1a

Targets a wide Typically targets

● Bus Topology: Uses a single communication path Target audience, sending individuals or specific
shared by all devices, with data transmitted bulk messages. groups.
sequentially. Low complexity but susceptible to
single point failures, limiting reliability and
1d
scalability.
A data mart is:
● Mesh Topology: Employs direct connections
1. Segmented Subset: It's a segmented portion of a
between every device, enhancing redundancy and
larger data warehouse, dedicated to a particular
fault tolerance. High reliability but complex to set
business function, department, or user group.
up and maintain, with increased wiring and costs.
2. Focused Data: Contains consolidated, relevant data
● Star Topology: Features a central hub or switch
from multiple sources, specifically tailored to meet
through which devices communicate. Simplifies
the needs of its designated users.
management and fault isolation, but hub
3. Analysis Ready: Data within a data mart is
dependency risks network disruption if the hub fails.
structured and pre-processed for efficient querying,
Offers scalability and easier expansion.
analysis, and reporting.
4. Enhanced Performance: Its specialized nature
1b
results in faster data retrieval and improved
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that
performance compared to querying the entire data
provides secure and private communication over a public
warehouse.
network, typically the internet. It achieves this through:
5. Business-Centric: Designed to serve specific
1. Encryption: VPNs encrypt data, making it
business needs, providing insights into a particular
unreadable to unauthorized parties and enhancing
aspect, such as sales, inventory, or customer
privacy.
behavior.
2. Anonymity: VPNs hide users' IP addresses,
1e
preventing websites and online services from
An expert system is:
tracking their online activities.
1. Knowledge-Based: It emulates human expertise by
3. Remote Access: VPNs enable secure access to
capturing and representing specialized knowledge
private networks or resources from remote
and rules in a computer-readable format.
locations, ensuring a safe connection.
2. Inference Engine: Utilizes logical reasoning and
4. Bypassing Restrictions: VPNs allow users to access
rule-based algorithms to draw conclusions, make
geo-blocked or censored content by masking their
decisions, or solve complex problems.
location.
3. Domain-Specific: Designed for a specific field, it
5. Security: VPNs protect against cyber threats like
focuses on providing expert-level solutions and
hackers and malware, especially when using public
insights within that domain.
Wi-Fi.
4. Data-Driven: Uses input data and user interactions
1c
to process information, evaluate scenarios, and
arrive at informed recommendations.
Phishing Vishing
1f
Uses fraudulent
emails, messages,
Involves phone calls
or links to trick Communication-
or voicemails to
users into Driven DSS Data-Driven DSS
Method deceive individuals
revealing
into sharing personal
sensitive Centers on
or financial data. Emphasizes
information or analyzing large
collaboration and
login credentials. datasets using
information sharing
algorithms,
Focus among decision-
Primarily patterns, and
Primarily voice-based makers through
Commu electronic (emails, trends to derive
(phone calls, communication
nication instant insights for
voicemails). tools.
messages). decisions.

Sense Often creates a Aims to extract

Similarly employs Facilitates group
of sense of urgency valuable
urgency to pressure discussions,
Urgenc to prompt information from
victims. brainstorming, and
y immediate action. Purpose raw data, enabling
consensus-building
fact-based
The attacker's among
decisions and
identity may be Callers might use stakeholders.
predictive analytics.
Caller masked or fake caller IDs,
Identity impersonated in posing as legitimate Decision Supports Utilizes quantitative
electronic organizations. Process qualitative analysis, analysis, statistical
communication. subjective inputs, modeling, and data
and collective visualization to

1
 1i
knowledge for enhance decision
informed choices. accuracy. Data migration in ERP refers to the process of transferring
data from legacy systems or previous software to a new
Involves data ERP system. It involves:
Promotes dialogue,
manipulation, 1. Extraction: Selecting relevant data from various
real-time updates,
querying, and sources, ensuring accuracy and completeness.
Interact and feedback
reporting, focusing
ion exchange, 2. Transformation: Converting and mapping data to
on structured
enhancing shared match the new ERP's format and structure.
information and
understanding. 3. Loading: Importing transformed data into the ERP's
trends.
database, validating and reconciling to ensure
consistency.
1g
4. Testing: Rigorously verifying data integrity,
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is:
functionality, and performance in the new system.
1. Simulation Technology: It employs computer
1j
software and advanced algorithms to simulate and
MRP (Material Requirements Planning):
analyze complex engineering designs and
1. Inventory Management: MRP calculates material
processes.
requirements based on production schedules,
2. Virtual Prototyping: CAE enables engineers to
ensuring optimal inventory levels.
create, test, and refine digital prototypes before
2. Production Planning: Plans manufacturing activities
physical production, reducing time and costs.
by considering material availability, lead times, and
3. Multiple Disciplines: It spans various engineering
order quantities.
fields like structural analysis, fluid dynamics, heat
3. Dependency Analysis: Tracks dependencies
transfer, and electromagnetics.
between materials, components, and
4. Performance Evaluation: CAE assesses factors like
subassemblies, ensuring smooth production flow.
stress, durability, efficiency, and safety, aiding in
MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning):
design optimization.
1. Expanded Scope: Enhances MRP by including
1h
additional resources like labor, machinery, and
financial aspects.
Stand-Alone System ERP System 2. Capacity Planning: Balances material availability
with production capacity, optimizing resource
Operates utilization.
Integrates multiple
independently,
business functions, 3. Shop Floor Control: Monitors and manages shop
managing specific
Definiti streamlining floor activities, integrating production processes
tasks or processes
on processes across with business functions.
within a single
the entire
department or ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning):
organization.
function. 1. Integration: Integrates various business functions
like finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain
Isolated data Centralized and into a unified system.
storage for shared database
2. Centralized Data: Maintains a single source of truth
Data individual functions, ensures consistent
Silos potentially leading and synchronized for data, ensuring consistency and reducing
to redundancy and data across redundancy.
data inconsistency. departments. 3. Cross-Functional Visibility: Provides real-time
insights across departments, enabling informed
Highly scalable, decision-making.
Limited scalability,
accommodating
often requiring
Scalabil organizational
additional software
ity growth by adding
and resources for
modules or users as
expansion.
needed.

