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Design and Optimization of Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennas Using a

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 electronics
Article
Design and Optimization of Miniaturized Microstrip Patch
Antennas Using a Genetic Algorithm
Mounir Boudjerda 1,2 , Abdelmalek Reddaf 1 , Abdellah Kacha 2 , Khaled Hamdi-Cherif 1 , Turki E. A. Alharbi 3 ,
Mohammed S. Alzaidi 3 , Mohammad Alsharef 3 and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim 3, *
Citation: Boudjerda, M.; Reddaf, A.;
Kacha, A.; Hamdi-Cherif, K.; Alharbi,
T.E.A.; Alzaidi, M.S.; Alsharef, M.;
Ghoneim, S.S.M. Design and
Optimization of Miniaturized
Microstrip Patch Antennas Using a
Genetic Algorithm. Electronics 2022,
11, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/
electronics11142123
Academic Editor: Alejandro
Melcón Alvarez
Received: 12 June 2022
Accepted: 5 July 2022
Published: 6 July 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142123
1 Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, ex CSC, BP 64 Cheraga, Algiers 16014, Algeria;
mboudjerda@gmail.com (M.B.); reddaf.malek@gmail.com (A.R.); hamdicherifkhaled@gmail.com (K.H.-C.)
2 Laboratoire de Physique de Rayonnement et Applications, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria;
kacha_a@yahoo.com
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; turki.alharbi@tu.edu.sa (T.E.A.A.); m.alzaidi@tu.edu.sa (M.S.A.);
m.alsharef@tu.edu.sa (M.A.)
* Correspondence: s.ghoneim@tu.edu.sa
Abstract: The main objective of this work is to propose an approach for improving the performance
of miniaturized microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) that are loaded with a thin film consisting of a
high relative permittivity material. The method uses a thin film to decrease the antenna’s resonance
frequency while keeping the antenna’s patch dimensions. For the enhancement of the antenna’s
performance with a thin film, the dimensions of the patch of the designed antenna are optimized
utilizing genetic algorithms (GAs). The resonance frequency of the microstrip patch antenna was
changed from 5.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz, and the area of the proposed antenna was minimized by around
60%, especially in comparison to a conventional antenna alone without thin film. Most of the
performances of the proposed antenna such as the return loss, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR) were improved.
Keywords: micro-strip patch antenna; thin films; high permittivity dielectric material; antenna
miniaturization; genetic algorithm optimization
1. Introduction
Nowadays, wireless devices are widely employed in a variety of domains, including
telecommunications, aeronautics, medical, and military. The growing use of these sys-
tems has led manufacturers to focus on the improvement of wireless devices. Therefore,
microwave circuit technology has shown a considerable development in recent years [1–5].
This evolution became possible after the significant progress in electronics and numerical
information processing techniques. The connection between these terminals, mobile phones,
computers, base stations, and other infrastructures is carried out by electromagnetic waves [6].
The antenna is one of the most essential elements of wireless systems. These elements
transform the electrical signal into electromagnetic signals and radiate these in space and
vice versa [7]. The antenna takes up the most space in the communication system chain;
thus, increasing the antenna’s total size makes the implementation of a wireless device
difficult in a small area [8].
In recent decades, reducing the size of antennas has been one of the main focuses in
the designers of antennas. Miniature antennas are especially used in micro-fabrication
technologies to manufacture wireless devices [9,10]. In fact, the length of an ordinary
antenna that operates at some frequency is generally of the order of a half-wavelength
of that frequency [8], e.g., the conventional length of an antenna resonating at 1 GHz in
the case of a dielectric constant of 2.2 is approximately 100 mm. However, this length is
practically unacceptable for several devices. Moreover, most devices such as satellite, radio
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 2 of 14

