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By
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
PANDIT DEENDAYAL ENERGY UNIVERSITY
GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT, INDIA
May 2021
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Design and Implementation of Solar Projects
By
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
PANDIT DEENDAYAL ENERGY UNIVERSITY
GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT, INDIA
May 2021
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report on “Design and Implementation of Solar Projects” submitted by
the students, as a requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) in Mechanical
Engineering, under my guidance and supervision for the session 2020-2021.
Date: 22/05/2021
Place: Gandhinagar Dr. Vivek Kumar
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge the School of Technology, PDPU, and Drashta Power
Consultants Pvt. Ltd. for giving me the opportunity to do a Comprehensive project.
I would like to thank, for providing me this project at DPCPL.
I would like to thanks my mentors, Dr. Vivek Kumar (Faculty Advisor) and Mr.
Shilpan Shukla (Industry Mentor) for their time, support, help, and motivation to
complete this project. I would also thank the entire team at DPCPL who were with
me during the execution of the project.
At last, I would like to thanks Dr. Vishvesh Badheka (HOD) and Dr. Vinay Vakharia
(CP Coordinators) for their constant support and help during the period of this
project.
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INDEX TABLE
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List of Figures
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 List of project activities 11
2 Reasons for need for 12
renewable sources of energy
3 Breakdown of proposed 13
renewable generation
4 Advantages of solar plant 14
over other renewables
5 Diverse applications of solar 15
energy
6 Basic components of a solar 16
power plant
7 Types of solar power projects 17
8 60 KW solar rooftop plant 19
layout
9 60 KW solar rooftop plant 21
layout AC wiring
10 60 KW solar rooftop plant 22
layout SLD
11 4 MW ground mounted solar 23
plant layout
12 Shadow analysis of 60 KW 25
solar rooftop plant
13 Sun’s travel path in summer 26
and winter seasons
14 PVSyst detailed solar power 28-29
generation report
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List of Tables
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
1 Design Assumptions 20
2 Structural Details 21
3 Season wise selection of tilt 30
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ABSTRACT
Solar energy is one of the promising renewable energy sources which has the
potential to meet the future energy demand around the world. As part of the Paris
Climate Agreement, India has committed itself to achieving 100 GW of solar
energy capacity by 2022.
In view of the above sustainable cause Drashta Power Consultants Pvt. Ltd. has been
doing a noticeable work in the field of solar energy. DPCPL has year’s of expertise
in handling solar EPC projects. The company has been working to develop both
rooftop and ground mounted solar projects.
As a contribution to the cause I have worked with DPCPL during the tenure of my
comprehensive training period in designing a 60 KW Solar rooftop projects and
parallelly on 4 MW ground mounted solar projects under Small Scale Distributed
Solar Projects policy by the Gujarat government. My efforts for the project was to
maximize the irradiance fall, solar panels are generally equipped with a motor
tracking system and are placed at a specific tilt angle. However, tracking methods
are not cost-effective and a fixed tilt angle is not productive. Therfore, I have studied
the shadow behavior and validated power generation using Autodesk Revit and
PVSyst respectively.
As a result, an optimum tilt angle was determined with an aim to maximize power
generation
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Chapter 1 : About Industry
Mr. Ajay Shah, an IIM Ahmedabad (IIMA) Graduate, having more than 28
years of experience in Coal and Gas based thermal power stations, and Mr.
Abhijit Shukla, having more than 28 years of experience in energy sector design
& engineering including Gas based power plant, are heading the company as a
Directors. Both the directors are Alumnus of L.D College of engineering and
having professional experience of more than 25 years.
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1.2. Company’s core area of expertise
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1.3. Project Activities
Customer
Interaction
Preparation of
technical
specifications
Preparation of
structural
design
Power
generation
study
Preparation of
offer letter
Erection and
Commissioning
of the projects
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Chapter 2
Electricity generation is the leading cause of industrial air pollution in the world.
Most of our electricity comes from coal, nuclear, and other non-renewable power
plants. Producing energy from these resources takes a severe toll on our
environment, polluting our air, land, and water.
Renewable energy sources can be used to produce electricity with fewer
environmental impacts. It is possible to make electricity from renewable energy
sources without producing CO2, the leading cause of global climate change.
But first, just what is renewable energy? Renewable energy is energy derived from
natural resources that replenish themselves over a period of time without depleting
the Earth’s resources. These resources also have the benefit of being abundant,
available in some capacity nearly everywhere, and they cause little, if any,
environmental damage. Energy from the sun, wind, and thermal energy stored in the
Earth’s crust are examples. For comparison, fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural
gas are not renewable, since their quantity is finite—once we have extracted them
they will cease to be available for use as an economically-viable energy source.
While they are produced through natural processes, these processes are too slow to
replenish these fuels as quickly as humans use them, so these sources will run out
sooner or later.
Renewable energy provides many benefits to people, business, and the planet.
