Comdudomelic rahoa

Vanaions duiug Hh
eluckica coudutii
ty
By
dtiakon4o H
e
o huager wn oHer,
endpoiub
d rato
Sun r

raRoms can be easi y duruuuo

dtlachioma.
ou caued eondu cto uulie

Nat > Li+ (Coududiry)

HR

Shong aud Vs Shomg base

H H*+ u ,

Equi valua aH u
poiur.

i3 :

H0+ Na"+ U
OEI 7PJ 0.
(H uplace ey 0
Vau Sbouj
baas addad

Soug baae m heing eouiuuouoly addao

No Ht ul+ lo Grauas' H
u r equivalut poiu,
to u slhoug boaa. . loue.o JTR2 +.
coamlers )
Coudu tity a . (uo cuarged

8Soug AddVs Weax baas (Hu a d NHLOt

HUT
Equ valuu
Pt
HyOH

OHUt H0
Hm buwg Heplaud by
V wEak baas
addad ) Coududiity .

P . CAssodaa

HyOH H4)+oH
out. A w sofu. ar e4
COLAS
 Weak Add vs Soug Baas.
(CH3 COdH aud NaOH)

As He aud m weak; uss dissociaheu

duas [H) Huwoved.
Coucluchihy
H fut pas CHcoOH
He tuYVe lu u pow wlove uisuod
uoUed by Dat ous.
H au
ea-pou.
CH3CODH + adH HCo +NHt
COwolanH wWA
A+ Hu q. poiu, NaOH
euu CH COUH eq uwalluto p u r
Husud
oaOH addao, tH)M, couducintT
AlEY Hati wueu

Weak aüd Vs Weak oa.

iu
Eq pw
H cwoved uw s
Suau cup um Coudulauu,

uww foma.
N disso ioiow
CHa CH2 Co0+ Ht . COuduc. 3
duuao CiE
CH CODH+ NHot MHy

Vo weak
baae ad dod
etes. CHaCOoH aud ASHDH
u uet dito ianou
Euixae Weak aud soug audo Vs Seug bcas
(CHfoLH +HC) Vs Na0H

(CH3 CoDH+ H*+ u Hu T 0TH)

dtes uot-diwsouo du o couwou
ion elet H + f A
DaOH ad dad,
0a +U"+ CH(ODH 20. (H'uplaud baas
by Nat)
Agu wuu na0H addad

Nat
CH C0D + CHa COd ao gtS uuS vauaad
Eve a ak wu NOOH adolad, oH-A,
Coudludiibt
 P

Rudpi aon TaRona.

AgM0a+K> Agu+
K ouy KO
+NDg AsT o3 P P endo.

A
Eudpr
He ys po», Agt m KU adodled
vo e
haiug plaud byK*, bu
ao Husir Couo u scuu Acosr.

o AgNd uiut, ouuy RU m u t .

even a l r H a KU addad, i D PPE Cod .

wuiau Hua Lowig ploG apxaoeun coad

vaiaiom o e . couduerauuo u dilukm fa
Sooug ela cooly a?
duuu hon iverse d
Ans COuC
Coa

diu Hon>
weak aud.
(Beuzic aud seBu Rralad um comdu coaga
apu m >?

Am wak awd vs Slr. baae.

Ph -

CodH
Cc HT¬Od A
A
+H +
Ma0H

Ph eoo+ wo +
H20 NaOH
A uydogeu elacvoda, placad uis a but sotu- of acaic atd
aud soluw awlala iu teratub yx and x:y has oxiJM
polua
polua valus E, aud up pka vauw acieaid
As-
=
: 5 1 1oq [H*
2 PH
PHh pka +l09 Su
aud pH2 l +pka
pka+ log

PHI+PH2 2pka pka= pHi +pH2

2
H2 24

2 E= 0.59 pHi
PH tA
E 0-05aI pH2
pka E+E2 Ettz
2xo-oSq 0-18
O23PX00
HsD 3 (ag) was
added
aq K a
Coudu ciy wos maaunsd.Tuo sotu gradua a
gYapu.
A

Voi> -.NA
fr A
 Cad u at Hu volusuus g ch a NTP podiutad

Angs-
Mgt 2

1414

V)ue)uy
V Ve) u 224 =|2
12 x2
V 5.99 L Mq H +g

How loug wdulw i lake Jo

m dupesik, J0De At ou
hoy he c couasw ug A0a wiug
125 A ? a ue

As
Ptoz 2r+30 Hq IP20-0
eq AL213
s+

W Te
F Wxf- 1UDX q6To
x128
57S
How loug wduld lake
6A J
for a
ui foru uyveut o
dupos?t 18A gotd t wa Sotug Auty. ouat

Ana E wtd Au 11 &l3 -oV

W eitt
8 = xGX
t: 5e=S. 19104s.