frequency identification (RFID) chips, and phones need the use of multiple antennas [11–14].
Thus, the development of wireless devices will continue to challenge researchers to design
smaller antennas.
In the literature, there is a large variety of antennas that are used in various domains
of wireless systems. The simplest is the wire antenna that is used as a loop or dipole
antenna. Another antenna type is the aperture antenna that appears as a horn shape.
Planar antennas, such as microstrip antennas, have been used extensively during the past
three decades [15]. Many researchers have focused on microstrip patch antennas. Despite
their narrow bandwidth, the microstrip patch antennas have many advantages compared
to other conventional antennas such as low manufacturing costs, low volume, weight, and
thickness, simplicity of manufacturing, and the possibility of integrating discrete elements [16].
For several years, many studies have focused on the miniaturization of antennas.
However, these techniques have been confronted with a difficult problem due to the gain
and bandwidth fundamental limit that depends on the antenna size [17].
Generally, there are three principal ways to miniaturize an MPA: introducing slots,
shorting and folding, and material loading. During the first method (introducing slots),
the reduction of the size of a patch antenna can be realized by creating slots or changing
the shape of the patch. For the purpose of obtaining a large electrical length in a small
area [18], miniaturized patches can be optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) [17,19,20].
However, this technique will be complicated because the geometry of the antenna and its
gain will be very low. Fractal geometries are employed to reduce the size of the microstrip
patch antenna. However, this antenna suffers from a considerable reduction in band-
width [21]. The second technique (shorting and folding) is the ground plane deformation.
In this method, researchers use defected ground structures (DGSs) to miniaturize the an-
tenna. In the literature, DGSs have several shapes: simples ones, e.g., spiral, H-shape, and
U-shape or complex ones, for example, split-ring resonators (SRRs) [22,23]. The realization
method is simple but there is no standard design procedure and it provides a low efficiency
and a narrow bandwidth. The third and simplest method to miniaturize a patch antenna
(material loading) is the utilization of a substrate with a high relative permittivity (εr ), as
√
the antenna’s resonance frequency is scaled by 1/ ε r µr (µr is the relative permeability of
the substrate). Nevertheless, the last technique suffers from a decrease in the bandwidth
when a substrate with a high relative permittivity is used [24–28].
The main contribution of this work is to propose a method for enhancing the per-
formances of miniaturized microstrip patch antennas loaded with a thin-film material
with high relative permittivity. First, a thin film was used to decrease the antenna’s res-
onance frequency while keeping the antenna’s patch dimensions. Next, to enhance the
antenna’s performance with a thin film, a GA-based method was employed to determine
the dimensions of the antenna’s patch. A GA is a robust searching and optimization tech-
nique that can be applied to a wide range of electromagnetic problems. [29–31]. GAs are
inspired by Darwinian ideas of natural selection and evolution. This technique has been
utilized to improve several performances of MPAs such as bandwidth [32], gain [33], and
size [19,23,34–36] and to reduce the maximum sidelobe level [37]. GAs have been used to
design an antenna for 5G applications, which requires operating at multiple bands while
offering excellent gain and efficiency across all bands [38,39].

2. Methodology
For miniaturizing the MPA’s dimensions and enhancing its performance, a thin-film
material with very high dielectric permittivity (εr2 = 250) and low loss (tan δ = 0.02), i.e.,
ferroelectric material (B0.8 S0.2 TiO3 ) [40,41] is loaded into the patch. The flowchart in Figure 1
shows the processing steps to integrate the thin-film material in the antenna.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 3 of 14

Figure 1. Flowchart of the antenna design method.

First, an ordinary antenna operating at 5.8 GHz is designed. The dimensions of the
first design are determined on the basis of a published study [42]. Next, a thin-film material
with different thicknesses is integrated to obtain a miniaturized antenna (that operates at
4 GHz). Finally, the new MPA’s dimensions are optimized. The return loss is used as a
reference parameter in the GA-based optimization process to enhance the final designed
antenna’s performances (return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR).

