Y
Let P  ( x , y ) with respect to axes OX and OY. Y

P(x , y)
Let O '  ( ,  ) with respect to axes OX and OY and let (x' , y')
y
( ,  )
P  ( x ', y ') with respect to axes O'X' and O'Y', where OX X
O x
and O'X' are parallel and OY and O'Y' are parallel. O
X
Then x  x '  , y  y '   or x '  x   , y '  y  

Thus if origin is shifted to point ( ,  ) without rotation of axes, then new
equation of curve can be obtained by putting x   in place of x and y   in
place of y.
1.9.2. | Rotation of axes without changing the origin :
Y
Let O be the origin. Let P  ( x, y) with respect to axes OX and Y'
OY and let P  ( x ', y ') with respect to axes OX and OY where
P(x,y)
 X ' OX   YOY '   (x,y)
y
 y X'
then x  x 'cos   y 'sin  y  x 'sin   y 'cos 
x
and x '  x cos   y sin  y '   x sin   y cos  x

X
O
The above relation between ( x, y) and ( x ', y ') can be easily
obtained with the help of following table
x y
x' cos  sin 
y'   si n  cos 

1.9.3. | Change of origin and rotation of axes : Y

If origin is changed to O '( ,  ) and axes are rotated Y'
about the new origin O ' by an angle  in the anticlock- P(x , y)

(x' , y')
wise sense such that the new co-ordinates of P( x, y) 
X'
become ( x ', y ') then the equations of transformation will 
O
be x    x 'cos   y 'sin  and y    x 'sin   y ' cos 
O X
1.9.4. | Reflection (Image of a point) :
Let ( x, y) be any point, then its image with respect to
(i) x axis  ( x,  y) (ii) y-axis  ( x, y)
(iii) origin  (  x,  y) (iv) line y  x  ( y, x)
1.10. LOCUS
1.10.1. | Locus :
The curve described by a point which moves under given condition or conditions is
called its locus.
1.10.2. | Equation to the locus of a point :
The equation to the locus of a point is the relation, which is satisfied by the
coordinates of every point on the locus of the point.
Algorithm to find the locus of a point
Step I : Assume the coordinates of the point say (h, k) whose locus is to be
found.
Step II : Write the given condition in mathematical form involving h , k.
Step III : Eliminate the variable (s), if any.
Step IV : Replace h by x and k by y in the result obtained in step III. The
equation so obtained is the locus of the point which moves under
some stated condition (s)
 Note:  Locus of a point P which is equidistant from the two point A and B is
a straight line and is a perpendicular bisector of line AB.
 In above case if PA = kPB where k  1, then the locus of P is a circle.
 Locus of P if A and B is fixed.
(a) Circle, if APB = constant

(b) Circle with diameter AB , if APB 
2
(c) Ellipse, if PA +PB = constant (d) Hyperbola, if PA – PB = constant


72 STRAIGHT LINE
2.1. DEFINITION
STRAIGHT LINE
2
The straight line is a curve such that every point on the line segment joining any two
points on it lies on it. The simplest locus of a point in a plane is a straight line. A line is
determined uniquely by any one of the following:
(A) Two different points (because we know the axiom that one and only one straight
line passes through two given points)
(B) A point and a given direction.
Y
Y Y
o
45 45 45 45 45
O X O X
Unique line through Unique line through a given O X
Infinite number of lines
two given points point with a given direction Infinite number of lines
with a given direction
through a given point
Thus, to determine a line uniquely, two geometrical conditions are required.
2.2. SLOPE (GRADIENT) OF A LINE

The trigonometrical tangent of the angle that a line makes
Y Y
with the positive direction of the x-axis in anticlockwise
sense is called the slope or gradient of the line. B
B
The slope of a line is generally denoted by m. Thus, m =  
X
X
A O X X O A
tan 
Y Y
(A) Slope of line parallel to x – axis is m  tan 0o  0 .
(B) Slope of line parallel to y – axis is m  tan 90o   .
(C) Slope of the line equally inclined with the axes is 1 or –1.
y2  y1
(D) Slope of the line through the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is taken in the
x2  x1
same order.
a
(E) Slope of the line ax  by  c  0, b  0 is  .
b
(F) Slope of two parallel lines are equal.
(G) If m1 and m2 be the slopes of two perpendicular lines, then m1 .m2  1 .
 Note:  m can be defined as tan  for 0    

 If three points A, B, C are collinear, then Slope of AB = Slope of BC = Slope of AC

STRAIGHT LINE 73
2.3. EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE IN DIFFERENT FORMS
(1) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and having Y
slope m is y = mx. B
(2) One point form or Point slope form : Equation of a line

X'
 c X
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and having slope m is A O
 y  y1   m  x  x1  . Y'
(3) Slope intercept form : Equation of a line (non-vertical) with slope m and cutting
off an intercept c on the y-axis is y = mx + c.
The equation of a line with slope m and the x-intercept d is y  m ( x  d )
(4) Intercept form : If a straight line cuts x-axis at A and the y-axis at B then OA and
OB are known as the intercepts of the line on x-axis and
Y
y-axis respectively.
The intercepts are positive or negative according as the B
line meets with positive or negative directions of the b

A
X' X
coordinate axes. O a
In the figure, OA = x-intercept, OB = y-intercept. Y'
Equation of a straight line cutting off intercepts a and b

x y
on x–axis and y–axis respectively is   1.
a b
 Note:  If given line is parallel to X axis, then X-intercept is undefined.

 If given line is parallel to Y axis, then Y-intercept is undefined.
(5) Two point form: Equation of the line through the points
y2  y1 (x2 , y2 )
A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is ( y  y1 )  ( x  x1 ) . In
x2  x1
x y 1 O
(x1 ,y1 )
the determinant form it is given as: x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(6) Normal or perpendicular form : The equation of the Y

straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular
from the origin is p and this perpendicular makes an angle B
p P
 with x-axis is x cos   y sin   p . 
X' O A X
Y'

74 STRAIGHT LINE
(7) Symmetrical or parametric or distance form of the

Y
line: Equation of a line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and
(x1 ,y1) r
A  P(x , y)
making an angle  with the positive direction of x-
x  x1 y  y1 X' 
axis is   r , where r is the distance O
X
cos  sin 
between the point P (x, y) and A( x1 , y1 ) . Y'
The coordinates of any point on this line may be taken as ( x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  )
known as parametric co-ordinates, ‘r’ is called the parameter.
 Note:  Equation of x-axis  y = 0

Equation a line parallel to x-axis (or perpendicular to y-axis)
at a distance ‘b’ from it  y  b
Y
b
X' X
O
Y
 Equation of y-axis  x = 0
Equation of a line parallel to y-axis (or perpendicular to x-axis) at
a distance ‘a’ from it
 xa
Y
a
X' X
O
Y’

STRAIGHT LINE 75
2.4. GENERAL EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

IN STANDARD FORMS
General form of equation of a line is ax  by  c  0 , its

a c a
(A) Slope intercept form: y   x  , slope m   and intercept on y-axis is,
b b b
c
C
b
x y  c  c
(B) Intercept form :   1 , x intercept is =    and y intercept is =
 
c / a c / b  a  b
(C) Normal form : To change the general form of a line into normal form, first take c to
right hand side and make it positive, then divide the whole equation by a 2  b2
ax by c
like    ,
a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a2  b2
a b c
where cos    , sin    and p 
a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a 2  b2
2.5. GENERAL EQUATION OF LINES THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO

GIVEN LINES
If equation of two lines P  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and Q  a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 , then the

equation of the lines passing through the point of intersection of these lines is
P   Q  0 or a1 x  b1 y  c   (a2 x  b2 y  c2 )  0 ; Value of  is obtained with the help
of the additional information given in the problem.
2.6. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO NON-PARALLEL LINES
Let  be the angle between the lines y  m1 x  c1 and y  m2 x  c2 . Y

y=m1 x + c1
where, m1 = tan  and m2 = tan 
y =m2 x + c2
tan   tan  A
           tan  
1  tan  tan   

C B X
O
1 m1  m2
   tan .
1  m1m2
2.6.1. | Angle between two straight lines when their equations are given :
The angle  between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 is given by,

76 STRAIGHT LINE
 a b  a2b1 
tan 1  1 2 .
 a1a2  b1b2 
2.6.2. | Condition for the lines to be parallel

If the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are parallel then,
a1 a2 a b
m1  m2    1 1.
b1 b2 a2 b2
2.6.3. | Condition for the lines to be perpendicular :

If the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are perpendicular then,
a1 a2
m1m2  1    1  a1a2  b1b2  0 .
b1 b2
2.6.4. | Condition for two lines to be coincident, parallel, perpendicular and

intersecting :
Two lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are,
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(a) Coincident, if   (b) Parallel, if  
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a1 b1
(c) Intersecting, if  (d) Perpendicular, if a1a2  b1b2  0
a2 b2
2.7. EQUATION OF PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES TO A GIVEN LINE
(1) Equation of a line which is parallel to ax  by  c  0 is ax  by    0

(2) Equation of a line which is perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is bx  ay    0
The value of  in both cases is obtained with the help of additional information given
in the problem.
2.8. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT MAKING A

GIVEN ANGLE WITH A GIVEN LINE
L
The equation of the straight lines which pass through a given
point ( x1 , y1 ) and make a given angle  with given straight line
y = mx+c

m  tan  
L
y  mx  c are y  y1  ( x  x1 ) 
 (  – )
1  m tan  O X

STRAIGHT LINE 77
2.9. A LINE EQUALLY INCLINED WITH TWO LINES
Let the two lines with slopes m1 and m2 be equally inclined to a

m
line with slope m m2
 m m   m2  m  
then ,  1     
m1
 1  m1m   1  m2 m 
Note:  Sign of m in both brackets is same.
2.10. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR
2.10.1. | Distance of a point from a line :

The length p of the perpendicular from the point ( x1 , y1 ) to the line
| ax1  by1  c |
ax  by  c  0 is given by p  .
a2  b2
c
 Note:  Length of perpendicular from origin to the line ax  by  c  0 is .
a  b22
 Length of perpendicular from the point ( x1 , y1 ) to the line x cos   y sin   p

is x1 cos   y1 sin   p .
2.10.2. | Distance between two parallel lines : ax + by + c1 = 0
Let the two parallel lines be ax  by  c1  0 and
d
ax  by  c2  0 .
First Method : The distance between the lines is ax + by + c2 = 0
| c1  c2 |
d .
(a 2  b2 )
Second Method : The distance between the lines is ax + by + c1 = 0


d , where
(a 2  b2 )
(i)  | c1  c2 | if they be on the same side of origin. ax + by + c2 = 0
(ii)  | c1 |  | c2 | if the origin O lies between them. .O (0, 0)
ax + by + c1 = 0
Third Method : Find the coordinates of any point on
one of the given line, preferably putting x  0 or y  0 . .O (0, 0)
Then the perpendicular distance of this point from the

ax + by + c2 = 0
other line is the required distance between the lines.

