MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

COURSE : NDT First Semester

1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
1.1 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Learning Outcomes
 Define and differentiate real, rational, irrational, imaginary numbers
and complex numbers
 Find real, imaginary parts of a complex number and complex conjugate
of complex numbers
 Perform basic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division
 Express
Apply above in problems
a complex number in a+bi form

1.1.1 Real and Imaginary Numbers

Definitions:
Real Numbers : Any number which can be found as a point on a number scale extending from
-  to  is known as a real number. These are subdivided into rational and irrational numbers.
Rational Numbers : A rational number is any number that can be expressed in the form p where
q
p and q are both integers.
Irrational Numbers : Irrational number is any real number that cannot be expressed in the form
p for p, q integers.
q
Imaginary Numbers : The square root of -1 is denoted by the symbol i (i   1). The value of this
quantity cannot be determined as a real number, and therefore the product of any real number and i
cannot be placed on the number line. Such numbers are known as imaginary numbers.

Example 1.1
1. Is zero real or imaginary?
2. Evaluate higher powers of i.
3. Differentiate following numbers (state whether real, imaginary, rational or (irrational)
1
(i) 27 (ii) 2 (iii) 0.6666….. (iv) 9
3
4. Use the formula for solving a quadratic equation to solve 2 x 2  x  1  0

1.1.2 Complex Numbers

Definition
A complex number is the sum of a real number and an imaginary number. Thus , if a and b be real
numbers, a complex number will be represented by a  bi and denoted by z which is the standard
form of representation.

Notation: if z = a  bi Re z = a and Im z = b

Complex Conjugate
if z = a  bi its complex conjugate denoted by z is z = a  bi

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

Equal Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers are equal only when their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are
equal.
i.e if z = a  bi is equal to 3  2i then a = and b =

Example 1.2
1. Find the real and imaginary parts of following complex numbers
(a) 3  7i (b) a1  b1i (c)  0.35i
2. A complex number z1 is given by z1 = a1  b1i
(a) Find the real and imaginary parts of z1
(b) Write down the complex conjugate of z1

Exercise 1.1
1. If z = a  bi explain what is meant by z .
2. Find the real and imaginary parts of
(a) cos  i sin (b) 5 (c) 2 i
3
(d) 3.36  2.24i
3. Write down the complex conjugate of numbers given in 2.

1.1.3 Basic Operations

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
If z1 = a1  b1i and z 2 = a2  b2i then,
z1  z 2  (a1  a2 )  (b1  b2 )i
z1  z 2  (a1  a2 )  (b1  b2 )i
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
If z1 = a1  b1i and z 2 = a2  b2 i then,
z1 z 2  (a1  b1i)(a2  b2i) =
z1 (a1  b1i )
 =
z 2 (a 2  b2 i )

Example 1.3
1. If z1 = 3  11i and z 2 = 18 21i find (a) z1  z 2 (b) z1  z 2
2. Find z1 z 2 if z1 = 3  2i and z 2 = 5  3i 3. Find z  z and z z if z  x  yi
z
4. If z1 = 2  9i and z 2 = 5  2i find 1
z2
Note Addition and multiplication of a complex number and its conjugate are real.

Example 1.4
1 (1  i )(3  i)
1. If z = 1  i find (i) z 2 (ii) 2. Express in the form a  bi
z (2  i )
3. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are s  7  0.5i and s  7  0.5i

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

1.2 Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Learning Outcomes
 Define the Argand diagram and plot complex numbers on an Argand iagram
 Define and find modulus and argument of a complex number
 State the polar form of a complex number and convert rectangular form to polar
form and vice versa
 Perform basic operations in polar form
 Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in the Argand
diagram
 Use rotation to find complex numbers

1.2.1 The Argand Diagram

The complex number z = a  bi is plotted as a point with coordinates (a, b) as shown in Figure 1.1.
The real part of z is plotted on the horizontal axis (x) and the imaginary part of z is plotted on the
vertical axis (y). Therefore the x axis is called the real axis and the y axis is called the imaginary
axis. Such a diagram is called an Argand diagram. Engineers often refer to this diagram as the
complex plane.

1.2.2 The modulus and argument of a complex number

Modulus
z z complex number z = a  bi is shown in the Figure
The P ( a, b)
1.1. The distance of the point (a, b) from the origin is
z r
known as the modulus, or magnitude of the complex
number and represented as r or z . O
Figure 1.1
The plural of modulus is moduli. The modulus can be found using Pythagoras’s theorem,

z  r  a2  b2 .
Argument
The angle between the positive x axis and the line joining (a, b) to the origin ( OP) is called the
argument or amplitude of the complex number. It is abbreviated to arg(z) and often given the
symbol .
b b
tan   , so that   tan 1   .
a a
Angles measured anticlockwise from the positive x axis are conventionally positive whereas angles
measured clockwise are negative.