2.1. Initial Geometry of the Antenna

Figure 2 depicts the structure of the patch antenna’s initial geometry. This initial
structure has been studied in detail in [42]. For a microstrip patch antenna with D1 << L1 ,
D1 << W 1 , and L1 > W 1 > D1 (the length and width of the patch are L1 and W 1 , respectively,
while the height of the substrate is D1 ), the dominant mode is the TM010 mode. The
resonance frequency (fr ) and bandwidth (∆f ) are given [25,42,43] as follows:

1
fr = √ √ (1)
2L1 ε r ε 0 µ0

∆f ε r − 1 L1 D1
≈ 3.77 2 (2)
fr ε r λW1
where µ0 and ε0 are the permeability and permittivity in free space, respectively, while λ is
the wavelength.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 4 of 14

Figure 2. The initial structure of the antenna (conventional microstrip patch antenna).

From Equation (1), the antenna’s size can be reduced by the use of a substrate with high
√ √
relative permittivity due to its refractive index (n = ε r ε 0 µ0 ). For this reason, a thin-film
material with high dielectric permittivity has been used. In this study, a ferroelectric material
that has a relative permittivity εr2 = 250 has been used [38,41]. However, the use of a high
relative permittivity substrate results in a narrow bandwidth. Indeed, from Equation (2),
one observes that as εr increases, the bandwidth decreases, as the stored electrical energy
increases [28]. To solve this problem, the values of the patch corresponding to the new
antenna (antenna with the thin-film material) have been optimized. Then, the return
loss and VSWR are considered parameters in the GA-optimization process to enhance
its performance.

2.2. Antenna with the Thin-Film Material

Figure 3 depicts the structure of the studied antenna (with a thin-film material). This
was designed as a rectangular patch on two substrates. The first substrate (lower substrate)
is FR-4 with thickness D1 equal to 1.58 mm and permittivity εr1 equal to 4.4. The second
substrate (upper substrate) consists of a thin film of a ferroelectric material B0.8 S0.2 TiO3 (BST)
of thickness D2 and is characterized by a very high dielectric permittivity (εr2 = 250) [39,41].

Figure 3. Proposed microstrip patch antenna (a) directly on top and (b) side view.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 5 of 14

The goal of the work is the miniaturization of the antenna. The antenna’s dimensions
operating at 5.8 GHz have been used for an antenna that operates at 4 GHz. Since the
resonance frequency (fr ) of a patch antenna is determined by the patch’s dimensions and the
substrate’s relative permittivity [25,42], a thin film of BST was integrated, and its thickness
was varied until the desired resonance frequency. Note that the desired resonance frequency
in this work is 4 GHz.

