11 i) a) Enzim digunakan dalam industri dan kehidupan harian.

Terangkan
penggunaan enzim untuk mengekstrak agar-agar daripada rumpai laut.
Enzymes are used in industry and daily life. Explain the use of enzymes for
extracting gelatin from seaweed.

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b) Nyatakan satu kegunaan lipase dalam industri makanan.

State on use of lipase in the food industry.

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ii) Sesetengah tukang masak kadang-kadang membalut daging dengan daun betik
dan daging tersebut diperap selama 5 jam sebelum dimasak. Apakah tujuan
membalut daging itu dengan daun betik?
Some chef sometimes wrap meat with papaya leaves and the meat is marinated
for
5 hours before cooking.What is the purpose of wrapping it with papaya leaves?

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12 i) Enzim yang hadir dalam strain bakteria yang hidup di kawasan mata air panas
boleh diekstrak untuk ditambahkan ke dalam serbuk pencuci pakaian.
Cadangkan
mengapa enzim daripada bakteria ini sesuai digunakan sebagai serbuik pencuci
pakaian.
Enzymes present in bacterial strains that live in hot spring areas can extracted
be added to washing powder. Suggest why enzyme from this bacteria is suitable
for use as laundry powder.

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ii) Mengapakah keracunan sianida menyebabkan kematian serta-merta?

Why does cyanide poisoning cause instant death?

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BAB 6

13 a) Namakan urutan proses mitosis.

Name the sequence of the mitosis process.

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b) Nyatakan satu perbezaan antara metafasa mitosis dengan metafasa I meiosis.

State one difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis.

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14 i) a) Terangkan kepentingan proses pembahagian sel yang berlaku di hujung

akar tumbuhan.
Explain the importance of the cell division process that occurs at the tip of
the root plants.

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 b) Seorang peladang ingin menghasilkan sebilangan besar pokok mangga
jenis baka baik dalam masa yang singkat untuk tujuan komersial. Nyatakan
dan huraikan teknik yang boleh digunakan oleh peladang tersebut.
A farmer wants to produce a large number of inbred mango trees
good in a short time for commercial purposes. State and describe the
technique which can be used by the farmer.

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ii) Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu sel yang berada di peringkat M dalam kitar sel.
Lukiskan kedua-dua sel yang akan terbentuk sekiranya kromosom P tidak
berpisah.
Figure 1 shows a cell that is in the M stage of the cell cycle. Draw it
the two cells that would have formed if the P chromosome had not separated.
15 Sel kanser terbentuk selepas sel normal terdedah kepada faktor Y.
Cancer cells form after normal cells are exposed to factor Y.

a)Terangkan pembentukan sel kanser.

Explain the formation of cancer cells.

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b)Nyatakan dua contoh faktor Y yang menyebabkan pembentukan sel kanser.

State two examples of factor Y that causes the formation of cancer cells.

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c)Nyatakan dua cara untuk mengelakkan perkembangan sel kanser.

State two ways to prevent the development of cancer cells.

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BAB 7

16 a)Apakah kegunaan hasil fermentasi alkohol?

What are the uses of alcohol fermentation?

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b)Mengapakah otot menjalankan respirasi sel yang menghasilkan asid laktik

semasa aktiviti cergas.
Why do muscles carry out cell respiration that produces lactic acid during activity
fit.

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c)Mengapakah respirasi sel dalam otot yang menghasilkan asid laktik

membekalkan
kurang tenaga jika dibandingkan dengan respirasi aerob.
Why does cellular respiration in muscles that produce lactic acid supply less
energy when compared to aerobic respiration.

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 d)Seorang pelari pecut 100 meter biasanya menahan nafas semasa berlari
berbanding dengan seorang pelari jarak jauh. Selepas berlari, pelari pecut
memerlukan 7 liter oksigen untuk menyingkirkan asid laktik yang terkumpul dalam
sel ototnya. Huraikan perbezaan ini dengan seorang pelari jarak jauh.
A 100-meter sprinter usually holds his breath while running vs with a distance
runner. After running, sprinters need 7 liters of oxygen to get rid of the lactic acid
that accumulates in his muscle cells. Describe this difference with a distance
runner.

