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Types of Synapses:
1. Action Potential depolarize the presynaptic terminal (Na++channel open & change charges)
2. Voltage gated calcium channels open (Ca goes in and binds the release sites)
*Amount of Ca goes in = Amount of neurotransmitter release
3. Release sites open = synaptic vesicle release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
1) Acetylcholine (excit)
2) Norephinephrine (excit) - located in brain stem & hypothalamus
3) Dopamine (inhib) - originate in substantia nigra
4) Serotonin (inhib)
5) Nitrous oxide (inhib)
Increase excitability:
- Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine = reduce the threshold for excitation
- Strychnine = inhibit action of inhibitory transmitter substances (glycine) –causes spasms
Inhibitory:
- Anesthetics = increase neuronal membrane threshold for excitation
NEUROMUSCULAR
1) Nerve terminal w/ synaptic gutter/trough- contains numerous mitoch. & synaptic vesicle
2) Synaptic space/cleft-contains acetylcholinesterase
3) Muscle fiber w/ subneural clefts in the membrane-posess acetylcholine receptors
- Stimulation of the nerve at rates greater than 100 times per second often diminishes the number of ACh
vesicleimpulses fail to pass to the muscle fiber
Some drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction and their actions