2.3. GA-Based Optimization of the Patch Parameters of the Antenna with the Thin-Film Material
A genetic algorithm is a stochastic search technique based on Darwin’s theory of
evolution [44]. This technique plays an important role in solving problems involving
possible solutions in a large search space where classical methods cannot be used. The
most important advantage of GA over other methods such as Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) is the accuracy [45]. Except for the drawback of being computationally expensive
due to the GA (time-consuming), this technique has the following advantages [46]:
- Optimization is possible for continuous or discrete variables,
- Ability to work with a large number of variables,
- It is well suited to parallel computers.
- It works with numerically generated data, experimental data, or analytical functions.
GA uses the concepts of biological evolution to resolve optimization problems. Princi-
ples based on gene combinations in biological reproduction are employed to repeatedly
modify a population of individual points. Thanks to its random nature, GA enhances the
chances of identifying a global solution. Therefore, this proves to be extremely effective
and stable while searching for global optimum solutions [47].
The purpose of a GA is to compute the extrema of a function identified in a space
of data. An evolutionary process is utilized to resolve a problem using GA, in which
possible solutions (chromosomes) will be utilized to develop new solutions. Such a group
of possible solutions will be named a population. For the objective of creating the next
generation of the population, only one population (particular) will succeed and will be
employed. Solutions utilized for creating novel solutions (offspring) are selected based on
their fitness function. The chromosome with the greatest chance of reproducing is the most
suited. Figure 4 shows the GA-based method flowchart to optimize the model parameters.
The GA-base optimization method consists of the following steps [44]:
1. Generation of the initial population: A binary string is used to represent all chromo-
somes, to exemplify chromosome X: 11110000 and chromosome Y: 11001100.
2. The initial population is produced via a mechanism capable of creating a non-
homogeneous population of individuals that will serve as a basis for future gen-
erations. Population size and the total number of individuals directly influence the
convergence of the GA. Because the goal is the identification of the optimal values of
L1 and W 1 , the population size is set to 30 and the number of individuals is set to 2.
3. Selection: The fitness function is used to evaluate and classify populations. For the
next generation, populations offering the best fitness rates will be selected.
4. Crossover: from parents, genes are recombined to form a novel chromosome; chro-
mosome X: 11110000 and Chromosome Y: 11001100 might be crossed over after the
fourth locus to form two new offspring chromosomes, 11111100 and 11000000. With
a constant probability (CP), the crossover is applied to the population. Usually, this
constant relies on the application and it is very large [48]. In this work, CP has been
set to 0.9.
5. Mutation: for producing novel offspring, a few chromosome bits are changed. In
binary encoding, some randomly selected bits may be modified from 1 to 0 or vice
versa, for example, chromosome 11110110 can possibility be changed in the third
location to produce chromosome 11110010. In general, in this operator, it is suitable
to choose a low probability of mutation (MP). Typically, MP ranges from 0.01 to
0.3. [48,49]. In this work, MP is equal to 0.05.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 6 of 14

6. Evaluation Function: for any optimization method, the evaluation function is the
most important stage in the optimization procedure’s success. Moreover, it presents
the relation between the physical problem to be optimized and the GA. The best
solution is one, which diminishes the fitness function (σ). The aim of the study is
the minimization of the maximum return loss magnitude (S11 ) at three frequencies,
f 1 = 3.8 GHz, fr = 4.0 GHz, and f 2 = 4.2 GHz (to widen the bandwidth while keeping
the resonance frequency at 4 GHz). In this case, σ is defined as [50]:

σ = min(S11n ) (3)
∀n
where n is the index that refers to sample points in the S11 versus frequency function.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the GA algorithm.

In order to improve the antenna’s performance (with the thin film), GA was utilized
to optimize the microstrip antenna’s patch dimensions (L1 and W 1 ). The purpose of the
optimization is to obtain the lowest S11 (dB) value at the resonance frequency of 4 GHz, as
well as a value less than −10 (dB) for f 1 and f 2 . The stop condition is that the number of
generating iterations, which is set to 1000, is reached. The GA-based optimization process
of the microstrip patch antenna with the thin film is illustrated in Figure 5.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 7 of 14

Figure 5. The GA-based optimization process of the microstrip patch antenna with a thin film.

The optimization process runs in two phases. Firstly, the design of the miniaturized
antenna begins via an antenna operating at 4 GHz by integrating a thin-film material with
high effective permittivity whose bandwidth is 127.4 MHz, return loss is 19.42 dB, and
VWSR is 1.86 as the initial state. In order to enhance these last performances (bandwidth,
return loss, and VWSR), the GA method has been integrated for the optimization of the
patch dimensions to decrease the fitness function.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Miniaturization of the Microstrip Patch Antenna
The numerical analysis was done with two electromagnetic simulators: High-Frequency
Structure Simulator (HFSS), which employs the finite element method in the frequency
domain, and Computer Simulation Technology (CST), which utilizes the finite integra-
tion approach in the time domain. The antenna’s initial structure (conventional MPA) is
depicted in Figure 1 with its dimensions listed in Table 1.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 8 of 14

Table 1. Dimensions of the initial structure antenna.

