COMPLEX

NUMBERS
 Contents

 History.

 Number System.

 Complex
numbers.

 Operations.
(Complex 5
Number)
 History

 Complex numbers were first introduced by

G. Cardano

 R. Bombelli introduced the symbol 𝑖.

 A. Girard called “solutions impossible”.

 C. F. Gauss called “complex number”

(Complex 6
Number)
 Number
System
Imaginar
Real y
Numbe Numbers
r

Irrational Rationa
l
Number Number

Natural Whole
Integer
Numbe
Numbe r
r (Complex 7
Number)
 Complex
Numbers
• A complex number is a number that can b
express in the form of "a+b𝒊".

• Where a and b are real number and 𝑖 is an

imaginary.

• In this expression, a is the real part and b is

the imaginary part of complex number.

(Complex 8
Number)
 Complex
• Number
A complex number has a real part and an imaginary
part, But either part can be 0 .
• So, all real number and Imaginary number are
also complex number.

(Complex 10
Number)
 Complex
Numbers
Complex number convert our visualization into physical
things.

(Complex 11
Number)
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is a number consisting

of a Real and Imaginary part.

It can be written in the form

i 
1
 COMPLEX

NUMBERS
Why complex numbers are introduced???
Equations like do not have a solution within the
real numbers

x2 

1
x 1

i 
i 11
2
 COMPLEX CONJUGATE

 The COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex number

z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by

z* = x – iy
 The Modulus or absolute value
is defined by

z xy
2 2
 COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Equal complex numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if their

real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal.

If a + bi = c + di,
then a = c and b =
d
ADDITION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

(a  bi)  (c  di)  (a  c) 
(b  d )i
Imaginary Axis

z2
EXAMPLE
z sum
z1
(2  3i)  (1 5i)
z2
 (2 1)  (3  5)i Real Axis

 3  8 i
 SUBTRACTION OF
COMPLEX
(a  bi)  (cNUMBERS
 di)  (a  c)
 (b  d )i Imaginary Axis

Example z1 z2

( 2  3 i )  (1  5 i ) z2
zdiff

 ( 2  1)  (3  5)i z2
Real Axis

 1  2i
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
(a  bi)(c  di)  (ac  bd )  (ad
 bc)i
Example

(2  3i)(1 5i)
 ( 2  1 5 )  (10  3)i
 13 13i
DIVISION OF A
COMPLEX
NUMBERS
a  bi  a  bi  c 
 
c  di  c  di  c 
di 
di 

ac  adi  bci  bdi2


c 2
d 2

ac  bd  bc  ad i
EXAMPLE

6  7i 
6  7i   1  2i
 
1  2i 1  2i  1 
 6  1 22 ii  7 i  1 4 i 6 14 
  2 2  1 4
2 12
5i


20 

20

5i 4
5
5i 5 i
 Euler Formula
The polar form of a complex number can be rewritten as

z  r(cos j sin)  x  jy
 re j
This leads to the complex exponential
function :
z  x  jy
e z  e x jy  e x e jy

 e x cos y  j sin y
 Expressing Complex Number
in Polar Form

xr yr
cos sin
So any complex number, x + iy,
can be written in
polar form:

x  yi  r cos r
sini
Example
A complex number, z = 1 -
jhas a magnitude
| z | (12 12 )  2
 1   
z  tan 1
 2n    2n 
and argument :  1   4 rad 

Hence its principal argument is : Arg z  rad
 4
Hence in polar form :
j

  
z  2e 4
j
 2  cos 4
sin 4 
EXPRESSING COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR
FORM

x = r cos y = r sin
0 0

Z = r ( cos 0 + i sin 0
)
 APPLICATIONS

 Complex numbers has a wide range

of applications in Science,
Engineering, Statistics etc.
Applied mathematics
Solving diff eqs with function of complex roots

 Cauchy's integral formula

 Calculus of residues

 In Electric circuits
to solve electric circuits
How complex numbers can be applied
to “The Real World”???

 Examples of the application of complex numbers:

1) Electric field and magnetic field.

2) Application in ohms law.

3) In the root locus method, it is especially

important whether the poles and zeros are in the
left or right half planes
4) A complex number could be used to represent
the position of an object in a two dimensional
plane,