W 8x 3
355 147 W 2
() Sau ay eludiiy aad J uihera Taauodo cud a
m l a alCkAoda 0-617 a w a dupo«?us Ons odf us w a s
Coplasy kuducad by 3 w 0124 wrtaY sodiuw HwospuaG
Solu w har un e masao e as?
Ans

Eq 2 Eq o No, s,0g-Eq o eld

463 *0.124 = 0-17 E= 107

a 0-1 Mnou oxtaised ue qty eldid

q u t d copluT y oxiaie Mnou h_Muou n
LAUMS 201
Aw HnOy H
Maug ouaa

L codour.
Puap
.

wol&

0.1 wo
cA
pd
T u wt sflveY (or ut=108) dinplaes by q
a
lodvuy
wwh dinpl aus 5600 u 6, a+STP u u b c
NEET 2014
As
2 2A = 22400 s

Eq As= Eqo 02 s6UD ws.

W W l (ans)
08

Houo wauy qrous o coba uuurad u ba

C
dapost d wuau
e b u (u) tuo mds m elstoly sud Ha a uYeu
to A Por 109 i u (1f =46TO0 C Ar wss a Co 9u
Aws MCET 2013
M/2 (nf 2 ao valuuy 2)
54/2
W
-x 0x 10 XGO
f GSoD L4 20 A
A,0A03 un udu tad by eladolys u ar los polHals
ad
ghcurY eub Ip 4x1o4 A u w u paaed
Augh mdl A,0a For 6hix ,oual" mass o AL
A203
Pduud 7 (Assuus 10Djo
urew eHiuw uy) u
A was
oA 2a Iwe). AIMS-200

As

w Bit Qx ux101 xGxcoxGO

GSoD
9.1x10 9
NH
a Atuwfui w dapos a cauodie h o
A s t u by a atui q o eldcal elhorge ue vot
y dogen podud ar STP om Htions in sou by
H Sauu e l l i e din chorge u be0D

A LAUMS 200
Eqw-o AL= *

We
N x 221
2 2
2H2e H2
eV= 22-4)
2

(9Ju euhoysu d mau ww Ptelvoda in akou

A 2 H2 uiberalad a caHhod uuiu uiw H
Cauode foms Ma auAa au. Tm,
2LcauoA
NEET 2002J
Am padiscofved w H wh w
doe n dscoBve în Pt.
Hg caHuodle

Na+ Hg> Na-H4

Saund ord elatoods polhad o fe/Pe Le° - 0. -44):
Fe + Fe+» ° = +0.M T* * Pe*s and Pe bl ock
ob ept bgetuv, Huu
AUMS 200
Aw Fe+2 > fe
(-0-uLvN)
f+3
t 0 77v)
Cataode fe3+ +e f2* (0-77
Auode fe Ae2 +Qe CO4u)
fe lucrenoe
Tofod2f*Pe 3Pet+22 fe dureooes.

O n passug Cueu olA Por 16 min aud 5 see Hnoh

3
1L sot u t ,au copper d ue sstu w dapos?Ud a
Cauode. Ts srseug Ha o uc Stu. uwa

AIMS -1996
Ans Ea u= eq 0dAarge. 6xG0 t 5

x q6S
= qCS
P P

Holo of u E=L- 5x10

3

H= 5xIO3 N Hx mf.
=5XI0S* 2= 0 10S

= 102= 0:0 N.
Ou elsolysis d i 4,Sou usl g Pt eo codes, apo ou
uas ar auo de uU ha.
Ans
Oxygen
CalCaluda
als Hu pH Ha oUou ug ha sofn.
P+ ( H* (Hu) f 0.25V
lal.

Ans E
0-0 51 x pH
pH =0 25
4-2 Came)
O0 S
H2 2H *+2e

EHH* H,IH t -054 oA

2
-25 0
0-05x lo H*
-

005(-10a LH+) p
pH 0.25
0-05A 423

Cal ula e pH follou v

PHCH2) H* (HS0 u) 0 - 3 v.

An e 0 - 0 5 4 XpH p H , 0.3 - 5-016

0.051 Cons
Cal wlas u en H fououing uu a 25°e.
P H2 Ha| 2 Pt
2al
Aws 00541 x

0.0510
2
0-05lL
2
log (
0245x0-30t) - 0-020. Cans.
whar n e SRP d TT dueda
E 1-26 V
T+2e TU
TL e
-

0 335
V.

