University of Mosul-Electrical Engineering College

PhD course – Advanced DSP

Digital Design
of Filters
(FIR,IIR)
Part 2
Prepared by:
Ayad Saadi Ahmed Natheer Mutlag Mohammed

Supervised by:
Dr. Mohammed Younis
Infinite Impulse Response Filter (IIR)
• IIR can be described by the equation:

• IIR filter transfer function is:

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Bilinear Transformation Method
• To convert between (s-domain) and (z-domain):

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Steps of the design
procedure

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• IIR filter design depends on analog lowpass filter prototype method.
• This method converts analog LPF with a certain frequency, called lowpass prototype into
practical analog LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF.
• Finally, Applying Bilinear Transformation to convert to a digital form.

For LPF and HPF:

For BPF and BRF: 𝝎𝒅, 𝝎𝒂 ∶ 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒍𝒚

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• To convert from Lowpass prototype into desired analog type

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Bilinear Transformation Method

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Bilinear Transformation Method

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Example

Solution

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 Bilinear Transformation Method
Design a first-order high-pass digital filter (Chebyshev type) with a cut-off
Example
frequency of 3 kHz and 1 dB ripple on the pass-band using a sampling
frequency of 8,000 Hz.
Solution
Digital frequency (rad/s):

convert analog frequency :

First-order LP Chebyshev filter prototype:

Applying transformation LPF to HPF:

Dividing by 1.9625

Applying BLT:
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 Bilinear Transformation Method

First-order LP filter prototype:

Applying transformation LPF to HPF:

Dividing by 1.9625

Applying BLT:

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 Bilinear Transformation Method
Design a second-order digital band-pass Butterworth filter with the following specifications:
Example

Solution
Digital frequencies:

convert analog frequency:

A first-order LPF prototype will produce second-order BPF prototype.

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 Bilinear Transformation Method -contd.
prototype transformation (LPF to BPF):
1st order LPF prototype:

Applying transformation
LPF to BPF:

Applying BLT:

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Key Differences Between (FIR) and (IIR)
➢ FIR filter generates an output of a dynamic system using the samples of present
and past input values. While an IIR filter uses present and past input values along
with the past output value to generate the present output.
➢ FIR filters do not use feedback circuitry, while IIR filters make use of feedback
loop in order to provide previous output in conjunction with current input.
➢ The transfer function of the system having an FIR filter contains only zeros.
While in the case of IIR filters the transfer function contains both poles and zeros.
➢ Due to the absence of the feedback loop, the implementation of FIR filters in a
system is quite easy in comparison to IIR filters in which a feedback loop is
present.
➢ FIR filters are more stable as here the present output does not hold any
relationship with the previous output. But IIR filters are less stable as it makes use
of previous output samples as well.
➢ FIR filters need greater processing power in comparison to IIR filters.
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 Application1: 60 –Hz Hum Eliminator
Hum noise : created by poor power supply or electromagnetic interference and
characterized by a frequency of 60 Hz and its harmonics.

Eliminate the 60-Hz hum

frequency with its second
and third harmonics in most
practical applications.

We can do this by cascading 3

notch filters having frequencies of
60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 180 Hz,
respectively.

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 Application 2: ECG Pulse
The ECG signal is produced by the electrical activity of the human heart, it is characterized
by five peaks and valleys P, Q, R, S, and T.

The properties of the QRS

complex, (rate of occurrence and
times, heights, and widths,
provide information to
cardiologists concerning various
pathological conditions of the
heart.

ECG + Hum ⟶ makes difficult

to analyze.

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 Application 2: ECG Pulse

corrupted ECG signal

enhanced ECG signal by removing

60 Hz interference signal

enhanced ECG signal with DC

blocking and noise removal

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