Example 1.5
1. Plot the complex numbers 3 + 4i and 4 - 2i on an Argand diagram

Figure 1.2
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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

2. Plot the complex numbers z1  2  3i, z 2  3  2i, z 3  3  2i, z 4  2  5i and z 5  6 on an

Argand diagram. Find their modulli and arguments.

Figure 1.3

3. Plot the following complex numbers on an Argand diagram and find their modulli.
(a) z1  3  4i (b) z 2  2  i (c) z 3  3i
4. Draw the complex numbers z1  1  3i, z1  1  i, z 3  1, z 4  i. Identify arguments.

5. If z = a  bi show that z  z .

1.2.3 The Polar Form

The position of a complex number is uniquely determined by its modulus and argument. This
description is known as the polar form. The polar form is denoted as z  r , where r is the
modulus and  is the argument.
x= y=
P(x,y) z = x + iy
r =
 =
Figure 1.4
This is called as the polar form of the complex number z.
Eg. Write the in polar form. z . z=

Note: The standard form of the argument is arg(z) = 2n + 

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers in Polar form.

Multiplication
If z1  r1 (cos1  i sin 1 ) and z 2  r2 (cos 2  i sin  2 ) find z1 z 2 .

What is the modulus and argument of z1 z 2 ?

z1 z1
Division : Find . What is the modulus and argument of ?
z2 z2

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Complex Numbers 2021
2020 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

Important Results
(i) z1 z 2  r1r2 (ii) arg ( z1 z 2 ) =  1 +  2
z1 r z1
(iii)  1 (iv) arg ( ) = 1 - 2
z2 r2 z2

Rotation
Y 𝑃𝑂̂𝑄 = 𝜃
Q(z2) If z1 is rotated by  angle then the new complex number z2 is
P(z1) 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
O x
Figure 1.5

Example 1.6

(1−2𝑖)
1. (a). Express the complex number 𝑧 = in 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form
(1−𝑖)2

(b). Convert 𝑧 into polar form

1.2.5 Basic Operations Using Argand Diagram.

Addition
y Let z1  x1  y1i and z 2  x2  y2 i be two complex numbers represented
Q R by the points P and Q on the Argand diagram.
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Draw PK, RM,QL perpendiculars
on OX. Also, draw PN perpendicular to RM.
P
OM = OK + KM RM = RN + NM
O L K M x
= OK + OL = QL + PK
= x1  x2 = y1  y 2
Figure 1.6
The coordinates of R are ( , ) and it represents the complex number
z1  z 2 = ( x1  x 2 )  i( y1  y 2 ) =

z1  z 2 =

and arg( z1  z 2 ) =

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

Subtraction
y
Q z1  z 2 = z1  ( z 2 ) z1  z 2 means the addition of z1
and  z 2 is represented by OQ  formed by
producing OQ to such that OQ  OQ . Complete
P the parallegram OPRQ  , then the sum of z1 and
x  z 2 is represented by OR.

Q’ R
Figure 1.7

Multiplication
Consider the two complex numbers in polar form z1  r11 and z 2  r2  2
Prove that z1 z 2  r1r2 and arg( z1 z 2 )  1   2

y P Mark the point A along x axis such that OA= 1.

Construct the triangle OPP1 on OP1 similar to the triangle
OP2A.
P1
z1  r1 (cos1  i sin1 ) z 2  r2 (cos 2  i sin 2 )
P2
OP OP1
Then, 
O x OP2 OA
A
Figure 1.8
OP1  OP2 r1  r2
OP  r1r2 [cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 )] OP    r1r2
OA 1
z1 z 2  z1 z 2 AOP  AOP1  P1OP

Division
z1 r z 
Prove that  1 and Arg  1   1   2
z2 r2  z2 
Mark the point A along x axis such that OA= 1.
P1
y Construct the triangle OAQ on OA similar to the
triangle OP1P2.
P2 OP1 OP2 OP1  OA r1  1 r1
Then,  OQ   
OQ OA OP2 r2 r2
Q
AOQ  P2 OP1  AOP1  AOP2
x
O A  1   2
Figure 1.9
z1 z  r1
 Arg  1   OQ  [cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 )]
z2  z2  r2

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

1.3 Applications of Modulus, Argument and the Argand Diagram

Learning Outcomes
 Find complex numbers represented by vertices of polygons
 Solve loci problems analytically and graphically
 Solve problems related with modulus and argument

1.3.1 Complex Numbers Represented by Vertices of Polygons

Example 1.7
1. The center of a regular hexagon is at the origin and one vertex is given by 3  i on the Argand
diagram. Find the complex numbers represented by the other vertices
2. In an Argand diagram one vertex of an equilateral triangle is given by (1+ i 3 ). Find the
complex numbers represented by other vertices, the origin being the circum-centre of the
triangle.