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2.2. Statistics of Renewable Energy in India
▪ India is emerging as one of the major solar energy markets in the world and
in the process of catching up with the two leading countries like China and
the US. Currently, India ranks as the third-largest solar market in the
world.
▪ Over the past decade, a lot of things have changed in the Indian solar
market. After a significant policy reshuffling by the current government
and increasing adaptation of solar energy throughout the country have
proved to be the right move towards achieving renewable energy solutions
175 GW
(2022)
100 GW 75 GW
(Solar) (Others)
40 GW 60 GW
Hydro Wind Geothermal
(Rooftop) (Other)
▪ The government has aimed for generating 175 GW of power from renewable
sources. Out of which 100 GW would be contributed by Solar energy alone.
▪ Further break down gives indication that 40 GW will be contributed from solar
rooftop projects while another 60 GW will be contributed from ground
mounted solar projects.
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2.3. Why Solar Energy?
Generating electricity with the help of sunlight is something which is going on since
many decades. The sun’s energy i.e. solar energy helps in carrying forward lot of
activities. Electricity makes life easy and that electricity comes from the sun. Solar
power plants help in supplying huge amount of electricity. Solar power pants make
use of solar energy which is renewable for creating electricity hence it has in hold
many benefits.
Diverse
Applications
Low Maintenance
Costs
Geological
Advantage
▪ Our sun is the source of all life on Earth, and solar energy is useful to us in
many different ways. The sun creates two main types of energy – light and
heat – that we can harness for many activities ranging from photosynthesis in
plants to creating electricity with photovoltaic (PV) cells to heating water and
food.
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It has diverse applications including:
Solar Electricity
Solar Heating
Solar Ventilation
Portable Solar
▪ Low Maintenance Costs Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of
maintenance. You only need to keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them
a couple of times per year will do the job. Most reliable solar panel
manufacturers give 20-25 years warranty. Also, as there are no moving parts,
there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually the only part that needs to
changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously working to convert solar
energy into electricity (solar PV) and heat (solar thermal). So, after covering
the initial cost of the solar system, you can expect very little spending on
maintenance and repair work.
▪ Solar Plants can be setup even on rooftops and also Solar energy can also be
integrated in the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced
transparent solar energy windows which proves its geographical advantage.
▪ They help in keeping the environment pollution free
▪ Help in generating electricity easily
▪ Though the initial installation for the solar power plant is expensive due to
the advancement in technology the price of these plants are dipping down
▪ It is a brilliant way to store energy and use it for future
▪ It is a great way to save money as most of the electricity is consumed from
the power plants it can help you to reduce bills
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▪ As solar power is a renewable source of energy it available free of cost
everywhere
▪ It can be used for lighting, mobile charging, security cameras, park lighting
etc
▪ When there is no power you can use the electricity generated from solar
power plant
▪ It works in the best way when the location is a remote area
▪ Using photovoltaic system helps in increasing the value of your home
▪ As the fuel for running this system is free, you once gain need not worry
about emptying your pockets.
Solar Mounted
Solar Panels Inverter Transformer
Racks
▪ As we have know, most solar PV panels are made from semiconductor materials,
usually some form of silicon. When photons from sunlight hit the semiconductor
material, free electrons are generated which can then flow through the material to
produce a direct electrical current.
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▪ This is known as the photoelectric effect. The DC current then needs to be converted
to alternating current (AC) using an inverter before it can be directly used or fed
into the electrical grid.
▪ PV panels are distinct from other solar power plants as they use the photo-effect
directly, without the need for other processes or devices. For example, they do not
use a liquid heat-carrying agent, like water, as in solar thermal plants.
▪ PV Panels do not concentrate energy, they simply convert photons into electricity
which is then transmitted somewhere else.
▪ The solar installation has increased by manifolds in the recent years after the
announcement of Solar Policy by the Government, whose policy where
favorable and thus, solar has gained a good amount of traction.
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2.6. Efficiency of Solar Power Plant:
Solar power plants are very efficient for providing electricity as they make use of
the energy of the sun. As solar energy is used in abundance for various purposes,
constant efforts are being to improvise the efficiency of solar panels, solar power
plants and other systems. For measuring the efficiency of a solar power plant you
first need to measure the density. Also a solar power plant should be efficient enough
to supply power when there is no electricity.
Solar power pants supply or generate more amount of electricity when earth receives
maximum density of sunlight. The power plants however also make use of fossil
fuels the conventional power plants burn the fossil fuels for the production of steam,
which then drives the turbines for generating electricity. As solar power plant‘s main
aim is to supply good amount of power when a person needs it the most. Also solar
power plants are installed as back up of electricity. In spite of certain drawbacks, the
solar power plants make the right use of the sun’s energy and have till date been
successful in supplying electricity all over the world.
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CHAPTER - 3
a. DESIGN SUMMARY :
b. CUSTOMER REQUIREMENT
Installation 60 KWp On-Grid Rooftop Solar Power Plant without battery at their premises in
Ahmedabad.