Limited Facilitates seamless

communication communication,
Commu
between different data sharing, and
nicatio
systems, hindering process
n
cross-functional coordination across
collaboration. departments.

Enhances efficiency
Isolated processes
by streamlining
may lead to
Process workflows,
inefficiencies,
Efficien eliminating
duplicate efforts,
cy redundancies, and
and lack of holistic
optimizing
insights.
resources.

2
Q6 A
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) involves the
fundamental redesign of business processes to achieve
substantial improvements in performance, efficiency, and
customer satisfaction. Here are key points about BPR:
1. Process Redesign: BPR rethinks and redesigns
processes from the ground up, focusing on radical
improvements rather than incremental changes.
2. Holistic Approach: BPR takes a holistic view of
processes, often spanning across departments and
functions to eliminate inefficiencies.
3. Breaks Barriers: BPR challenges traditional
departmental boundaries, aiming to create
seamless, end-to-end workflows.
4. Technology Utilization: BPR leverages technology to
automate and streamline processes, enhancing
speed and accuracy.
5. Customer-Centric: BPR prioritizes customer needs,
aligning processes to deliver superior value and
satisfaction.
6. Change Management: Successful BPR requires
managing organizational change, including
employee training and cultural adjustments.
7. Risk and Benefits: While BPR can yield significant
benefits, it carries risks due to its disruptive nature
and potential resistance.
8. Benchmarking: BPR often involves benchmarking
against best practices to identify opportunities for
improvement.
9. Leadership Commitment: Strong leadership support
is crucial to drive BPR initiatives and ensure their
successful implementation.
10. Continuous Improvement: BPR encourages a culture
of continuous improvement, adapting to changing
market conditions and customer demands.
11. Measurable Results: BPR aims for measurable
outcomes, such as cost reduction, faster cycle
times, improved quality, and increased
competitiveness.
12. Examples: Reengineering a loan approval process in
a bank, streamlining supply chain operations, or
transforming customer service workflows.
Q6b
Enterprise Data Replication involves copying and
synchronizing data across multiple locations or systems
within an organization to ensure consistency, availability,
and data sharing. Here are key points about Enterprise Data
Replication:
1. Data Consistency: Replication maintains data
consistency and integrity across distributed
databases, applications, or servers.
2. Real-time Updates: Allows near real-time updates
across multiple locations, ensuring that data
remains current and accurate.
3. High Availability: Replicated data enhances system
availability and fault tolerance, minimizing
downtime and data loss.
4. Geographical Distribution: Supports data
distribution across different geographical locations,
catering to global operations.
3
5. Scalability: Facilitates scalability by distributing
data processing and access, accommodating
growing user demands.
6. Data Warehousing: Replication feeds data
warehouses and analytical systems, enabling
comprehensive business insights.
7. Disaster Recovery: Replicated data serves as a
backup, aiding disaster recovery efforts in case of
data center failures.
8. Data Migration: Supports seamless data migration
between systems during upgrades or transitions.
9. Conflict Resolution: Replication tools handle
conflicts that may arise due to concurrent updates,
ensuring data coherence.
10. Database Replication: Common in relational
databases, replication synchronizes tables, views,
and procedures across servers.
11. Peer-to-Peer Replication: Enables multiple systems
to act as both publishers and subscribers, allowing
bidirectional data exchange.
12. Asynchronous and Synchronous: Replication can be
asynchronous (delayed) or synchronous
(immediate) based on data urgency and network
constraints.
13. Security and Compliance: Ensures data security and
compliance by replicating sensitive information
while maintaining access controls.
14. Cloud Replication: Supports data replication to and
from cloud environments, enabling hybrid or multi-
cloud strategies.
15. Application Integration: Integrates disparate
applications by replicating data between them,
facilitating seamless data exchange.
2a
Local Area Network (LAN):
● Scope: Limited geographical area, like a single
building or campus.
● Speed: High data transfer rates, often in the range
of Mbps to Gbps.
● Ownership: Privately owned and controlled by an
organization.
● Topology: Typically uses Ethernet with star or bus
topology.
● Latency: Low latency, suitable for real-time
applications.
● Cost: Relatively lower setup and maintenance costs.
● Examples: Home networks, office networks, school
networks.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
● Scope: Covers a larger geographic region, like a city
or a large campus.
● Speed: Offers moderate to high data transfer rates,
ranging from Mbps to Gbps.
● Ownership: Can be owned by private entities,
government, or a combination.
● Topology: Often combines multiple LANs using
fiber-optic connections.
● Latency: Generally lower latency than WANs,
suitable for local data sharing.
● Cost: Moderate setup and maintenance costs
compared to WANs.
 ● Examples: City-wide networks, university campuses,
corporate networks within a city.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
● Scope: Spans across large geographical distances,
even across countries or continents.
● Speed: Data transfer rates can vary widely, often
lower than LAN or MAN due to longer distances.
● Ownership: Can be owned by telecom companies or
multiple organizations.
● Topology: Utilizes various technologies like leased
lines, satellites, and routers.
● Latency: Generally higher latency due to longer
distances and multiple network hops.
● Cost: Higher setup and maintenance costs due to
infrastructure requirements.
● Examples: The internet, global corporate networks
connecting multiple branches.