4th Int’l Conf.

on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

Power Quality Assessment and Improvement

of 3-Phase 3-Wire Non-Linear System Using
Instantaneous Power Theory Based
DSTATCOM
Hariom Kumar Jagannath Patra Ashiwani Yadav Nitai Pal
Dept. of Electrical Dept. of Electrical Dept. of Electrical Dept. of Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering
IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India
email:hariomk28@gmail.com email:jaganath.ptr@gmail.com email:ashiwaniurgent@gmail.com email:nitai_pal@rediffmail.com

Abstract-- Harmonics is an eminent power quality issue
confronted by the end user. It possesses several adverse
effects in the electrical environment. It should be reduced
for the smooth and efficient operation. In the presented
study, Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)
is initiated to strengthen power quality in terms of reducing
harmonics. The control strategy is contingent on
instantaneous power theory. The harmonics annihilation is
accomplished by providing compensating current
accordingly that it produces the sinusoidal wave shape
source current no matter what nonlinear load in the
distribution line. The harmonic current of source current is
curtailed. The switching of nonlinear load yielded in 30.30
% THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) in source current. The
DSTATCOM with instantaneous power theory has
improved THD of source current by reducing to 2.31%. The
efficacy of D-STATCOM relies too much on the control
strategy that is employed to produce the compensating
reference current. Besides the numerous control strategy,
the instantaneous power theory proves its functionality very
well. The amount of compensating current by voltage
Harmonics are predominantly because of industrial non-
linear power electronics load such as an inverter, drives,
arc furnace, rectifier, welding machines, transformers,
FACTs devices, rotating electric machines, etc [11].
Consequently, harmonic introduced in the current ensued
in a non-sinusoidal wave possessing frequencies besides
fundamental frequency. Flaw of control devices,
supplemental line losses (at fundamental as well as
harmonic frequencies), extra noise out of motors,
curtailed lifetime and enlarged losses in utility equipment
are some pernicious effects of harmonics.
D-STATCOM is a precise effectual means for
the amelioration of power quality consequence in the
distribution system. The Schematic diagram
DSTATCOM incorporated in the Power system is shown
in Fig. 1. Harmonic PQ consequences can be discoursed
by the D-STATCOM. [3]
I s I C I L
= +

source inverter (VSI) to make the source current sinusoidal

depends on the switching pattern of IGBT of VSI. I s R
L
I L

Keywords- Power quality; D-STATCOM; Instantaneous

I C
Power Theory; Clarke Transformation.

I. INTRODUCTION
In this day and age, there is augmented in the C
L V I L

anxiety of the power quality (PQ), at the power consumer

C

primarily due to the reason of more delicate loads such as

power electronics and micro-controller based load[1],[2].
There are various constraints as a result of which the PQ
in the distribution and/or transmission system figured
out. Out of them, harmonics is a prominent PQ issue
confronted by the end user. Harmonics are the voltage
and/or current waveform retaining frequency integral
multiple of power system (fundamental) frequency [11]. Fig. 1 Schematic diagram DSTATCOM
An all-inclusive utilization of non-linear load has raised incorporated in Power system
content of harmonic at point of common coupling (PCC).