TL+e

Am Tu 2 TU O AG
Tu
TJt+ e

Be
TA. AG 3.
TaAge eq- TE 3+
O+ 3.
0-1
Tu3* 3e Td 0-

A G3 AG,+ A42
FF3-nfE + (-nf2)
1-26)
1x (-0 335) + (2x
335+2.52

2
6.728 v
14
M)]u
T e SRP 22 (o-0Gm)| 2n ad CuCo-6
m Lag
0.76v cmd 0.3 V op wuak

As 2 n Cu2 2
Co GM) Co-06 M)

0 776+ 0:34
1-1 V

Ecu E'uu 0.05 l 2 )

2
Cu
a) 00245 l0g 6
e 11-1- 0-0245 oa/
1295vCa)
2 2 -016v

2n/2n (m) HU CPH=2) |H2 (1au), Pt

Aws-
EH 0.051 x 2 Ewu 0.7% +
0.76V
0 11 8 2V
2n24> 2 +H9T(a

bu= 0.76- 00 54 log 2n+

2
0.76 0 051 loq
=0-76-0-0 50(-0gH)
2
6-76 -

0-0 5IX2 =76 -00 6 *2

0.76 0 12 0.G4 ans)

6 guiuet- uy eloo qui uo ue ua wu

OH

24 2e -3 V
H

A
pH 3 , eudods pot u
As
Etou.3 0-05 10 TH
2
1-3+ 0.05 -109 CH*)
-3 + 0.05Ix3
1-3-3 t 0.06x3
4 8 V
 Hhe
+034V. Call
(9) Te SRP fr u|u
p o r a pH=l4 aboueaboue toup
d
sP u(oH), in Ix 10-

A 0-05 0
2

0-34t0.05 t0g (Cu*

2

Cu(oH)2 Cu 20H
Kap Cu)[OHJ OH=10
1014
Cu 2 sp

on-
u1-6-35 +o6(-19
0-340-51
0 22 05 V

(Cag) + 2n (s) 2n (ea a)+uls)

dludotleuiw au, clhaug e» u u
Ha

CUAL AG afa gv Up a tutm

As- EC T-1918
Puu 0059 Log
2

AG -nFEwu,
AGa Ln (
w a Eu r Hu uac" 2
Cu Ca) + Sn*"(aq) Cu(s) + Sn (a4)

aa 25C a equil cosr Pir us uaM, xl0

EET- 1999
Aw At
A equ,
Euu -0.054 log (16°)
2
0.591x

0.1773 v ams)

wufeh a t o not-feaai ble. NEET 2002 J.

A2KI + B 2kBr T2
2kB + 2KI +B2
SRP
24Y+ 2 + Br2

D 2H26 +2P2 H +02 A

F

T a equ. c0nst Rac.

uPpY e l u

Cu(3) 2Ag Caq) Caa)

2Aa(s)
=0.4V ol 298 K
Am

C 0.4 0.051
2
eq

0-4 2 0.51 loa Ee2

5 5
e- 100-5a
0.92
0 0-5

3.8 x10 x1O Cam)

 O baoin d puoui yaes, Husoug
Oxfda EET- 2008
Fe
(eN).4JeaCN).*e e -0 35 v oseP 03SY.
e+2
F13)e e-077 v

SRP 6-17V
STougeat. Oxd". ag.

(Sfamdond fu umgie of tomaim Cin Ju)

a 248K au 237 2 , - 394.u aud -82
2(), Co, (3) a d peusw (a), kuop. Tus valua

fr is peulaus oxyju fal w

As- 12
20
Cs Hi2 802 5C0, GH2 c

nFe -3 38D KJ
Eu 3360 rL3
32x 46r0D

v. Cn
Givw
() Cu 2e u e=0.337 V
e 0-IS3 v
Eunods pot- e Pov w uatho u+e
Am- Cu2+2e >
u.-0 BGi- n, Pe

Cute - 43=n2P6
 +0 = 3

- 1 xFE3 =
T2Px0.337 xf x1:53
E 0.337 x2++11.553B
052

wliuh ) Ha
ouuowi na gives H cohed ulu. Pw vauu
A4 ad Kea.
(Nut -2011)
A-

As
eu 40, A 0.
AG°= RT Keq As A0 +
E°u 0,
Keg Reg.
RT

pssw Haq. to wake

w pot oH esuvode
puw wour i ak 218 K

Aws
pHwaliv= l
2H2 12

5 4 l6g PHa
O O
5 10g_Pu2
-051 oa P2 ogl tog PH2
10-14

PH2 10-14
 o

ssta. b/o 2 eled2oola 0-02

Reovlbuce
a deduotar
huud h ho 50 ohm
was

apa aud 0.000 4m ana

Sp Couclu daue (K) m.