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Gambar foto 1 menunjukkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh dua individu, P dan Q.
Photo 1 shows the activities performed by two individuals, P and Q.

17 a i)Berdasarkan gambar foto 1, kenal pasti respirasi yang berlaku dalam otot
individu P dan Q.
Based on photo 1, identify the respiration that occurs in the muscles of
individual P and Q.

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ii)Nyatakan hasil respirasi dalam P dan Q.

State the result of respiration in P and Q.
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b) Dalam acara larian pecut 100 meter di Hari Kejohanan Sukan, seorang murid
telah mengalami kekejangan otot dan terpaksa menghentikan lariannya.
Terangkan mengapa kekejangan otot boleh berlaku.
In the 100 meter sprint event at the Sports Championship Day, a student has
had muscle cramps and had to stop running. Explain why
muscle spasms may occur.

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c)Pokok padi ditanam di kawasan yang ditenggelami air dan mempunyai kebolehan
bertoleransi dengan etanol berbanding dengan tumbuhan lain.
Paddy trees are planted in areas that are flooded and have the ability tolerant to
ethanol compared to other plants.

i)Nyatakan jenis fermentasi yang berlaku dalam sel pokok padi.

State the type of fermentation that occurs in rice plant cells.

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 ii)Tuliskan persamaan perkataan bagi proses fermentasi yang berlaku dalam sel
pokok padi.
Write the word equation for the fermentation process that occurs in plant cells
rice.

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iii) Cadangkan satu sel lain yang boleh menjalankan proses fermentasi seperti dalam
soalan c(ii).
Suggest another cell that can carry out the fermentation process as in the question
c(ii).

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18 a) Terangkan keperluan tenaga dalam proses metabolisme.

Explain the need for energy in the metabolic process.

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b) Bandingkan respirasi aerob dengan fermentasi.

Compare aerobic respiration with fermentation.

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 c) Mikroorganisma seperti yis dan bakteria biasanya memainkan peranan penting
dalam proses fermentasi untuk menghasilkan makanan. Terangkan mengapa
dadih menjadi rosak sekiranya tidak disimpan dalam peti sejuk.
Microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria usually play an important role in
fermentation process to produce food. Explain why curd becomes spoiled if not
kept in the refrigerator.

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BAB 8

19 i a) Seorang perokok tegar mudah mendapat batuk berterusan. Terangkan

bagaimana keadaan ini boleh menjejaskan fungsi sistem respirasi.
A heavy smoker easily gets a persistent cough. Explain how this condition’
can affect the function of the respiratory system.

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b) Huraikan satu penyakit lain yang mungkin dihidapi oleh perokok tegar tersebut.
Describe one other disease that the heavy smoker may have.

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 c) Terangkan kesan tar yang terkandung di dalam asap rokok terhadap perokok.
Explain the effect of tar contained in cigarette smoke on smokers.

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ii) Salah satu kesan penyakit emifisema ialah kehilangan kekenyalan alveolus.
Terangkan kesan ini terhadap pertukaran gas.
One of the effects of emphysema is the loss of elasticity of the alveolus. Explain
this effect on gas exchange.

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20 a)Namakan struktur P dan Q yang masing-masing membantu manusia dan ikan
menjalankan pertukaran gas.
Name the structures P and Q that help humans and fish respectively
carry out gas exchange.

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b)Terangkan mekanisme pernafasan ikan.

Explain the mechanism of fish respiration.

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c)Huraikan dua persamaan ciri struktur P dan Q yang disesuaikan untuk membantu P
dan Q berfungsi dengan berkesan.
Describe two structural characteristic equations of P and Q adapted to help P and Q
function effectively.

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d)Berikan dua sebab mengapa kadar pembekalan oksigen ke sel badan manusia
adalah lebih cepat daripada kadar pembekalan oksigen ke sel badan ikan sekiranya
kedua-duanya mempunyai saiz yang sama.
Give two reasons why the rate of oxygen supply to the cells of the human body is
more faster than the rate of oxygen supply to fish body cells if both have the same
size.

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