1
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

D-STATCOM is a counterbalancing type custom power ª 1 º

device. D-STATCOM is a shunt linked device that has « 1 0 »
« 2 » ªV 0 º
the alike structure as is that of a Static Compensator ( ªV a º (2)
STATCOM).[4] This can carry out load compensation, « »= 2« 1
−
1 3 »« »
«V b » «
3« 2 2
» Vα
2 »« »
i.e., harmonic filtering, balancing of load, power factor «¬V c »¼ «V β »
« ¬ ¼
correction, etc. when attached to the load terminals. It can 1 1 3»
« − − »
also accomplish voltage regulation when incorporated ¬ 2 2 2 ¼
with a distribution line. D-STATCOM redress the
imaginary power that assures active power flow from This transformation holds true also for instantaneous
source to load. D-STATCOM possess considerable current.
various operating characteristics in contrast to
This presented Clark transformation is legitimate for
STATCOM. Therefore, its control is somewhat different
three phase three wire system where the neutral wire is
from that of a STATCOM. DSTATCOM can be
missing. Hence, the zero-sequence component of the
functioned in the current controlled mode for allaying the
harmonic in source current and voltage controlled mode voltage ( V o ) and current i o are discarded. The
for diminishing harmonics as well as to equalize the bus instantaneous complex powers for 3-phase, 3-wire
voltages. system is given in Eq. (3) [6]
In this presented study, the current control mode is S = (V α iα + V β i β ) + j (V β iα − V α i β ) (3)
incorporated to introduce a set of three unbalanced
currents. The VSI associated with a DSTATCOM injects
current in one phase autonomously with reference to the Where instantaneous real power P = V α iα + V β i β the
other two phases. A unique control strategy based on instantaneous wattless power.
instantaneous power theory is exercised to improve the
PQ by means of harmonics in a power system scenario In order to define the instantaneous reactive power, the
associated with the non-linear load. The harmonics instantaneous imaginary space vector is mathematically
annihilation is accomplished by injecting compensating expressed in Eq. (4)
current in a manner that it produces the source current q = (V β × iα + V α×i β ) (4)
sinusoidal no matter what nonlinear load in the
distribution line. The harmonic current of source current
Since V α is parallel to iα and perpendicular to i β .
is curtailed. Due to this, THD of the system is lessened Also V β is parallel i β and perpendicular to iα . So
and as a result of that, the heat losses in the system is
amplitude of instantaneous reactive power can be written
subsided.
as
q = (V β iα − V α i β ) (5)
II. INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY The real and reactive power is expressed in matrix form
in Eq. (6)
αβ 0 -Transformation theory (Clarke theory) is
used in this presented study which comprises of a real
ª p º ª V α V β º ªi α º
matrix that converts three phase voltages and current into
«q» = « »« » (6)
Įȕ0 stationary references frames using p − q theory ¬ ¼ ¬ −V β V α ¼ ¬i β ¼
[4][5]. It supposes the entire three-phase system as a unit,
not a superposition. It dissociates zero sequence
component employing a real matrix rather than III. CONTROL STRATEGY
symmetrical component transformation that uses a The Schematic diagram of control strategy used in a
complex matrix to dissociate. The αβ 0 -Transformation three-phase VSI based D-STATCOM is depicted in Fig.
theory is utilized in both steady and transient state. It is 2 [7].
invariant in nature of power term. The Clark
Transformation and inverse Clark Transformation for For the control of D-STATCOM, perceived
instantaneous voltage are given in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) input variables are PCC (Point of Common Coupling)

ª 1 1 1 º
voltages of ( V sa , V sb and V sc ), supply currents ( sa i
ªV 0 º
«
« 2 2 2 »»
ªV a º
, i sb and i sc ), non-linear load currents ( I La , I Lb and
« » 2« 1 1 »« » (1)
and DC input voltage of VSI ( V dc ) of VSC
«V α » = 1 − − » «V b » I Lc )
3« 2 2
«V β » « » «V c » exercised in D-STATCOM.
¬ ¼ « 3 3»¬ ¼
«¬ 0 −
2 2 »¼

2
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

V B. The active filter controller

sa
Vα
Vsb Vβ
V sc Instantaneous Power The control algorithm enforced by the controller
I La
Clarke Transformation
Iα Calculation
of the D-STATCOM assesses the compensation feature
I Lb
Iβ of the D-STATCOM. Constant instantaneous power
I Lc control approach, sinusoidal current control procedure,
P q
generalized Fryze current control procedure are
numerous ways to scheme the control algorithm for
DC Voltage Regulator − active filtering [11]. In this presented study,
V ref + PI + Low-Pass instantaneous power control theory is implemented for
−
Controller
p loss
+
−
P
Filter
the betterment of power quality. The active filter
V dc
controller predominantly composes of four function
blocks namely instantaneous power computation, power
-1 compensating extraction, Current reference computation
Power Compensating and DC voltage regulator.
~
− P+ p
−q Selection
loss