78 STRAIGHT LINE
 Note:  Distance between two parallel lines ax  by  c1  0 and kax  kby  c2  0

c2
c1 
k
is
a 2  b2
 Distance between two non parallel lines is always zero.
2.11. EQUATIONS OF THE BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN TWO

STRAIGHT LINES
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are given by,  .....(i)
2 2
a b
1 1 a22  b22
Algorithm to find the bisector of the angle containing the origin :
Let the equations of the two lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 . To find the
bisector of the angle containing the origin, we proceed as follows:
Step I : See whether the constant terms c1 and c2 in the equations of two lines positive or
not. If not, then multiply both the sides of the equation by –1 to make the constant
term positive.
Step II : Now obtain the bisector corresponding to the positive sign
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
i.e.,  .
a12  b12 a22  b22
This is the required bisector of the angle containing the origin.
 Note:  The bisector of the angle containing the origin means the bisector of the
angle between the lines which contains the origin within it.
2.11.1. | To find the acute and obtuse angle bisectors :

Let  be the angle between one of the lines and one of the bisectors given by (i).
Find tan  . If | tan  | 1 , then this bisector is the bisector of acute angle and the
other one is the bisector of the obtuse angle.
If | tan  | > 1, then this bisector is the bisector of obtuse angle and other one is the
bisector of the acute angle.

STRAIGHT LINE 79
2.11.2. | Method to find acute angle bisector and obtuse angle bisector :
(i) Make the constant term positive, if not.
L1
(ii) Now determine the sign of the expression a1a2  b1b2 .
(iii) If a1a2  b1b2  0 , then the bisector corresponding to Acute bisector
“+” sign gives the obtuse angle bisector and the P(x , y)
bisector corresponding to “–” sign is the bisector of
acute angle between the lines. L2
Obtuse bisector
(iv) If a1a2  b1b2  0 , then the bisector corresponding to
“+” and “–” sign gives the acute and obtuse angle bisectors respectively.
 Note:  Bisectors are perpendicular to each other.

 If a1a2  b1b2  0 , then the origin lies in obtuse angle and if a1a2  b1b2  0 ,
then the origin lies in acute angle.
2.12. POSITION OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A LINE
Let the given line be ax  by  c  0 and observing point is ( x1 , y1 ) , then

(i) If the same sign is found by putting in equation of line x  x1 , y  y1 and x  0 , y  0
then the point ( x1 , y1 ) is situated on the side of origin.
(ii) If the opposite sign is found by putting in equation of line x  x1 , y  y1 and x  0 ,
y  0 then the point ( x1 , y1 ) is situated opposite side to origin.
2.13. POSITION OF TWO POINTS WITH RESPECT TO A LINE
Two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are on the same side or on the opposite side of the
straight line ax  by  c  0 according as the values of ax1  by1  c and ax2  by2  c are
of the same sign or opposite sign.
2.14. CONCURRENT LINES
Three or more lines are said to be concurrent lines if they meet at a point.
First method : Find the point of intersection of any two lines by solving them
simultaneously. If the point satisfies the third equation also, then the given lines are
concurrent.
Second method : The three lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 and
a1 b1 c1
a3 x  b3 y  c3  0 are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2  0
a3 b3 c3
Third method : The condition for the lines P  0 , Q  0 and R  0 to be concurrent is
that three constants a, b, c (not all zero at the same time) can be obtained such that
aP  bQ  cR  0 .

80 STRAIGHT LINE
2.15. IMAGE OF A POINT IN DIFFERENT CASES
2.15.1. | The image of a point with respect to the line mirror : A (x1 , y1 )
The image of A( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the line mirror ax+ by+c = 0
ax  by  c  0 be B (h, k) is given by,

h  x1 k  y1 2(ax1  by1  c )
 
a b a2  b2 B (h , k)
2.15.2. | The image of a point with respect to x-axis : Y

Let P ( x, y ) be any point and P ( x, y ) its image after
P( x, y)
reflection in the x-axis, then
x = x ( O is the mid point of P and P )
O X
O
y = – y P(x, y)
2.15.3. | The image of a point with respect to y-axis : Y

Let P  x, y  be any point and P ( x , y ) its image after
P (x,y) P(x, y)
reflection in the y-axis O
then x   x ( O is the mid point of P and P ) X X

O
y  y
Y
2.15.4. | The image of a point with respect to the origin : Y
Let P ( x, y ) be any point and P ( x , y ) be its image P(x, y)
after reflection through the origin, then N

X
X O M
x   x ( O is the mid point of P and P )
P(x,y)
y   y Y
2.15.5. | The image of a point with respect to the line y = x : Y

P(x, y)
Let P ( x, y ) be any point and P ( x , y ) be its image after y=x O

P(x, y)
45º
reflection in the line y  x , then X O X
x  y ( O is the mid point of P and P )

Y
y  x
2.15.6. | The image of a point with respect to the line y = x tan  : Y P(x, y)
Let P ( x, y ) be any point and P ( x , y ) be its image after y=x tan 

O
P(x, y)

X X
reflection in the line y  x tan  then O
x  x cos 2  y sin 2 ( O is the mid point of P and P  ) Y

y   x sin 2  y cos 2

STRAIGHT LINE 81
2.16. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
(1) Area of the triangle formed by the lines y  m1 x  c1 , y  m2 x  c2 , y  m3 x  c3 is
1 (c  c ) 2
 1 2 .
2 m1  m2
(2) Area of the triangle made by the line ax  by  c  0 with the co-ordinate axes is
c2
.
2 | ab |
2c 2
(3) Area of the rhombus formed by the lines ax  by  c  0 is
ab
(4) Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 ; a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 ,
(d1  c1 ) ( d 2  c2 )
a1 x  b1 y  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  d 2  0 is .
a1b2  a2b1
(5) The foot of the perpendicular ( h, k ) from ( x1 , y1 ) to the line ax  by  c  0 is

h  x1 k  y1 ( ax1  by1  c)
given by   . Hence, the coordinates of the foot of
a b a 2  b2
 b 2 x1  aby1  ac a 2 y1  abx1  bc 
perpendicular is  , 
 a2  b2 a 2  b2 
p1 p2
(6) Area of parallelogram A  , where p1 and p2 are the distances between
sin 
parallel sides and  is the angle between two adjacent sides.
(7) The equation of a line whose mid-point is ( x1 , y1 ) in between the axes is

x y
 2
x1 y1
(8) The equation of a straight line which makes a triangle with the axes having centroid
x y
( x1 , y1 ) is,   1.
3x1 3 y1


82 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
EQUATION OF PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES 3

3.1. EQUATION OF PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH ORIGIN
Let the equation of two lines be

a x  by  c   0 .....(i) and a x  b y  c   0 .....(ii)
Hence ( a x  by  c)( a x  by  c )  0 is called the joint equation of lines (i) and (ii)
and conversely, if joint equation of two lines be (a x  by  c) ( a x  b y  c)  0 then
their separate equation will be a x  by  c   0 and ax  by  c   0 .
3.1.1. | Equation of a pair of straight lines passing through origin :

The equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of straight line passing
through the origin where a, h, b are constants.
Let the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 be y  m1 x  0 and y  m2 x  0
 h  h 2  ab  h  h 2  ab
where, m1  and m2 =
b b
2h a
then, m1  m2   and m1m2 
b b
Then, two straight lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are
ax  hy  y h2  ab = 0 and ax  hy  y h2  ab  0 .
 Note: The lines are real and distinct if h 2  ab  0

 The lines are real and coincident if h 2  ab  0
 The lines are imaginary if h 2  ab  0
 If the pair of straight lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and a ' x 2  2h ' xy  b ' y 2  0
2
should have one line common, then 4  h ' b  hb ' ha ' h ' a    ab ' a ' b 
 The equation of the pair of straight lines passing through origin and
perpendicular to the pair of straight lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is
given by bx 2  2hxy  ay 2  0
 If the slope of one of the lines represented by the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0
be the square of the other, the a 2b  ab 2  6 abh  8h 3  0
 If the slope of one of the lines represented by the equation
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 be  times that of the other, then 4 h 2  ab(1   )2 .

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES 83
3.1.2. | General equation of a pair of straight lines :
An equation of the form, ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 where a, b, c, f, g, h

are constants, is said to be a general equation of second degree in x and y.
The necessary and sufficient condition for ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 to
represent a pair of straight lines is that abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0 or
a h g
h b f 0
g f c
3.1.3. | Separate equations from joint equation:

The general equation of second degree be ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 . To
find the lines represented by this equation we proceed as follows :
Step I : Factorize the homogeneous part ax 2  2 hxy  by 2 into two linear
factors. Let the linear factors be a ' x  b ' y and a " x  b " y .
Step II : Add constants c ' and c " in the factors obtained in step I to obtain
a ' x  b ' y  c ' and a " x  b " y  c " . Let the lines be a ' x  b ' y  c '  0
and a " x  b " y  c "  0 .
Step III: Obtain the joint equation of the lines in step II and compare the
coefficients of x, y and constant terms to obtain equations in c' and c" .
Step IV: Solve the equations in c' and c" to obtain the values of c' and c".
Step V : Substitute the values of c' and c" in lines in step II to obtain the
required lines.
3.2. ANGLE BETWEEN THE PAIR OF LINES
(A) The angle  between the pair of lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is
2 h 2  ab
given by tan  
ab
(i) The lines are coincident if the angle between them is zero.
 Lines are coincident i.e.,   0  tan   0
2 h 2  ab
  0  h 2  ab  0  h 2  ab
ab
Hence, the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are coincident,
2
iff h  ab

(ii) The lines are perpendicular if the angle between them is  / 2 .

  ab
    cot   cot  cot   0   0  ab  0
2 2 2 h 2  ab
 coeff. of x 2  coeff. of y 2  0
(B) The angle between the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is

given by
2 h 2  ab 2 h 2  ab
tan      tan 1
ab ab
(i) The lines are parallel if the angle between them is zero. Thus, the lines are
parallel iff
2 h 2  ab
  0  tan   0   0  h 2  ab .
ab
Hence, the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 are

a h g
parallel iff h 2  ab and af 2  bg 2 or   .
h b f
(ii) The lines are perpendicular if the angle between them is  / 2 .