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c. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS :
Assumptions that are considered for calculating the energy yield (DC) are listed below.
2 Shading No Shading
d. PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY :
The roof top solar photovoltaic power plant to be proposed shall be consisting of Poly crystalline
solar modules with fixed tilt angle mounting systems and the solar inverters shall be of grid
connected Central/String type without battery back-up.
The benefit of Poly crystalline technology as compared to other existing technologies is as follows:
f. DESIGN SUMMARY :
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Module orientation : True South
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3.2. Preliminary design of 4 MW Ground mounted Solar
Project
Capacity – 4 MW (AC)
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3.3. Results and Discussion
▪ A shadow falling on a panel blocks the flow of solar energy and eventually,
the panel gets damaged through heating. The efficiency of a panel at any time
reduces in direct proportion to the area of the shadowed part of the panel.
Sometimes even panels not in shadow zone get heated as they try to
compensate for the power loss. Most often the damaged panels are not covered
under warranty, adding to the operations cost of the plant. Therefore, shadow
analysis was performed using Autodesk Revit to check the shadow on the
longest (21st June) and the shortest day of the year (21st December).
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st
Winter Solstice – 21 December (Shortest Day) – 12:00
P.M.
st
Winter Solstice – 21 December (Shortest Day) – 4:00
P.M.
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3.3.2. PVSyst study to determine Panel Angle
▪ The panels receive maximum amount of radiation when sun rays fall
perpendicular to their surface and minimum amount when sun’s rays fall
parallel. The ideal way is to orient the PV panels horizontally to face the sky
directly. This allows us to collect the maximum amount of solar radiation with
the least obstruction. However, in practical situations, there might be
obstructions like trees, buildings, etc. In such cases the panels are placed in a
particular direction at a selected angle (elevation). And these angles and
directions at which panels are faced and tilted depend on the sun’s orientation
and the latitude of the site respectively.
▪ On fall and spring equinoxes, the sun rises at the due east of south and sets at
the due west of south. Where as in winter months it rises at the south of true
east and sets at the south of true west; in summer months it appears to rise
north of true east and set north of true west. In winter, the sun appears to be at
its lowest in the southern sky. So they must be tilted up from horizontal at an
angle 15o greater than the latitude. Conversely, if a PV system is going to be
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used mostly in summer, where the sun will be highest in the southern sky, it
may be most advantageous to optimize the performance of the panel by tilting
it 15o less than the latitude.
▪ The PVsyst software not only helps to calculate an optimum panel angle but
also gives a comprehensive power generation report accounting the losses
based on the following parameter:
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Fig.14. PVSyst detailed solar power generation report
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Fig.14. PVSyst detailed solar power generation report
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3.4. Conclusion
Solar energy is one of the promising renewable energy sources which has the
potential to meet the future energy demand around the world. To maximize the
irradiance fall, solar panels are generally equipped with a motor tracking system and
are placed at a specific tilt angle. However, tracking methods are not cost-effective
and a fixed tilt angle is not productive. After study of comprehensive report
generated with the help of PVsyst it can be concluded that seasonal tilting is useful
and the season-wise angle can be selected as follows:
Month Wise Selection of Seasonal Tilt:
Month Maximum Tilt Generation Average
April to August 5 degrees
5.11 KWh/KWp/day
Jan to Mar & Sept to Dec 25 degrees
It can be seen that the tilt angle for winter is greater than in summer due to the
position of the sun in the sky. The results have been validated using PVSyst
software. The main advantage of the proposed angle setting of the panel is an
increase in annual power output of the PV panel which helps to reduce the
CO2 emissions. The same methodology can also be used in the other regions in India
and other countries of the world for PV panel installation. This proposed approach
is quite effective and feasible for implementing in large PV plants in India, therefore,
increase in the generation of plants significantly in an economical way can help
developing nations like India to cater to the need for electricity demand along with
economic benefits.
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References
[1] A. Sayigh, “Mediterranean green buildings & renewable energy: Selected papers from the world
renewable energy network’s med green forum,” Mediterranean Green Buildings and Renewable Energy:
Selected Papers from the World Renewable Energy Network’s Med Green Forum, pp. 1–963, 2017, doi:
10.1007/978-3-319-30746-6.
[2] B. Jamil, A. T. Siddiqui, and N. Akhtar, “Estimation of solar radiation and optimum tilt angles for south-
facing surfaces in Humid Subtropical Climatic Region of India,” Engineering Science and Technology, an
International Journal, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1826–1835, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2016.10.004.
[3] B. Belmahdi and A. el Bouardi, “Solar potential assessment using PVsyst software in the northern zone of
Morocco,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 46, no. 2019, pp. 738–745, 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.104.
[4] www.drashtapower.com
[5] www.pgvcl.com
[6] www.ugvcl.com
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Project Group Personal Details
b. Email: parth.nmc17@sot.pdpu.ac.in
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