C. Instantaneous power computation

Vα αβ − Current
Iα
C
Inverse Clarke
I ca

Vβ Calculation Transformation I cb

Iβ
C I cc
This block is employed to compute the
instantaneous power of the nonlinear load [12]. The PCC
Fig. 2. Control strategy of implemented
voltages ( V sa , V sb and V sc ), load currents ( I La , I Lb
D-STATCOM and I Lc ) and DC input voltage of VSI ( V dc ) of
Influence of the compensator relies upon the precision of DSTATCOM are perceived as feedback signals. Zero
abstracted instantaneous real and reactive power sequence component is not considered in three-phase
constituents of load currents. Ripple of compensating three wire system The load currents in addition to PCC
currents are diminished by attaching the coupling voltages are also converted from a–b–c frame to the Į– ȕ
inductor ( L c ) at the output side of the VSI. frame after omitting the zero sequence as given in Eq. (7)
and Eq. (8) respectively.
The compensating currents of D-STATCOM (
ª 1 1 º
I Ca , I Cb and I Cc ) are added to nullify the imaginary « 1 − − ªV sa º
ªVα º 2 2 2 »« » (7)
power constituents and harmonics constituent of the «V » = « » V sb
existing load currents. For an efficient operation of ¬ β¼ 3 « 3 3»« »
«¬0 2 − «¬V sc »¼
DSTATCOM, it is a prerequisite to prolong constant DC 2 »¼
capacitor voltage of VSI of DSTATCOM. The D-
STATCOM in general consists of two specific block
ª 1 1 º
titled as PWM inverter and the active filter controller. « 1 − − ª I La º
The PWM inverter is liable for producing the ª Iα º 2 2 2 »« »
«I » = « » I Lb (8)
compensating current that is drawn from the power
¬ β¼ 3« 3 3»« »
system. The controller is responsible to drive the switch «¬0 2 − ¬« I Lc ¼»
of IGBT of the inverter by computing the reference 2 »¼
current.
The instantaneous power is given in Eq. (9)
A. The PWM converter for D-STATCOM
ª p º ª V α V β º ªi α º
«q» = « »« » (9)
Voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source ¬ ¼ ¬ −V β V α ¼ ¬i β ¼
inverter (CSI) is employed in PWM converter [8]-[10].
Both PWM controller performs the same job that Where p (real power) = p (average power) + p
compels the converter to deport as a controlled current (oscillating power )and q = q ( average power)+ q
source. No power supply is used except an energy storage
element like an inductor, capacitor, battery, flywheel as (oscillating power)
an input to the inverter. The average energy traded
between the active filter and the compensated system D. Power compensating extraction
should be nil. In this particular study, VSI is used in
preference of CSI because VSI has the low initial expense In this block, power is chosen which has to be
and lesser physical dimension high efficiency. A compensated. To ensure the power system to supply only
freewheeling diode is introduced in parallel with IGBT to the average portion of real power to load, the oscillating
accommodate the higher reverse voltage capability. power flow to the load along with both the entire
imaginary power (q) [13] and an insignificant amount of

3
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

average real power ( p loss

) are picked. The entire reactive IV. SIMULATION AND RESULT DISCUSSION
power is compensated to acquire harmonic free source The several parametric quantities involved in the
current and free from reactive power loss. The source presented simulated study are tabulated in Table I.
current after compensation comprises only of
Table I. Parametric quantities of considered evaluated
components that impart only the real power flow amidst
System
the source and the existing nonlinear load [14]. The
reason for selecting to compensate p , it is drawn Parameters Numerical Value
loss
interminably from the power system to furnish ohmic Three-Phase Source Voltage 400 V
losses and switching in the PWM inverter. In a real Frequency 50 Hz
application, the extraction of p and p from p is Line Parameter R= 0.01 ohm, L=1 μ H
accomplished through butter-worth low pass filter (LPF). Non-linear load Three-phase Diode
In practice, a fifth order butter-worth LPF with cut off Rectifier with a resistive
frequency between 25 Hz and 80 Hz is applied. In this load of 10 ohms.
study, cut off frequency of the filter is set to 2 Π 50 Coupling inductor ( L C ) 1.2 mH
radians per second that to separate p from p . The
Cut-off frequency of 2*pi*50 rad/sec
oscillating power is evaluated by the difference, i.e. p = Butterworth LPF of 5th order
p-p. Capacitor for 20 μ F
D-STATCOM
E. DC voltage regulator Reference Voltage( V dc ) 850 V