Thus, the lines are perpendicular i.e.,    / 2  cot   0
ab
 0
2 h 2  ab
 a  b  0  coeff. of x 2  coeff. of y 2  0
(iii) The lines are coincident, if g 2  ac .
3.3. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN THE LINES
(i) The joint equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented
x 2  y 2 xy
by the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is  .....(i)
ab h
 hx 2  (a  b) xy  hy 2  0
Here, coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y 2  0 . Hence, the bisectors of the
angles between the lines are perpendicular to each other. The bisector lines
will pass through origin also.

 Note:  If a  b , the bisectors are x 2  y 2  0 i.e., x  y  0, x  y  0

 If h  0 , the bisectors are xy  0 i.e., x  0, y  0 .
 If bisectors of the angles between lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and
h ' a ' b '
a ' x 2  2h ' xy  b ' y 2  0 are same, then  .
h a b
 If the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 has one line as the bisector of the angle
between the coordinate axes, then 4h 2  (a  b)2 .
(1) The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by
ax 2  2 hxy  by 2 + 2 gx  2 fy  c  0 are given by
( x   )   ( y   ) 2 ( x   )( y   )
 , where ,  is the point of intersection of
a b h
the lines represented by the given equation.
3.4. POINT OF INTERSECTION OF LINES REPRESENTED BY

ax2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
Let   ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0

 2ax  2hy  2 g  0 (Keeping y as constant)
x

and  2 hx  2by  2 f  0 (Keeping x as constant)
y
 
For point of intersection  0 and 0
x y
We obtain, ax  hy  g  0 and hx  by  f  0
x y 1
On solving these equations, we get  
fh  bg gh  af ab  h 2
 bg  fh af  gh 
i.e. ( x, y )   2 , 2 
 h  ab h  ab 
a h g
Also, since   h b f , from first two rows
g f c
a h g  ax  hy  g  0 and
h b f  hx  by  f  0 and then solve, we get the point of intersection.
 Note:  The point of intersection of lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is (0, 0).

3.5. EQUATION OF THE LINES JOINING THE ORIGIN TO THE POINTS OF

INTERSECTION OF A GIVEN LINE AND A GIVEN CURVE
The equation of the lines which joins origin to the point of Y
intersection of the line lx  my  n  0 and curve A
lx+my+n=0
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , can be obtained by making
X' B
the curve homogeneous with the help of line lx  my  n  0 , O
X
which is
2
 lx  my   lx  my 
ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2( gx  fy )  c  0 Y
 n   n 
3.6. REMOVAL OF FIRST DEGREE TERMS
Let point of intersection of lines represented by
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 . .....(i) is ( ,  ) .
 bg  fh af  gh 
Here ( ,  )   2 , 2 
 h  ab h  ab 
For removal of first degree terms, shift the origin to ( ,  ) i.e., replacing x by ( X   )
and y by (Y   ) in (i).
Alternative Method : Direct equation after removal of first degree terms is
bg  fh af  gh
aX 2  2hXY  bY 2  ( g  f   c )  0 , Where   2
and   2
h  ab h  ab
3.7. REMOVAL OF THE TERM xy FROM f (x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 WITHOUT
CHANGING THE ORIGIN
Clearly, h  0 . Rotating the axes through an angle  , we have,

x  X cos  Y sin  and y  X sin   Y cos   f ( x, y )  ax 2  2hxy  by 2
After rotation, new equation is F ( X , Y )  (a cos 2   2h cos  sin   b sin 2  ) X 2
2(b  a) cos  sin   h(cos2   sin 2  ) XY (a sin 2   2h cos  sin   b cos 2  )Y 2
a b
Now coefficient of XY = 0. Then we get cot 2 
2h
2h
 Note:  Usually, we use the formula, tan 2  for finding the angle of rotation,  .
a b
a b
However, if a  b , we use cot 2  as in this case tan 2 is not defined.
2h

3.8. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PAIR OF PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES

If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represent a pair of parallel straight lines, then the
g 2  ac f 2  bc
distance between them is given by 2 or 2
a ( a  b) b(a  b)
3.9. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
(1) The lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curves
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  0 and a ' x 2  2h ' xy  b ' y 2  2 g ' x  0 will be mutually
perpendicular, if g ( a ' b ')  g '(a  b ) .
(2) If the equation hxy  gx  fy  c  0 represents a pair of straight lines, then fg  ch
(3) The pair of lines (a 2  3b 2 ) x 2  8abxy  (b 2  3a 2 ) y2  0 with the line

ax  by  c  0 form an equilateral triangle.
(4) The area of a triangle formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and lx  my  n  0 is given
n 2 h 2  ab
by
am 2  2hlm  bl 2
(5) The lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of line y  mx  c and the
circle x 2  y 2  a 2 will be mutually perpendicular, if a 2 (m 2  1)  2c 2 .
(6) If the distance of two lines passing through origin from the point ( x1 , y1 ) is d, then
the equation of lines is ( xy1  yx1 )2  d 2 ( x 2  y 2 )
(7) The lines represented by the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 will be
equidistant from the origin, if f 4  g 4  c (bf 2  ag 2 )
(8) The product of the perpendiculars drawn from ( x1 , y1 ) on the lines
2 2
ax  2hx1 y1  by
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is given by 1 1
(a  b) 2  4h 2
(9) The product of the perpendiculars drawn from origin on the lines
c
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is
( a  b) 2  4h 2
(10) If the lines represented by the general equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
are perpendicular, then the square of distance between the point of intersection and
f 2  g2
origin is 2
h  b2
(11) The square of distance between the point of intersection of the lines represented by
c (a  b)  f 2  g 2
the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 and origin is
ab  h 2


SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. If the algebraic sum of distances of points (2, 1) (3, 2) and (-4, 7) from the line
y = mx + c is zero, then this line will always pass through a fixed point whose
coordinate is
(a) (1, 10) (b) (1, 3) (c) (1, 6) (d) (1/3, 10/3)
2 m  1  c 3m  2  c 4m  7  c
Solution: We have    0  m  10  3c  0
m2  1 m2  1 m2  1
Hence the given line y = (10 – 3c)x + c   y  10 x   c  3 x  1  0
Hence the line always passes through the point of intersection of y = 10x and 3x = 1,
which is (1/3, 10/3) Hence (D) is the correct answer.
2. ABC is an equilateral triangle such that the vertices B and C lie on two parallel lines
at a distance 6. If A lies between the parallel lines at a distance 4 from one of them
then the length of a side of the equilateral triangle is
7
(A) 8 (B) 88/3 (C) 4 (D) 1
3
Solution: From the choice of the axis A = (0, 0), B = (2cot, 2), C = (4cot(60  ),  4)
Now (side of equilateral triangle)2 Y
y=2
B
= 4cot2 + 4 = 16 cot2 (60  ) + 16 y =x
ta n
3 θ
 4 cos ec 2  16coesc 2 (60   )  tan   A (0, 0)
60-θ
X
5
7
Hence the required length = 2 cos ec  4
3
y=-4
Hence (C) is the correct answer. C y=xtan( - 60 o)
3. A ray of light is sent along the line which passes through the point (2, 3). The ray is
reflected from the point P on x-axis. If the reflected ray passes through the point (6,
4), then the coordinates of P are
 26   26   13   13 
(A)  , 0 (B)  , 0 (C)  , 0 (D)  , 0
 7   7  7   7 
Solution: Method 1. Y
Let the reflected ray makes an angle  with + ve direction of

() (6, 4)
x-axis, then the incident ray makes angle (  ) with
positive direction of x-axis.  
X
(, )

0-3 0-3
Now, the slope of the incident ray = =tan  π-θ   tan  π-θ  = …. (A)
α-2 α-2
40 40
Slope of the reflected ray is =  tan θ  tan θ = …. (B)
6  6 
26
from (A) and (b) we get α=
7
Method 2. Q
P() (6, 4)
Take the image of P(2, 3) about the x-axis, which is P’. Now
P’QR will be collinear.  
X
Hence first find the equation of line P’Q and then find the point 
of intersection of P’Q with the x-axis to get the required point.

P'()
P’ ≡ (2, -3), equation of P’Q is 7x – 4y = 26.
 26 
Hence the required point is  , 0  Hence (A) is the correct answer.
 7 
4. Without changing the direction of coordinates axes, origin is transferred to (, ) so

that the linear terms in the equation x2 + y2 + 2x –4y + 6 = 0 are eliminated. The point
(, ) is
(A) (-1, 2) (B) (1, -2) (C) (1, 2) (D) (-1, -2)
2 2
Solution: The given equation is x + y + 2x – 4y + 6 = 0 …..(A)
Putting x = x’ +  and y = y’ +  in (A) we get x’2 + y’2 + x’(2 + 2) + y’(2 - 4) +
(2 + 2 + 2 - 4 + 6) = 0. To eliminate linear term, we should have 2 + 2 = 0 and
2 - 4 = 0   = -1 and  = 2  (, ) ≡ (-1, 2). Hence (A) is the correct answer.
5. If the straight lines ax + by + P = 0 and x cos + y sin = P are inclined at an angle

/4 and concurrent with straight line x sin - ycos  = 0, then the value of a2 + b2 is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 13
Solution: ON = distance of origin from the line os

P
c 0
y P

s 
x sin + y cos = P i n y co
xs y
b 
ax x sin
OM = Perpendicular distance of (0, 0) from the line
45
P
ax + by + P = 0  OM = - N
a + b2
2
45
Now OMN is a right angle triangle with ONM = /4
P
 OM = ON sin /4 = O
M
2
 a2 + b2 = 2 Hence (C) is the correct answer.
x y 1
6. If a,b,c are in H.P. then the straight line    0 always passes through a fixed
a b c
point, that point is
(A) (-1,-2) (B) (-1, 2) (C) (1, -2) (D) (1,-1/2)
2 1 1 x y 2 1 a
Solution: Since a, b, c are in H.P.    Hence     0  ( x  1)  ( y  2)  0
b a c a b b a b
Hence the line always passes through (1, -2). Hence (C) is the correct answer.
y
7. If the point P(a, a2) lies completely inside the triangle formed by
the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 2, then exclusive range of ‘a’ is C
(A) a  (0, 1) 
(B) a  1, 2  P (a, a2)
x
O
x+y=2
(C) a   2-1, 2  (D) a   2-1,1 
Solution: Clearly a  R  Also a2 + a – 2 < 0  ( a  2)( a  1)  0   2  a  1  a  (0,1)
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
1
8. If the distance of a point (3, k) from the line 3x + 7y –1 = 0 is then k is equal to
58
1
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) (D) none of these
3
3.3  7k 1 1 9
Solution:   8  7k  1  8  7k   1  k  1or 
9  49 58 7
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
x y
9. If a 4b 4  a 4  b 4  2 a 2 b 2 { a, b  R – {0}}, then the line + =1 , will pass through
a 2 b2
(A) (2, 1) (B) (1,1) (C) (2,3) (D) (0, 0)
Solution: Given a b – a – b = 2a b  a b = (a +b2)2  a2 + b2 = a2b2
4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2
Given line b2x +a2 y = a2 b2  b2 x+a2 y = a2+b2  (x – 1) b2 + a2(y – 1)

Clearly the line will be passing through (1,1). Hence (B) is the correct answer.
10. If x2 – 7xy – y2 = 0 , x + y = 2 , represents the sides of a triangle, then distance
between orthocenter and the side of triangle is
1
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D)
2
Solution: Clearly x2– 7xy+y2 =0 will represent two perpendicular lines  triangle will be a
right angled triangle and ortho-centre will be the right angled vertex which is (0, 0).
Clearly distance of (0, 0) from x + y – 2=0 is 2 . Hence (C) is the correct answer.





ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISES



1. A variable rectangle PQRS has its sides parallel to fixed directions. Q and S lie respectively
on the lines x = a, x = - a and P lies on the x - axis. Then the locus of R is
(A) a straight line (B) a circle
(C) a parabola (D) pair of straight lines
2. A, B and C are points in the xy plane such that A(1, 2) ; B (5, 6) and AC = 3BC. Then
(A) ABC is a unique triangle
(B) There can be only two such triangles.
(C) No such triangle is possible
(D) There can be infinite number of such triangles.
3. If A (1, p2) ; B (0, 1) and C (p, 0) are the coordinates of three points then the value of p for
which the area of the triangle ABC is minimum, is
1 1
(A) (B) 
3 3
1 1
(C) or  (D) None
3 3
4. Each member of the family of parabolas y = ax2 + 2x + 3 has a maximum or a minimum

point depending upon the value of a. The equation to the locus of the maxima or minima
for all possible values of 'a' is
(A) a straight line with slope 1 and y intercept 3.
(B) a straight line with slope 2 and y intercept 2.
(C) a straight line with slope 1 and x intercept 3.
(D) a circle
5. m, n are integer with 0 < n < m. A is the point (m, n) on the cartesian plane. B is the
reflection of A in the line y = x. C is the reflection of B in the y-axis, D is the reflection of
C in the x-axis and E is the reflection of D in the y-axis. The area of the pentagon ABCDE
is
(A) 2m(m + n) (B) m(m + 3n) (C) m(2m + 3n) (D) 2m(m + 3n)
6. The area enclosed by the graphs of | x + y | = 2 and | x | = 1 is

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

7. If P = (1, 0) ; Q = (-1, 0) and R = (2, 0) are three given points, then the locus of the points
S satisfying the relation, SQ2 + SR2 = 2 SP2 is :
(A) a straight line parallel to x-axis (B) a circle passing through the origin
(C) a circle with the centre at the origin (D) a straight line parallel to y-axis .
8. Two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are chosen on the graph of f (x) = ln x with 0 < x1 < x2.
The points C and D trisect line segment AB with AC < CB. Through C a horizontal line is
drawn to cut the curve at E(x3, y3). If x1 = 1 and x2 = 1000 then the value of x3 equals
(A) 10 (B) 10 (C) (10)2/3
9. What is the y-intercept of the line that is parallel to y = 3x, and which bisects the area of a
rectangle with corners at (0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 2) and (0, 2)?
(A) (0, – 7) (B) (0, – 6) (C) (0, – 5) (D) (0, – 4)
10. Given A(1, 1) and AB is any line through it cutting the x-axis in B. If AC is perpendicular
to AB and meets the y-axis in C, then the equation of locus of mid- point P of BC is
(A) x + y = 1 (B) x + y = 2
(C) x + y = 2xy (D) 2x + 2y = 1

Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS A D D A B D D A C A



1. AB is the diameter of a semicircle k, C is an arbitrary point on the semicircle (other than A

or B) and S is the centre of the circle inscribed into triangle ABC, then
measure of
(A) angle ASB changes as C moves on k.
(B) angle ASB is the same for all positions of C but it cannot be determined without
knowing the radius.
(C) angle ASB = 135° for all C.
(D) angle ASB = 150° for all C.
x y
2. Given  1 and ax + by = 1 are two variable lines, 'a' and 'b' being the parameters
a b
connected by the relation a2 + b2 = ab. The locus of the point of intersection has the
equation
(A) x2 + y2 + xy – 1 = 0 (B) x2 + y2 – xy + 1 = 0
(C) x2 + y2 + xy + 1 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 – xy – 1 = 0
3. If the lines x + y + 1 = 0 ; 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and x   y    0 , where  2   2  2 , are

concurrent then
(A)  = 1,  = – 1 (B)  = 1,  = ± 1 (C)  = – 1,  = ± 1 (D)  = ± 1,  = 1
4. Let (x1, y1) ; (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle ABC respectively. D is a point
on BC such that BC = 3BD. The equation of the line through A and D, is
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
(A) x1 y1 1 +2 x1 y1 1 =0 (B) 3 x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
(C) x1 y1 1 +3 x1 y1 1 =0 (D) 2 x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
5. If the straight lines, ax + amy + 1 = 0 , b x + (m + 1) b y + 1 = 0 and cx + (m + 2) cy + 1 =

0, m  0 are concurrent then a, b, c are in :
(A) A.P. only for m = 1 (B) A.P. for all m
(C) G.P. for all m (D) H.P. for all m.
 1 2  11 4 
6. If in triangle ABC, A  (1, 10) , circumcentre    ,  and orthocentre   ,  then the
 3 3  3 3
co-ordinates of mid-point of side opposite to A is :
(A) (1, – 11/3) (B) (1, 5) (C) (1, – 3) (D) (1, 6)

4
7. A is a point on either of two lines y  3 | x |  2 at a distance of units from their point
3
of intersection. The co-ordinates of the foot of perpendicular from A on the bisector of the
angle between them are
(A)   2 , 2 (B) (0, 0) (C)  2 , 2 (D) (0, 4)

 3   3 
8. Point 'P' lies on the line l { (x, y) | 3x + 5y = 15}. If 'P' is also equidistant from the
coordinate axes, then P can be located in which of the four quadrants.
(A) I only (B) II only (C) I or II only (D) IV only
9. An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 6 cm. If (x1, y1) ; (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)
2
x1 y1 1
are its vertices then the value of the determinant, x2 y2 1 is equal to :
x3 y3 1
(A) 192 (B) 243

(C) 486 (D) 972
1
10. A graph is defined in polar co-ordinates as r ( )  cos   . The smallest x-coordinates of any
2
point on the graph is
1 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
16 8 4 2

Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS C A D D D A B C D A
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


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


















1. Consider a parallelogram whose sides are represented by the lines

2x + 3y = 0; 2x + 3y – 5 = 0; 3x – 4y = 0 and 3x – 4y = 3. The equation of the diagonal not
passing through the origin, is
(A) 21x – 11y + 15 = 0 (B) 9x – 11y + 15 = 0
(C) 21x – 29y – 15 = 0 (D) 21x – 11y – 15 = 0
2. Triangle formed by the lines x + y = 0 , x – y = 0 and lx + my = 1. If l and m vary subject

to the condition l 2 + m2 = 1 then the locus of its circumcentre is
(A) (x2 – y2)2 = x2 + y2 (B) (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)
(C) (x2 + y2) = 4x2 y2 (D) (x2 – y2)2 = (x2 + y2)2
3. The distance between the two parallel lines is 1 unit. A point 'A' is chosen to lie between
the lines at a distance 'd' from one of them . Triangle ABC is equilateral with B on one line
and C on the other parallel line. The length of the side of the equilateral triangle is
2
2
(A) d2  d 1 (B) 2 d  d  1 (C) 2 d2  d 1 (D) d2  d 1
3 3
4. Given the family of lines, a (3x + 4y + 6) + b (x + y + 2) = 0. The line of the family situated
at the greatest distance from the point P (2, 3) has equation :
(A) 4x + 3y + 8 = 0 (B) 5x + 3y + 10 = 0 (C) 15x + 8y + 30 = 0 (D) None
5. A rectangular billiard table has vertices at P(0, 0), Q(0, 7), R(10, 7) and S (10, 0). A small
billiard ball starts at M(3, 4) and moves in a straight line to the top of the table, bounces to
the right side of the table, then comes to rest at N(7, 1). The y-coordinate of the point where
it hits the right side, is
(A) 3.7 (B) 3.8 (C) 3.9 (D) 4
6. A ray of light passing through the point A (1, 2) is reflected at a point B on the x - axis and
then passes through (5, 3). Then the equation of AB is :
(A) 5x + 4y = 13 (B) 5x - 4y = – 3 (C) 4x + 5y = 14 (D) 4x – 5y = – 6
7. If L is the line whose equation is ax + by = c. Let M be the reflection of L through the y-

axis, and let N be the reflection of L through the x-axis. Which of the following must be
true about M and N for all choices of a, b and c?
(A) The x-intercepts of M and N are equal.
(B) The y-intercepts of M and N are equal.
(C) The slopes of M and N are equal.
(D) The slopes of M and N are reciprocal.

8. In a triangle ABC, if A (2, – 1) and 7x – 10y + 1 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 5 = 0 are equations of

an altitude and an angle bisector respectively drawn from B, then equation of BC is
(A) x + y + 1 = 0 (B) 5x + y + 17 = 0 (C) 4x + 9y + 30 = 0 (D) x – 5y – 7 = 0
9. Given A(0, 0) and B(x, y) with x (0, 1) and y > 0. Let the slope of the line AB equals m1.
Point C lies on the line x = 1 such that the slope of BC equals m2 where 0 < m2 < m1. If the
area of the triangle ABC can be expressed as (m1 – m2) f (x), then the largest possible
value of f (x) is
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/8
10. The graph of (y – x) against (y + x) is as shown.