As O402 LOBDO I Sur
C .

" 0000 16

ceu 300d
Rovlua 0-1M K a condluuuu
aud Coududim u0.013 Scw. Tu v a u A

Conalau

Aa A= K X000 K= AH
M

AM

X102 x 0-T 30D

0-13
Kx
=
x30D
043
1-3 x 3 3.4 ew.

9Tousakon const. a weak aud HA nuo

A aud A

As CAm
Am(Am- Am)

T u sp- coudud'aues a salivaid setu a ivar b

K S u . Tu L hu
rouse toudu As aud
an uop. Tu souuiuy o AgB

As Am A B

=
x 00 0 M Kx1OO -
 S MX Mdar mans
K xl00D x18

ulunp Coep. a wu luase cq- baasd

At Pb (s)
HaU (a4) » Pb, (o)+ Hg (a)
1.5
dT 1-5 x10 v a 28K.
Tu cuauge w euopy

Am As mf (dE
Reducon

ouly Iu basic
2xqG 500x 15x10
= 28 9 5

40. 5v ad
pH 12-7
SE A - T SRP subs. 0 5 Hhu adudTe

subslan possible ony wu baic edium.

w H*
ST 2 wa w -0. 274 V Cd
pH=7. X e- 0.054I x pH.
edad ien pot 0

ST T SRP 3 w aulie ionA,B aud C a

0 3 , 0 . 5 amd 0.8 V usp., so Oxidisng Powey o n

CA>B.

Sr 2 TH SRP, Hs ox" PoweY.

Bo aud (2 e o ud exp. of O
 LOuaua Cells.

C e s o Radox AXu 0CuY 0ute.

Ceu beuo wus dead auY s0u

(ADu Cel
12-.CO

Auode Caluo de )

Gap ulK
Fud 2uc
Cola uv

ro duud Muo2t

Ax) 2n 2 * 2e MuO2+ NHu + e MuoCOH)

NH3
2

H 2n (NH) COplex.

HerHerwM Cul J
walln
e a n g as on

Auode (Cauo de )
E'wl 1.3
Euuode
Cod
cow u

Esndy: MosF Hg0 uined H KOH

HgOt H,0 t 2e

2n 20H Hgt20H
2nO4,0 +2e
Jetduduy Cell.

Lead Shovage ballo) (t uu pur)

(Auode (CaAuede
Eueloole ad plalu id of uluad pauced wit f
fuuhly du. Ha80y (38 by maso, sp 9ra) =1.30)

Re Diavgiu (Sulphunc aüd wwuud

Calho d (Auo de
b 4 H * +2e" P3 2H,0 Pb PRt2¢ COAud.)
Redu cim)
So PLSOy (p
PbSO-Pesoy (Pet),-
bSo-Paso,/pod.)ir

Po +SOu PbsOy te
Pbo uH +26 +Stu4-
+

PbSOy + 2H,0

Pbo4 Pb + uH+ 2s ou 2PSOy + 2H20

ww cout of H50u fallo h

20 fuwd, und
suduot
eludh qluiul a u 7 dincuorgiug

uleyhe cuargi
Nikd-Cad uu Ce Tuy ou
f A o u txp emive

Ca(s) + 2Ni(oH3 () CAD (s) + 2Ni (oH)> (s)t

Ct20(
 Ful Cu - H2 aud D fud ceu)
fuode: Ponows

eudhos KOH o Na0H CCoue).

CalaystF Pt Pal Ag
0v))
Tp 70e-yoc

Auode Cauuo d)

2+ > uH,o u e 2t20* O2t 4e 404

2 >u
22o
No pouhm
EPhuw a G0-70/.
Theoi relauy expeuas ao/.

Kuohug(Cooe ou sn) 4f+02+ uH02°3

+8H
R203. H20 .
Fe,O3+«H20 e,03 uh 20

Fe i eolau u Hu diuctved toz aud ndsrgo c

Ord

uede Pe fe + 2e (eus -0ul4 v)

) eLost by ion dakeu up Hue H*

a pducd n u
Sunau d wuas byH203 ivou ww coulau wHi aa
Sotn. olboUe pH q-o
H+ + H

y4+02 24H20 Cenad 29

O2 4H+++ 4e 2H 20
iptetved 0, way r'alke p da U amm a4
au de O2+ 2H20 +ue uOH
OOvevo 2Pe 0, uH+ 2P * *H 20 CE d 1:67V)