This block is used to regulate the voltage of

capacitor inward the limit. The voltage across the Using MATLAB tool, the power system network shown
capacitor [15] of VSI is compared with a reference in Fig. 3 is simulated to show the consequence of non-
voltage (Vref =850 V) and then fed to the PI controller. linear load on source current.
The output of PI controller is p . The PI controller is
loss
exerted to correct for either discharge in the capacitor
voltage. It is noticed that p settled within about 0.04
loss
sec in fig 8. It is inspected that, the source currents attain
their steady-state values about 0.04sec. It is worthy to
note that the voltage across the capacitor of VSI must be
held greater than the maximum amplitude of the AC
output [16].

F. Current reference computation

After extraction of power to be compensated,

compensating current reference ( I ca
, I cb
and I cc
) is Fig. 3 MATLAB-SIMULINK model of test system
computed first in Įȕ frame of reference as in Eq. (10)
ª I Cα º ªVα Vβ º ª − p + ploss º The simulation is carried out without and with D-
1
«I » = − 2 «V −Vα »¼ «¬ − q »¼
(10) STATCOM. The waveform of source current and its
¬ Cβ ¼ Vα + Vβ2 ¬ β harmonic spectrum content analysis are depicted in Fig.
And is furthermore transformed into a-b-c frame as 4 and Fig. 5 for one phase when D-STATCOM is not
given in Eq. (11) incorporated.
ª º
« 1 0 »
ª I Ca º « »
« » 2« 1 3 » ª I Cα º (11)
« I Cb » = 3« 2
− « »
2 » ¬ ICβ ¼
«¬ I Cc »¼ « »
«− 1 −
3»
«¬ 2 2 »¼
Fig. 4 Source current without DSTATCOM

4
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018

The Real power loss of power electronic circuit used in

the PWM converter used in control strategy is depicted
in Fig. 8

Fig.5 Harmonic Spectrum of Source current without

incorporating DSTATCOM

Fig.8 Real power loss of power electronic circuit

From Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, it is identified that the source
current is non-sinusoidal one which is undesirable in the The Variation of the voltage across DC capacitor
power system scenario for its healthy operation. The total incorporated in the PWM converter which used in
harmonic distortion (THD) of same source current is control strategy is shown in Fig. 9.
found to be 30.30% by fast Fourier transform (FFT)
analysis. This numerical value of THD indicated that the
source current possesses heavy harmonic content. As a
result of which, adverse effects are observed in the
system.
The simulated result of a power system
incorporating D-STATCOM containing non-linear load
and its harmonic spectrum content analysis are depicted
in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. The D-STATCOM is Fig. 9 Variation of voltage across DC capacitor
connected to a line through the circuit breaker. The
The compensating Current waveform of D-STATCOM
circuit breaker is initially in open mode. Switching time is depicted in Fig. 10.
are set to 0.02 sec. The D-STATCOM incorporated
source current is started after 0.02 sec in Fig. 6. D-
STATCOM is connected

Fig. 10 Compensating Current

The instantaneous real and reactive power rendered by

Fig. 6 Source current after switching D STATCOM at the source is depicted in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively.
time =0.02 Sec

From Fig. 7, it is identified that the shape of the

waveform is improved and close to a sine wave. The
THD of D-STATCOM incorporated source current is
found to be 2.31% by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
analysis which is acceptable and close to desirable THD. Fig. 11 Instantaneous real power supplied by source
This numerical value of D-STATCOM incorporated
THD indicated that the source current possesses lesser
harmonic content which is desirable.