Which one of the following shows the graph of y against x?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11. P is a point inside the triangle ABC. Lines are drawn through P, parallel to the sides of the
triangle. The three resulting triangles with the vertex at P have areas 4, 9 and 49 sq. units.
The area of the triangle ABC is
(A) 2 3 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 144

Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ANS D A B A A A C B D C D



1. Through a point A on the x-axis a straight line is drawn parallel to y-axis so as to meet the
pair of straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 in B and C. If AB = BC then
(A) h2 = 4ab (B) 8h2 = 9ab (C) 9h2 = 8ab (D) 4h2 = ab
2. The equation of the pair of bisectors of the angles between two straight lines is,
12x2 – 7xy – 12y2 = 0 . If the equation of one line is 2y – x = 0,
then the equation of the other line is:
(A) 41x – 38y = 0 (B) 11x + 2y = 0 (C) 38x + 41y = 0 (D) 11x – 2y = 0
3. Consider a quadratic equation in Z with parameters x and y as

Z2 – xZ + (x – y)2 = 0
The parameters x and y are the co-ordinates of a variable point P w.r.t. an orthonormal
co-ordinate system in a plane. If the quadratic equation has equal roots then the locus of P
is
(A) a circle
(B) a line pair through the origin of co-ordinates with slope 1/2 and 2/3
(C) a line pair through the origin of co-ordinates with slope 3/2 and 2
(D) a line pair through the origin of co-ordinates with slope 3/2 and 1/2
4. The image of the pair of lines represented by ax2 + 2h xy + by2 = 0 by the line mirror
y = 0 is
(A) ax2 – 2h xy – by2 = 0 (B) bx2 – 2h xy + ay2 = 0
(C) bx2 + 2h xy + ay2 = 0 (D) ax2 – 2h xy + by2 = 0
5. Area of the triangle formed by the line x + y = 3 and the angle bisectors of the line pair
x2 – y2 + 4y – 4 = 0 is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 3/2 (D) 2
6. The distance of the point P(x1, y1) from each of the two straight lines through the origin is
d. The equation of the two straight lines is
(A) (xy1 – yx1)2 = d2(x2 + y2) (B) d2(xy1 – yx1)2 = x2 + y2
(C) d2(xy1 + yx1)2 = x2 + y2 (D) (xy1 + yx1)2 = d2(x2 + y2)
7. Let PQR be a right angled isosceles triangle, right angled at P (2, 1). If the equation of the
line QR is 2x + y = 3, then the equation representing the pair of lines PQ and PR is
(A) 3x2 – 3y2 + 8xy + 20x + 10y + 25 = 0 (B) 3x2 – 3y2 + 8xy – 20x – 10y + 25 = 0
(C) 3x2 – 3y2 + 8xy + 10x + 15y + 20 = 0 (D) 3x2 – 3y2 – 8xy – 10x – 15y – 20 = 0

8. The greatest slope along the graph represented by the equation 4x2 – y2 + 2y – 1 = 0, is
(A) – 3 (B) – 2 (C) 2 (D) 3
9. If the straight lines joining the origin and the points of intersection of the curve
5x2 + 12xy – 6y2 + 4x – 2y + 3 = 0 and x + ky – 1 = 0
are equally inclined to the co-ordinate axes then the value of k :
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to – 1 (C) is equal to 2
(D) does not exist in the set of real numbers .
10. Vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(3, 1), B(13, 6), C(13, 21) and D(3, 16). If a line
passing through the origin divides the parallelogram into two congruent parts then the slope
of the line is
11 11 25 13
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 8 8 8

Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS B A D D A A B C B B






[REASONING TYPE]
x y x y x y x y
1. Consider the lines, L1:   1 ; L2 =   1 ; L3 :   2 and L4 :   2
3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
Statement-1 : The quadrilateral formed by these four lines is a rhombus.
because
Statement-2 : If diagonals of a quadrilateral formed by any four lines are unequal and intersect at right
angle then it is a rhombus.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

2. Given a ABC whose vertices are A(x1, y1) ; B(x2, y2) ; C(x3, y3).
Let there exists a point P(a, b) such that 6a = 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 ; 6b = 2y1 + y2 + 3y3
Statement-1 : Area of triangle PBC must be less than the area of ABC
because
Statement-2 : P lies inside the triangle ABC


3. Let points A, B, C are represented by (a cos i, a sin i) i = 1, 2, 3 and
3
cos (1 – 2) + cos (2 – 3) + cos (3 – 1) =  .
2
Statement-1 : Orthocentre of  ABC is at origin
because
Statement-2 :  ABC is equilateral triangle.

4. Given the lines y + 2x = 3 and y + 2x = 5 cut the axes at A, B and C, D respectively.
Statement-1 : ABDC forms quadrilateral and point (2, 3) lies inside the quadrilateral
because
Statement-2 : Point lies on same side of the lines.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

5. Consider a triangle whose vertices are A(– 2, 1), B(1, 3) and C(3x, 2x – 3) where x is a real number.
Statement-1 : The area of the triangle ABC is independent of x
because
Statement-2 : The vertex C of the triangle ABC always moves on a line parallel to the base AB.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

6. Statement-1 : Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are A(–1, 11); B(– 9, – 8) and C(15, – 2) lies on the
internal angle bisector of the vertex A.
because
Statement-2 : Triangle ABC is isosceles with B and C as base angles.

7. Consider the line L: = 3x + y + 4 = 0 and the points A(–5, 6) and B(3, 2)
Statement-1 : There is exactly one point on the line L which is equidistant from the point A and B.
because
Statement-2 : The point A and B are on the different sides of the line.



8. Consider the following statements
Statement-1 : The equation x2 + 2y2 – 2 3 x – 4y + 5 = 0 represents two real lines on the cartesian plane.
because
Statement-2 : A general equation of degree two ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
denotes a line pair if abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
[COMPREHENSION TYPE]

Paragraph for Question Nos. 9 to 11

Consider a family of lines (4a + 3)x – (a + 1)y – (2a + 1) = 0 where a R

9. The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin on each member of this family, is
(A) (2x – 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 5 (B) (2x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
(C) (2x + 1)2 + 4(y – 1)2 = 5 (D) (2x – 1)2 + 4(y – 1)2 = 5

10. A member of this family with positive gradient making an angle of 45° with the line 3x – 4y = 2, is
(A) 7x – y – 5 = 0 (B) 4x – 3y + 2 = 0
(C) x + 7y = 15 (D) 5x – 3y – 4 = 0

11. Minimum area of the triangle which a member of this family with negative gradient can make with the
positive semi axes, is
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 2

Paragraph for Question Nos. 12 to 14

Consider a general equation of degree 2, as
x2 – 10xy + 12y2 + 5x – 16y – 3 = 0

12. The value of '' for which the line pair represents a pair of straight lines is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3/2 (D) 3

13. For the value of  obtained in above question, if L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 are the lines denoted by the given line pair
then the product of the abscissa and ordinate of their point of intersection is
(A) 18 (B) 28
(C) 35 (D) 25

14. If  is the acute angle between L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 then  lies in the interval
(A) (45°, 60°) (B) (30°, 45°)
(C) (15°, 30°) (D) (0, 15°)






[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]
x y x y x y
15. If   1 is a line through the intersection of   1 and   1 and the lengths of the
c d a b b a
perpendiculars drawn from the origin to these lines are equal in lengths then :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)    (B)   
a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 a 2 b2 c2 d 2
1 1 1 1
(C)    (D) None
a b c d

16. A and B are two fixed points whose co-ordinates are (3, 2) and (5, 4) respectively . The co-ordinates of a
point P if ABP is an equilateral triangle, is/are :
(A) 4  3 , 3 3  (B) 4  3 , 3 3  (C) 3  3 , 4 3  (D) 3  3 , 4 3 
17. Straight lines 2x + y = 5 and x - 2y = 3 intersect at the point A. Points B and C are chosen on these two
lines such that AB = AC. Then the equation of a line BC passing through the point (2, 3) is
(A) 3x – y – 3 = 0 (B) x + 3y – 11 = 0
(C) 3x + y – 9 = 0 (D) x – 3y + 7 = 0
18. The straight lines x + y = 0, 3x + y – 4 = 0 and x + 3y - 4 = 0 form a triangle which is

(A) isosceles (B) right angled (C) obtuse angled (D) equilateral
[MATCH THE COLUMN]
19. Column-I Column-II

(A) Let 'P' be a point inside the triangle ABC and is equidistant (P) centroid
from its sides. DEF is a triangle obtained by the intersection
of the external angle bisectors of the angles of the DABC.
With respect to the triangle DEF point P is its
(B) Let 'Q' be a point inside the triangle ABC (Q) orthocentre
A B C
If  AQ  sin   BQ  sin   CQ  sin then with respect to
2 2 2
the triangle ABC, Q is its
(C) Let 'S' be a point in the plane of the triangle ABC. If the point is (R) incentre
such that infinite normals can be drawn from it on the circle passing
through A, B and C then with respect to the triangle ABC, S is its
(D) Let ABC be a triangle. D is some point on the side BC such that (S) circumcentre
the line segments parallel to BC with their extremities on AB
and AC get bisected by AD. Point E and F are similarly obtained
on CA and AB. If segments AD, BE and CF are concurrent at
a point R then with respect to the triangle ABC, R is its


Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS C A A D A A B D D A
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
ANS C B C D AC AB AB AC
Q 19
ANS (A) Q (B) R (C) S (D) P



ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISES



1. Find the area enclosed by 2 |x | + 3 |y | ≤ 6.
2. If , ,  are the real roots of the equation x3 – 3px2 + 3qx – 1 = 0 then find the centroid
1  1  1
of the triangle with vertices  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
     
3. An equation of a line through the point (1, 2) whose distance from the point (3, 1) has the
greatest value is.
4. Let a given line L1 intersect the x & y axis at P & Q respectively. Let another line L2
perpendicular to L1 cut the x and y axis at R and S respectively. Find the locus of the
point of intersection of the lines PS & QR.
5. The ends A, B of a straight line segment of constant length c slide upon the fixed
rectangular axis OX & OY respectively. If the rectangle OAPB be completed, then show
that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P to AB is x 2 /3  y 2 /3  c 2 /3 .
6. In a right angled triangle the vertex at the right angle is (1, 1), one of the sides of the
triangle is 2x – y = 1 and the mid point of the hypotenuse is (5, –2), find the equation of
the other sides of the triangle.
7. Find the equation of the sides of a triangle ABC with A(1, 3) as a vertex and x – 2y + 1 =
0 and y – 1 = 0 as the equation of two of its medians.
8. Find the co-ordinate of the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines y = 0,
(1 + t)x – ty + t(1 + t) = 0, (1 + u)x – xy + x(1 + x ) = 0

9. Determine all values of α for which the point ( α, α2) lies insides the triangle formed by
the lines. 2x + 3y – 1 = 0 ; x + 2y – 3 = 0 ; 5x – 6y – 1 = 0
10. The vertices a triangle are A(–1, –7) B(5, 1) and C(1, 4), find the equation the bisector of
the ABC.
11. The sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a quadrilateral have the equation x + 2y = 3, x = 1, x – 3y
= 4, 5x + y + 12 = 0 respectively. Find angle between AC & BD.
12. In a triangle ABC, the medians AD & BE are perpendicular to each other and their length
are |AD | = m and |BE | = n, find area of triangle ABC.
13. A rectangle PQRS has its sides PQ parallel to the lines y = mx and vertices P, Q, S lie on
the lines y = a, x = b & x = –b respectively, find locus of R.
14. Let S be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral which has one vertex on each
sides of S. If a, b, c and d denotes the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral. Prove that
2 ≤ a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ≤ 4.
15. The x – coordinates of the vertices of a square of unit area are the roots of the equation
x2 – 3 |x | + 2 = 0 and the y – co-ordinates of the vertices are the roots of the equation
y2 – 3y + 2 = 0. Find the vertices of the square.
16. If R1, R2 and R3 divide the sides BC, CA & AB of the triangle ABC in the same ratio,
show that the centroid of ABC coincide with the centroid of R1R2R3.
17. Find the locus of points P(h, k) if area of triangle formed by lines y = x, x + y = 2 and the
line through P(h, k) & parallel to the x-axis is 4h2.
18. Find the condition in a & b such that the portion of the line ax + by – 1 = 0 intercepted
between the lines ax + y + 1 = 0 and x + by = 0 subtends a right angle at the origin.
19. If a rod of length l moves with one end on the x-axis and the other end on the bisector of the
acute angle between the lines y = x and y = 0, find the locus of the middle point of the rod.
20. Find the area of triangle formed by x + y = 3 and angle bisectors of x2 – y2 + 2y = 1.
21. The area bounded by the curve y = |x | – 1 & y = – |x | + 1
22. A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8, 2) and cuts the positive
co-ordinate axis at point P & Q. Find the absolute minimum value of OP + OQ, as L
varies where O is the origin.
23. Find the number of integer value of m, for which the x-co-ordinate of the point of
intersection of the lines 3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer.