1.3.2 Loci Problems

Example 1.8
1. What locus is represented by z  5  6i  4 ?

2. Find the locus of point z if arg( z  4  i)   6 .

3. What domain of z is represented by z  3  4.

1.3.3 Problems Related to Modulus and Argument

Example 1.9

1. If z1  z 2  z1  z 2 prove that the difference of amplitudes of z1 and z 2 is  2 .

 z  z2  
2. If arg  1    then prove that z1  z 2 .
 z1  z 2  2

1.4 Exponential and Trigonometric functions of complex variables

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 is defined to be 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 .

Similarly 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = and sin𝑥 =
2 2𝑖

and

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

1.5 De Moivres Theorem

Learning Outcomes
 State and prove De Moivres Theorem
 Find powers of complex numbers
 Solve equations and find roots of a complex number using De Moivres Theorem
 Prove trigonometric identities using De Moivres Theorem

De Moivres Theorem is one of the most important results in the theory of complex numbers. It can
be used to find powers of complex numbers and to prove trigonometric identities.
De Moivres Theorem
If z  r (cos  i sin  ) then z n  [r (cos  i sin )]n  r n (cos n  i sin n ) .

Exercise : Prove De Moivre’s theorem using exponential form for sin and cos.

Key Point: If z  r  then z n  r n n

eg. If z  r  find z 4 in polar form.

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Example 1.10
(cos  i sin  ) 8
1. Express in the form z = x  iy .
(sin   i cos ) 4

2. If n is positive integer, prove that ( ( 3  i) n  ( 3  i) n  2 n 1 cos n .

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3. If x  cos  i sin  show that
1 1
(a) xm  m
 2 cos m (b) xm   2i sin m
x xm
4. (a) State De Moiver’s Theorem.
(b) Use De Moiver’s Theorem to find the value of (2 + 2√3)6

1.5.1 Roots of a Complex Number

In general, cos  i sin   cos(2m   )  i sin( 2m   ) m I
1  2m     2m   
Using De Moivre’s theorem, (cos  i sin  ) n  cos   i sin  
 n   n 
Giving m the values 0, 1, 2, …..,n-1 successively we get
   2     2   
m = 0, cos  i sin m = 1, cos   i sin  
n n ,  n   n 

       
. m = n -1, cos   i sin 
 

 m=n , cos   i sin 
 


    ,    
Example 1.11
1
1. Find the different values of (1  i ) 3 .
2. Use De Moivre’s theorem to solve the equation x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1  0.
3. Solve the equation with the help of De Moivre’s theorem x 7  1  0.

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies
MODULE: IS1104 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS - CALCULUS

1.5.2 Trigonometric Identities

Example 1.12

1. Expand cos 6 and sin 6 in terms of cos and sin  .

2. If x  cos  i sin  then find (2 cos ) n and (2 sin  ) n . Hence express sin 5  in terms of
sines of multiples of  .
3. Use De Moivre’s theorem to prove that sin 2  2 sin  cos and cos 2  cos2   sin 2  .

1.6 Real World Applications of Complex Numbers

1. In electronics, the state of a circuit element is described by two real numbers (the voltage V across
it and the current I flowing through it). A circuit element also may possess a capacitance C and an
inductance L that (in simplistic terms) describe its tendency to resist changes in voltage and current
respectively. These are much better described by complex numbers. Rather than the circuit element's
state having to be described by two different real numbers V and I, it can be described by a single
complex number z = V + i I. Similarly, inductance and capacitance can be thought of as the real and
imaginary parts of another single complex number w = C + i L. The laws of electricity can be
expressed using complex addition and multiplication.

2. Another example is electromagnetism. Rather than trying to describe an electromagnetic field by

two real quantities (electric field strength and magnetic field strength), it is best described as a
single complex number, of which the electric and magnetic components are simply the real and
imaginary parts.

3. When an alternative electro magnetic force 𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒(𝐸0 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 ) is applied to an electronic circuit
𝐸
of resistance 𝑅, capacitor 𝐶 and inductance 𝐿, the current generated is given by 𝐼 = 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑍0 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 )
1
where 𝑧 = 𝑅 + 𝑖𝜔𝐿 + 𝑖𝜔𝐶 is the impedance of the circuit. Given the values 𝐸0 =240 volts, 𝜔 = 50
−4
hertz, 𝑅 = 200 ohms 𝐿 = 0 henrys and 𝐶 = 10 ⁄2𝜋 farads.
Find 𝑒𝑚𝑓 and the current 𝐼 .

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Complex Numbers 2020
2021 Division of Interdisciplinary Studies