Fig. 12 Instantaneous Reactive Power

V. CONCLUSION
The balanced three-phase 400-volt, 50 Hz frequency
source and the distribution line having line impedance is
Fig. 7 Harmonic spectrum of source current with connected to non-linear loads through the circuit breaker
DSTATCOM is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Current
control mode is incorporated to introduce a set of three

5
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

unbalanced currents. The voltage source inverter (VSI) use in industry applications of d-statcom,” IEEE
associated with a DSTATCOM injects current in one Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1943–
phase autonomously with reference to the other two 1957, 2010.
phases. Injection of compensating current annihilates the [11] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality
harmonics. Consequently, the source current is produced Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices
almost sinusoidal by injecting the prerequisite amount of Springer,2002.
compensating current no matter what nonlinear load in [12] H. Akagi, “A New Method of Harmonic Power
the distribution line. The harmonic current of source Detection Based on the Instantaneous Active
current is curtailed. THD percentages of 30.30 % are Power in Three-Phase Circuits,” IEEE Trans.
resulted in source current after switching the nonlinear
Power Deliv., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1737–1742,
load. Harmonics of the source current is compensated by
employing the DSTATCOM with instantaneous power 1995.
theory. The compensation by instantaneous power theory [13] M. Karimi-Ghartemani, M. R. Iravani, and F.
has improved THD of source current by reducing to Katiraei, “Extraction of signals for harmonics,
2.31%. The PQ enhancement in distribution line with D- reactive current and network-unbalance
STATCOM has evaluated its effectivity. compensation” IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm.
REFERENCES Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 1, January 2005
[14] R. R. Wallace, “A Three-Phase Active Power
[1] R. A. Hooshmand and M. Torabian Esfahani,
“Adaptive filter design based on the LMS Filter Operating with Fixed Switching Frequency
algorithm for delay elimination in TCR/FC for Reactive Power and Current Harmonic
compensators,” ISA Trans., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. Compensation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
142–149, 2011. 42, no. 4, pp. 402–408, 1995.
[2] A. Emanuel-Eigeles and M. S. Erlicki, “New [15] C. A. Quinn and N. Mohan, “Active filtering of
Aspects of Power Factor Improvement Part I - harmonic currents in three-phase, four-wire
Theoretical Basis,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl.,
systems with three-phase and single-phase
vol. IGA-4, no. 4, pp. 441–446, 1968.
[3] S. Du and J. Liu, “A study on dc voltage control nonlinear loads,” [Proceedings] APEC ’92
for chopper-cell-based modular multilevel Seventh Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Conf.
converters in d-statcom application,” IEEE Expo., pp. 829–836, 1992.
Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 2030– [16] E.Fuchs and M. Masoum, Power Quality in
2038, 2013. Power Systems and Electrical Machines, 1st ed.
[4] V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, and B. N. Singh, Academic Press, 2008.
“Generalised single-phase p-q theory for active
power filtering: simulation and DSP-based
experimental investigation”, IET Power
Electron, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67– 78, 2009.
[5] L. S. Czarnecki, “Instantaneous reactive power
p-q theory and power properties of three-phase
systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2006.
[6] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae,
“Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators
Comprising Switching Devices without Energy
Storage Components,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. IA-20, no. 3, pp. 625–630, 1984.
[7] G. F. Reed et al., “Applications of Voltage
Source Inverter (VSI) Based Technology for
FACTS and Custom Power Installations,”
PowerCon 2000 - 2000 Int. Conf. Power Syst.
Technol. Proc., vol. 1, pp. 381–386, 2000.
[8] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici,
“Simplified control method for the single-phase
active power filter,” Proc. 2003 Int. Symp.
Circuits Syst. 2003. ISCAS ’03., vol. 3, no. 3, p.
219, 2003.
[9] C. Source, “Novel of filter,” Control, 1988.
[10] H. F. Bilgin and M. Ermiú, “Design and
implementation of a current-source converter for

6
978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. Downloaded on October 25,2022 at 12:20:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.