ANSWER KEY
1. 12 sq. unit 2. (p, q) 3. y = 2x
5a 2
4. x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0 5. x + 2y – 3 = 0, 3x – 4y + 4a = 0, square unit
2
7. x + 2y – 7 = 0 ; x – 4y – 1 = 0 ; x – y + 2 = 0. 8. (tu, –tu)
 3  1 
9.      1 or     1
 2  2 
10. x – 7y + 2 = 0 11. 90 12. 2/3 mn.
13. my + (1 – m )x – am – (m2 + 1)b = 0
2
14. A(–2, 1), B(–1, 1), C(–1, 2), D(–2, 2)
15. 2x + y – 1 = 0 16. b2 + b + 2a = 0
17. 4x2 + 16(3 + 2 2 )y2 – 8( 2 +1)xy = l2 18. 2 square unit 19. 2 square unit
20. 18 unit 21. 2



x y
1. Line   1 intersects the x and y axes at M and N respectively. If the coordinates of
6 8
the point P lying inside the triangle OMN (where 'O' is origin) are (a, b) such that the areas
of the triangle POM, PON and PMN are equal. Find
(a) the coordinates of the point P and
(b) the radius of the circle escribed opposite to the angle N.
2. Two vertices of a triangle are (4, -3) & (-2, 5). If the orthocentre of the triangle is at (1, 2),
find the coordinates of the third vertex.
3. The point A divides the join of P (-5 , 1) & Q (3, 5) in the ratio K : 1 . Find the two
values of K for which the area of triangle ABC, where B is (1, 5) & C is (7, -2), is equal
to 2 units in magnitude.
4. Determine the ratio in which the point P(3 , 5) divides the join of A(1, 3) & B(7, 9). Find
the harmonic conjugate of P w.r.t. A & B.
5. A line is such that its segment between the straight lines

5x - y - 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y - 4 = 0 is bisected at the point (1, 5). Obtain the equation.
6. A line through the point P(2, -3) meets the lines x - 2y + 7 = 0 and x + 3y - 3 = 0 at the
points A and B respectively. If P divides AB externally in the ratio 3 : 2 then find the
equation of the line AB.
7. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) & (3, -2). The third vertex lies
on y = x + 3. Find the third vertex.
x y
8. A variable line, drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines  1 &
a b
x y
 = 1, meets the coordinate axes in A & B. Show that the locus of the mid point of
b a
AB is the curve 2 xy  a  b   ab  x  y  .
9. In the xy plane, the line 'l1 ' passes through the point (1, 1) and the line 'l2' passes through
the point(–1, 1). If the difference of the slopes of the lines is 2. Find the locus of the point
of intersection of the lines l1 and l2.
10. Two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are 4x + 5y = 0 & 7x + 2y = 0. If the equation to
one diagonal is 11x + 7y = 9, find the equation to the other diagonal.

11. The line 3x + 2y = 24 meets the y-axis at A & the x-axis at B. The perpendicular
bisector of AB meets the line through (0, -1) parallel to x-axis at C. Find the area of the
triangle ABC.
12. If the straight line drawn through the point P ( 3 , 2) & inclined at an angle 30° with the
x-axis, meets the line x - 4y + 8 = 0 at Q. Find the length PQ.
13. Find the condition that the diagonals of the parallelogram formed by the lines
ax + by + c = 0; ax + by + c' = 0; a'x + b'y + c = 0 & a'x + b'y + c' = 0 are at right
angles. Also find the equation to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
14. A triangle has side lengths 18, 24 and 30. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
the incentre, circumcentre and centroid of the triangle.
15. The points (1, 3) & (5, 1) are two opposite vertices of a rectangle. The other two vertices lie
on the line y = 2x + c. Find c & the remaining vertices.
16. A straight line L is perpendicular to the line 5x - y = 1. The area of the triangle formed by
the line L & the coordinate axes is 5. Find the equation of the line.
17. Two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are given by the equations 7x - y + 3 = 0 and
x + y - 3 = 0 & its third side passes through the point (1, -10). Determine the equation of
the third side.
18. The vertices of a triangle OBC are O (0, 0), B (-3, - 1), C(-1, -3). Find the equation of the
line parallel to BC & intersecting the sides OB & OC, whose perpendicular distance from
the point (0, 0) is half.
19. Starting at the origin, a beam of light hits a mirror (in the form of a line) at the point A(4, 8)
and is reflected at the point B(8, 12). Compute the slope of the mirror.
20. Given vertices A (1, 1), B (4, -2) & C (5, 5) of a triangle, find the equation of the
perpendicular dropped from C to the interior bisector of the angle A.
21. Triangle ABC lies in the Cartesian plane and has an area of 70 sq. units. The coordinates of
B and C are (12, 19) and (23, 20) respectively and the coordinates of A are (p, q). The line
containing the median to the side BC has slope –5. Find the largest possible value of
(p + q).
22. A straight line is drawn from the point (1, 0) to the curve x2 + y2 + 6x - 10y + 1 = 0, such
that the intercept made on it by the curve subtends a right angle at the origin. Find the
equations of the line.

23. Determine the range of values of    0, 2  for which the point (cos θ, sin θ) lies inside
the triangle formed by the lines x + y = 2 ; x - y = 1 & 6 x  2 y  10 = 0.
24. The points (–6, 1), (6, 10), (9, 6) and (–3, –3) are the vertices of a rectangle. If the area of
a
the portion of this rectangle that lies above the x axis is , find the value of (a + b), given a
b
and b are coprime.
25. The two line pairs y2 – 4y + 3 = 0 and x2 + 4xy + 4y2 – 5x – 10y + 4 = 0 enclose a 4 sided
convex polygon find (i) area of the polygon; (ii) length of its diagonals.

ANSWER KEY
 8 31
Q.1 (a)  2,  ; (b) 4 Q.2 (33, 26) Q.3 K = 7 or
 3 9
Q.4 1 : 2 ; Q (–5, –3) Q.5 83x – 35y + 92 = 0 Q.6 2x + y –1 = 0
 7 13   3 3  2 2
Q.7  ,  or   ,  Q.9 y = x and y = 2 – x Q.10 x–y=0 Q.11 91 sq.units
2 2 2 2
Q.12 6 units Q.13 a2 + b2 = a2 + b2; (a + a')x + (b + b')y + (c + c') = 0; (a - a')x + (b - b')y = 0
Q.14 3 units Q.15 c = – 4; B(2 , 0); D(4 , 4)
Q.16 x + 5y + 5 2 = 0 or x + 5y – 5 2 =0 Q.17 x – 3y – 31 = 0 or 3x + y + 7 = 0
1  10
Q.18 2x + 2y + = 0 Q.19 Q.20 x–5=0 Q.21 47
3
5
Q.22 x + y = 1 ; x + 9y = 1 Q.23 0<θ< – tan-13 Q.24 533
6
Q.25 (i) area = 6 sq. units, (ii) diagonals are 5 & 53


1. Consider a line pair 2x2 + 3xy – 2y2 – 10x + 15y – 28 = 0 and another line L passing
through origin with gradient 3. The line pair and line L form a triangle whose vertices are
A, B and C.
(a) Find the sum of the cotangents of the interior angles of the triangle ABC.
(b) Find the area of triangle ABC
(c) Find the radius of the circle touching all the 3 sides of the triangle.
2. The equations of perpendiculars of the sides AB & AC of triangle ABC are x - y - 4 = 0

and 2x - y - 5 = 0 respectively. If the vertex A is (- 2, 3) and point of intersection of
3 5
perpendiculars bisectors is  ,  , find the equation of medians to the sides AB & AC
2 2
respectively.
3. The interior angle bisector of angle A for the triangle ABC whose coordinates of the
vertices are A(–8, 5); B(–15, –19) and C(1, – 7) has the equation ax + 2y + c = 0. Find 'a'
and 'c'.
4. Show that all the chords of the curve 3x2 - y2 - 2x + 4y = 0 which subtend a right angle
at the origin are concurrent. Does this result also hold for the curve, 3x² + 3y² - 2x +
4y = 0? If yes, what is the point of concurrency & if not, give reasons.
5. The coordinates of the vertices of a quadrilateral are A(0, 0); B(16, 0), C(8, 8), D(0, 8).
Find the equation of the line parallel to AC that halves the area of the quadrilateral in the
form of y = mx + c.
6. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through (-2, -7) & having an intercept of
length 3 between the straight lines 4x + 3y = 12, 4x + 3y = 3.
7. Two sides of a rhombous ABCD are parallel to the lines y = x + 2 & y = 7x + 3. If the
diagonals of the rhombous intersect at the point (1, 2) & the vertex A is on the y-axis,
find the possible coordinates of A.
8. The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB & AC of a triangle ABC are
x - y + 5 = 0 & x + 2y = 0, respectively. If the point A is (1, -2) find the equation of the
line BC.

9. A triangle is formed by the lines whose equations are AB : x + y – 5 = 0,

BC : x + 7y – 7 = 0 and CA : 7x + y + 14 = 0. Find the bisector of the interior angle at B
and the exterior angle at C. Determine the nature of the interior angle at A and find the
equaion of the bisector.
10. A point P is such that its perpendicular distance from the line y - 2x + 1 = 0 is equal to
its distance from the origin. Find the equation of the locus of the point P. Prove that the
line y = 2x meets the locus in two points Q & R, such that the origin is the mid point of
QR.
11. A triangle has two sides y = m1 x and y = m2 x where m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation
bx 2  2hx  a  0 . If (a, b) be the orthocentre of the triangle, then find the equation of the
third side in terms of a, b and h.
12. Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines whose equations are
x + 2y – 5 = 0; 2x + y – 7 = 0 and x – y + 1 = 0 without determining the coordinates of the
vertices of the triangle. Also compute the tangent of the interior angles of the triangle and
hence comment upon the nature of triangle.
13. Find the equation of the two straight lines which together with those given by the equation
6x2 – xy – y2 + x + 12y - 35 = 0 will make a parallelogram whose diagonals intersect at the
origin.
14. Find the equations of the sides of a triangle having (4, -1) as a vertex, if the lines x – 1 = 0
and x – y -1 = 0 are the equations of two internal bisectors of its angles.
15. The sides of a triangle are U r  x cos  r  y sin  r  pr  0,  r  1, 2, 3  . Show that the
orthocentre is given by U 1 cos( 2   3 )  U 2 cos( 3   1 )  U 3 cos( 1   2 ) .
16. P is the point (-1, 2), a variable line through P cuts the x & y axes at A & B
respectively Q is the point on AB such that PA, PQ, PB are H.P. Show that the locus of
Q is the line y = 2x.
17. The equations of the altitudes AD, BE, CF of a triangle ABC are x + y = 0, x - 4y = 0 and
2x - y =0 respectively. The coordinates of A are (t , -t). Find coordinates of B & C. Prove
that if t varies the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x + 5y = 0.
18. The distance of a point (x1, y1) from each of the two straight lines which passes through the
origin of co-ordinates is δ; find the combined equation of these straight lines.



ANSWER KEY
50 63 3
Q.1 (a)
7
; (b)
10
; (c) 
10
8 5  5 10  Q.2 x + 4y = 4 ; 5x + 2y = 8
 1 2
Q.3 a = 11 , c = 78 Q.4 (1, -2), yes  ,   Q.5 y = x + 8 3 – 16
 3 3
 5
Q.6 7x + 24y + 182 = 0 or x = – 2 Q.7 (0 , 0) or  0,  Q.8 14x + 23y = 40
 2
Q.9 3x + 6y – 16 = 0 ; 8x + 8y + 7 = 0 ; 12x + 6y – 11 = 0
Q.10 x² + 4y² + 4xy + 4x – 2y – 1 = 0
3  3
Q.11 (a + b) ( ax + by) = ab( a + b –2h) Q.12 sq. units,  3, 3,  , isosceles
2 4
Q.13 6x² – xy – y² – x – 12y – 35 = 0 Q.14 2x – y + 3 = 0, 2x + y – 7 = 0, x – 2y – 6 = 0
 2t t   t 
Q.17 B   ,   , C  , t  Q.18 (y12 - 2) x2 – 2 x1y1 xy + (x12 – 2) y2 = 0
 3 6  2 

3.10. JEE (MAIN) CORNER
1. A straight line through the point A (3, 4) is such that its intercept between the axes is
bisected at A. Its equation is : [2006]
(a) 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 (b) 4x + 3y = 24 (c) 3x + 4y = 25 (d) x + y = 7
x
2. If (a, a2) falls inside the angle made by the lines y = , x > 0 and y = 3x, x > 0, then 'a'
2
belongs to : [2006]
1   1  1
(a) (3, ) (b)  ,3  (c)  –3, –  (d)  0, 
2   2  2
3. Let A(h, k), B(1, 1) and C(2, 1) be the vertices of a right angled triangle with AC as its
hypotenuse. If the area of triangle is 1, then the set of values which ‘k’ can take is given
by [2007]
(a) {1, 3} (b) {0, 2} (c) {–1, 3} (d) {–3, – 2}
4. Let P = (–1, 0) Q = (0, 0) and R = (3, 3 3) be three points. The equation of the bisector
of the PQR is [2007]
3
(a) 3 x + y = 0 (b) x + y=0
2
3
(c) x+y=0 (d) x + 3 y = 0
2
5. If one of the lines of my2 + (1 – m2) xy – mx2 = 0 is a bisector of the angle between the
lines xy = 0, then m is [2007]
1
(a) – (b) – 2 (c) ± 1 (d) 2
2
6. The perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining P(1, 4) and Q(k, 3) has y-intercept
– 4. Then a possible value of k is [2008]
(a) – 4 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) – 2
7. The lines p(p2 + 1) x – y + q = 0 and (p2 + 1)2 x + (p2 + 1) y + 2q = 0 are perpendicular

to a common line for: [2009]
(a) exactly one value of p (b) exactly two values of p
(c) more than two values of p (d) no value of p

8. Three distinct points A, B and C are given in the 2-dimensional coordinate plane such
that the ratio of the distance of any one of them from the point (1, 0) to the distance from
1
the point (–1, 0) is equal to . Then the circumcentre of the triangle ABC is at the point :
3
[2009]
5  5  5 
(a)  , 0  (b)  , 0  (c)  , 0  (d) 0, 0
 4   2   3 
x y
9. The line L given by  = 1 passes through the point (13, 32). The line K is parallel to
5 b
x y
L and has the equation  = 1. Then the distance between L and K is [2010]
c 3
17 23 23
(a) 17 (b) (c) (d)
15 17 15
10. The lines L1 : y  x  0 and L2 : 2 x  y  0 intersect the line L3 : y  2  0 at P and Q

respectively. The bisector of the acute angle between L1 and L2 intersects L3 at R.
[2011]
Statement – 1: The ratio PR : RQ equals 2 2 : 5
Statement – 2: In any triangle, bisector of an angle divides the triangle into two similar
triangles.
(a) Statement – 1 is true, statement – 2 is true; Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation
for statement – 1.
(b) Statement – 1 is true, Statement – 2 is false.
(c) Statement – 1 is false, Statement – 2 is true.
(d) Statement – 1 is true, statement – 2 is true; statement – 2 is a correct explanation for
statement – 1.
11. The lines x  y  a and ax  y  1 intersect each other in the first quadrant. Then the set of
all possible values of a is the interval. [2011]
(a)  0,   (b) 1,   (c)  1,   (d)  1,1
12. If A  2, 3  and B  2,1 are two vertices of a triangle and third vertex moves on the line
2 x  3 y  9 , then the locus of the centroid of the triangle is: [2011]
(a) x  y  1 (b) 2 x  3 y  1 (c) 2 x  3 y  3 (d) 2 x  3 y  1

13. There are 10 points in a plane, out of these 6 are collinear. If N is the number of triangles
formed by joining these points. Then: [2011]
(a) N  100 (b) 100  N  140
(c) 140  N  190 (d) N  190
14. If the line 2x  y  k passes through the point which divides the line segment joining the
points 1,1 and  2, 4  in the ratio 3:2, then k equals: [2012]
29 11
(a) (b) 5 (c) 6 (d)
5 5
15. A ray of light along x  3 y  3 gets reflected upon reaching x – axis, the equation of
the reflected ray is [2013]
(a) y  x  3 (b) 3y  x  3
(c) y  3 x  3 (d) 3y  x 1
16. The x – coordinate of the incentre of the triangle that has the coordinates of mid points of
its sides as  0,11,1 and 1, 0  is: [2013]
(a) 2  2 (b) 2  2
(c) 1  2 (d) 1  2
17. A light of ray emerging from the point source placed at P (1, 3) is reflected at a point Q in
the axis of x. If the reflected ray passes through the point R (6, 7), then the abscissa of Q
is
(a) 1 (b) 3
7 5
(c) (d)
2 2
18. If the three lines x – 3y = p, ax + 2y = q and ax + y = r form a right triangle, then

(2013 Online)
2 2
(a) a – 9a + 18 = 0 (b) a – 6a – 12 = 0
2
(c) a – 9a – 18 = 0 (d) a2 – 9a + 12 = 0
19. If the X – intercept of some line L is double as that of line, 3x + 4y = 12 and the Y –
intercept of L is half as that of the same line, then the slope of L is (2013 Online)
(a) – 3 (b) – 3/8
(c) – 3/2 (d) – 3 /16

20. Let  1 be the angle betwwn the lines 2x + 3y + c1 = 0 and – x + 5y + c2 = 0, and  2 be the
angle between two lines 2x + 3y + c1 = 0 and – x + 5y + c3 = 0, where c1, c2, c3 are any
real numbers.
Statement 1 : If c2 and c3 are proportional, then 1   2 .
Statement 2 : 1   2 for all c2 and c3 . (2013 Online)
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
statement-1.
21. If the extrimities of base of an isosceles triangle are the points (2a, 0) and (0, a) and the
equation of one of the sides is x = 2a, then the area of the triangle, in square units, is
(2013 Online)
5 2 5 2 25 2
(a) a (b) a (c) a (d) 5 a 2
4 2 4
22. Let A ( - 3, 2) and B ( - 2, 1) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. If the centroid of this
triangle lies on the line 3x + 4y + 2 = 0, then the vertex C of lies on the line :
(2013 Online)
(a) 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 (b) 3x + 4y + 3 = 0 (c) 4x + 3y + 3 = 0 (d) 3x + 4y + 5 = 0
23. If the image of point P (2, 3) in a line L is Q (4, 5), then the image of R (0, 0) in the same
line is (2013 Online)
(a) (2, 2) (b) (4, 5) (c) (3, 4) (d) (7, 7)
24. Let a, b, c and d be non-zero numbers. If the point of intersection of the lines
4 ax  2 ay  c  0 and 5bx  2by  d  0 lies in the fourth quadrant and is equidistant
from the two axes then : (2014)
(a) 2bc  3ad  0 (b) 2bc  3ad  0
(c) 3bc  2ad  0 (d) 3bc  2ad  0
25. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices P (2,2), Q(6.-1) and R(7,3). The
equation of the line passing through (1, -1) and parallel to PS is : (2014)
(a) 4 x  7 y  11  0 (b) 2 x  9 y  7  0
(c) 4 x  7 y  3  0 (d) 2 x  9 y  11  0

26. Given three points P, Q, R with P (5, 3) and R lies on x – axis. If the equation of RQ is
x – 2y = 2 and PQ is parallel to the x – axis , then the centroid of PQR lies on the line
(2014 Online)
(a) 2 x  y  9  0 (b) x  2 y  1  0 (c) 5 x  2 y  0 (d) 2 x  5 y  0
27. The base of an equilateral triangle is along the line 3x + 4y = 9. If a vertex of the triangle
is (1, 2), then the length of the side of the triangle is (2014 Online)
2 3 4 3 4 3 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 5 5
28. If a line intercepted between the coordinate axes is trisected at a point A (4, 3), which is
nearer to x – axis, then its equation is (2014 Online)
(a) 4 x  3 y  7 (b) 3 x  2 y  18
(c) 3 x  8 y  36 (d) x  3 y  13
29. The circumcentre of a triangle lies at origin and its centroid is the mid point of the line
segment joining the points (a2 + 1, a2 + 1) and  2a ,  2a  , a  0. Then for any a, the
orthocentre of this triangle lies on the line (2014 Online)
(a) y  2 a x  0  
(b) y  a2 1 x  0
2 2
(c) y  x  0 (d)  a 1 x   a 1 y  0
30. If a line L is perpendicular to the line 5x – y = 1, and the area of the triangle formed by
the line L and the coordinate axes is 5, then the distance of L from the line x + 5y = 0 is
(2014 Online)
7 5 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 13 13 7
31. The number of points, having both co-ordinates as integers, that lie in the interior of the
triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 41) and (41, 0) is : (2015)
(a) 901 (b) 861
(c) 820 (d) 780
32. Locus of the image of the point (2, 3) in the line  2 x  3 y  4   k  x  2 y  3   0 , k  R ,
is a : (2015)
(A) straight line parallel to x-axis (B) straight line parallel to y-axis
(C) circle of radius 2 (D) circle of radius 3

33. Let L be the line passing through the point P(1, 2) such that its intercepted segment
between the co-ordinate axes is bisected at P. If L1 is the line perpendicular to L and
passing through the point( - 2, 1), then the point of intersection of L and L1 is :
(2015 Online)
 4 12   11 29   3 17   3 23 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  , 
5 5   20 10   10 5   5 10 
 8
34. The points  0,  , 1,3  and (82, 30) : (2015 Online)
 3
(a) form an obtuse angled triangle (b) form an acute angled triangle
(c) form a right angled triangle (d) lie on a straight line
35. A straight line L through the point (3, - 2) is inclined at angle of 60 to the line
3 x  y  1. If L also intersects the x-axis, then the equation of L is : (2015 Online)
(a) y  3 x  2  3 3  0 (b) y  3 x  2  3 3  0
(c) 3 y  x3 2 3 0 (d) 3 y  x 3 2 3  0
36. Two sides of a rhombus are along the lines, x – y + 1 = 0 and 7x – y – 5 = 0. If its
diagonals intersects at (– 1, – 2), then which of the following is a vertex of this rhombus?
(2016)
 10 7  1 8
(a)   ,   (b)   3,  9  (c)   3,  8  (d)  ,  
 3 3 3 3
37. The point (2, 1) is translated parallel to the line L : x – y = 4 by 2 3 units. If the new
point Q lies in the third quadrant, then the equation of the line passing through Q and
perpendicular to L is : (2016 Online)
(a) x  y  2  6 (b) x  y  3  3 6
(b) (c) x  y  3  2 6 (d) 2 x  2 y  1  6
x y x y
38. If a variable line drawn through the intersection of the lines  1 &  1, meets
3 4 4 3
the coordinate axes at A and B,  A  B  , then the locus of the midpoint of AB is :
(2016 Online)
2
(a) 6xy = 7(x + y) (b) 4(x + y) – 28(x + y) + 49 = 0
(c) 7xy = 6 (x + y) (d) 14(x + y)2 – 97(x + y) + 168 =0

39. A ray of light is incident along a line which meets another line, 7x – y + 1 = 0, at the
point (0, 1). The ray is then reflected from this point along the line, y + 2x =1. Then the
equation of the line of incidence of the ray of light is: (2016 Online)
(a) 41x + 38y = 38 (b) 41x – 38y = 38
(c) 41x + 25y – 25 = 0 (d) 41x – 25y + 25 = 0
40. A straight line through origin O meets the line 3y = 10 – 4x and 8x + 6y + 5 = 0 at

points A and B respectively. Then O divides the segment AB in the ratio
(2016 Online)
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 1
41. Let k be an integer such that the triangle with vertices  k , 3k  ,  5, k  and  k ,2
has area 28 sq. units. Then the orthocenter of this triangle is at the point: (2017)
 1  3  3  1
(a)  2,   (b) 1,  (c) 1,   (d)  2, 
 2  4  4  2

Answer Key
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS B B C A C A A A C B
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ANS B B A C B B D A D A
Q 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
ANS B B D C B D B B D B
Q 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
ANS D C D A B D C C B D
Q 41
ANS D

3.11. JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER
Q.1 (a) Let O(0, 0), P (3, 4), Q(6, 0) be the vertices of the triangle OPQ. The point R inside
the triangle OPQ is such that the triangles OPR, PQR, OQR are of equal area. The
coordinates of R are [JEE 2007, 3+3]
(A)  4 3, 3  (B)  3, 2 3 
(C)  3, 4 3  (D)  4 3, 2 3 
(b) Lines L1 : y – x = 0 and L2 : 2x + y = 0 intersect the line L3 : y + 2 = 0 at P and Q,

respectively. The bisector of the acute angle between L1 and L2 intersects L3 at R.
Statement-1: The ratio PR : RQ equals 2 2 : 5

because
Statement-2: In any triangle, bisector of an angle divides the triangle into two similar
triangles.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
statement-1.
Q.2 Consider the lines given by [JEE 2008, 6]

L1 = x + 3y – 5 = 0; L2 = 3x – ky – 1 = 0; L3 = 5x + 2y – 12 = 0
Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in
Column-II and indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4
matrix given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II
(A) L1, L2, L3 are concurrent, if (P) k=–9
6
(B) One of L1, L2, L3 is parallel to at least one of (Q) k=–
5
the other two, if
5
(C) L1, L2, L3 form a triangle, if (R) k=
6
(D) L1, L2, L3 do not form a triangle, if (S) k=5

Q.3 The locus of the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines
(1 + p)x – py + p(1 + p) = 0, (1 + q)x – qy + q(1 + q) = 0 and y = 0, where p  q, is
[JEE 2009, 3]
(A) a hyperbola (B) a parabola (C) an ellipse (D) a straight line
Q.4 A straight line L through the point  3, 2  is inclined at an angle 60° to the line 3 x  y  1
. If L also intersects the x – axis, then the equation of L is [2011]
(A) y  3 x  2  3 3  0 (B) y  3 x  2  3 3  0
(C) 3y  x  3  2 3  0 (D) 3y  x  3  2 3  0
Q.5 For a  b  c  0 , the distance between (1, 1) and the point of intersection of the lines
ax  by  c  0 and bx  ay  c  0 is less than 2 2 . Then [2013]
(A) a  b  c  0 (B) a  b  c  0 (C) a  b  c  0 (D) a  b  c  0
Q.6 For a point P in the plane, let d1  P  and d 2  P  be the distances of the point P from the lines
x  y  0 and x  y  0 respectively. The area of the region R consisting of all points P lying
in the first quadrant of the plane and satisfying 2  d1  P   d 2  P   4 , is - [2014]
Q.7 In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same two sides is y. If
x 2  c 2  y , where c is the third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the
circum-radius of the triangle is [2014]
3y 3y 3y 3y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2x  x  c 2c  x  c  4x  x  c 4c  x  c 
Q.8 A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is orthogonal to the circles
2
 x  1  y 2  16 and x 2  y 2  1 . Then [2014]
(A) radius of S is 8 (B) radius of S is 7
(C) centre of S is  7,1 (D) centre of S is  8,1
Q.9 Let a ,  ,   R. Consider the system of linear equations ax  2 y   , 3 x  2 y   .

Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ? [2016]
(A) if a   3 , then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  &  .
(B) If a   3 , then the system has a a unique solution for all values of  &  .
(C) If     0 , the the system has infinitely many solutions for a   3.
(D) If     0 , then the system has no solution for a   3.

Q.10 The equation of the plane passing through the point 1,1,1 and perpendiculat to
the planes 2 x  y  2 z  5 and 3 x  6 y  2 z  7, is : [2017]
(A) 14 x  2 y  15 z  3 (B) 14 x  2 y  15 z  1
(C) 14 x  2 y  15 z  31 (D) 14 x  2 y  15 z  27

ANSWER KEY
Q.1 (a) C; (b) C Q.2 (A) S; (B) P,Q; (C) R ; (D) P,Q,S
Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 6
Q.7 B Q. 8 BC Q.9 BCD Q.10. C

Mathematics - Complex Number - Points - ST Line - Pair of ST Lines

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XI MODULE - III

COMPLEX NUMBER AND POINTS, STRAIGHT LINE

Modus Operandi for Practice

Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT Problems

Step – III Previous Years’ KVPY &

Step – IV After Completion of Step – III, if time permits, students can

This Study Package is Prepared by

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (COMPLEX NUMBER) 01 – 21

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.2. REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

1.3. EQUALITY OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS

Thus, one complex equation is equivalent to two real equations.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.4. CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

(2) Properties of conjugate : If z, z1 and z2 are existing complex

1.5. MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(v) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 . In general z1 z 2 z3 ......z n  z1 z2 z 3 .... z n

(xi) az1  bz2

 Modulus of every complex number is a non-negative real number.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.6. ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let z  a  ib be any complex number. If this complex number is represented

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

Quadrant x y arg(z) Interval of 

Note :  Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(2) Properties of arguments

arg ( z1 z2 z3 .........zn )  arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )  arg ( z3 )  ..........  arg ( zn )  2k , (k  0 or 1 or  1)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

Let a  ib be a complex number such that a  ib  x  iy , where x and y are real

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.8. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX MUMBER :

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.9. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :

1.10. GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBER

(1) Geometrical representation of algebraic operations on complex numbers

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(iii) Product : Let z1  r1 (cos 1  i sin 1 )  r1ei1

1.11. USE OF COMPLEX NUMBER IN CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(3) Equation of the perpendicular bisector : If P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) m1 R(z) m2

(iv) Length of perpendicular : The length of perpendicular from a point z1 to

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

From (i) and (ii) we get

(6) Equation of parabola : Now for parabola SP  PM

where 2a | z1  z2 | (since eccentricity <1)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.12. ROTATION THEOREM

Note :  Here only principal values of the arguments are considered.

 k  z3  z 4  , where k purely imaginary number, then AB and

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.13. TRIANGLE INEQUALITIES

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

 If z1 , z 2 z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, right angled at z2 then

1.14. STANDARD LOCI IN THE ARGAND PLANE

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(1) If n is any rational number, then (cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n .

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.16. ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!