W1 × L1 W2 × L2 W3 × L3 D1 W2
(mm2 ) (mm2 ) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)
15.9 × 11.26 0.71 × 13.31 3.02 × 11.81 1.58 0.01–0.1

Figure 6 presents the results of the proposed antenna without integration of the thin-
film material obtained by HFSS and CST. The simulation results produced from the two
simulators indicate excellent agreement.

Figure 6. Simulated return loss of the proposed patch antenna without the thin film for the HFSS and
CST simulators.

For comparison, Figure 7 displays the return loss of the patch antenna without and
with a thin-film material (10 µm thick of the ferroelectric material B0.8 S0.2 TiO3 ). The
antenna operating frequency shifted from 5.81 GHz to 5.31 GHz for the HFSS and CST
simulators. This variation is a consequence of the variation in the effective permittivity of
the ferroelectric–dielectric substrate due to the integration of a thin-film material, which
has a relative permittivity of 250.

Figure 7. The simulated return loss of the patch antenna without and with a thin film of the
ferroelectric material BST for HFSS and CST.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 9 of 14

For the purpose of studying the effect of the thickness of the thin-film material on the
antenna’s performance, a parametric analysis was carried out by varying the thickness (D2 ).
Figure 8 depicts the results. It can be seen that the resonance frequency changes with the
change in the thin-film thickness. The thicker the film, the more the resonance frequency
decreases. For example, the resonance frequency for D2 = 0.01 mm is 5.31 GHz and it shifts
to 4.00 GHz when D2 = 0.1 mm. These results present an excellent agreement with previous
results [24–30].

Figure 8. Thickness effects of the thin-film material on the return loss of the antenna.

For the aim of measuring the reduction rate related to the antenna size, a novel antenna
(conventional antenna) was designed to operate at 4 GHz, i.e., at the operating frequency of
the designed antenna. After studying this antenna’s performance, it appears that the patch
must have the following dimensions: W 1 = 22.82 mm and L1 = 17.40 mm. For comparing
the two antenna sizes operating at 4 GHz, two rectangular are drawn in Figure 9. The dark
rectangle depicts the microstrip patch antenna with a thin-film material, whereas the light
rectangular represents a conventional antenna (without the thin film). This figure shows
that the miniaturization approach proposed in this study delivers a 55% reduction in the
size of the radiating element.

Figure 9. Antenna size comparison at 4 GHz: the light-colored rectangle represents the ordinary
microstrip patch; the dark-colored rectangle represents the microstrip patch antenna with the thin film.

Figure 10 presents the radiation pattern (for the two principal plans E and H). The
figure shows the principal plans at 4 GHz. Phi = 0◦ and theta = all values for plan E,
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 10 of 14

compared with phi = 90◦ and theta = all values for the H plan. The radiation pattern reveals
that those antennas (proposed and conventional) have nearly the same radiation behavior,
and the proposed antenna has an approximately omnidirectional characteristic for the
E plan and H plan, especially at the resonance frequency (4 GHz).

Figure 10. Microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns with and without a thin-film material at
4 GHz; (a) E plan, (b) H plan.

3.2. GA-Optimization of the Antenna with a Thin-Film Material with High Permittivity
The GA method was then used to enhance the performance of the miniaturized
antenna by minimizing the fitness function in the second phase. For comparison, the results
are given in Figure 11 and Table 2. The proposed antenna conserved about 40% of the global
area of the conventional antenna at a resonance frequency of 4 GHz, and its performance
in terms of the return loss and VSWR improved by about −10.39 dB and 0.8, respectively,
thus increasing the bandwidth of the antenna by 29.4 MHz.

Figure 11. Comparison between the microstrip patch antenna with thin-film material before and after
GA-optimization.
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 11 of 14

Table 2. Comparison of the proposed microstrip patch antenna operating at 4 GHz with the conven-
tional antenna, antenna with a thin film, and antenna with a thin film optimized by GA.

Patch Dimensions (W 1 × L1 ) Return Bandwith Gain

Antenna VSWR
(mm2 ) Loss (dB) (MHz) (dB)
Conventional 22.1 × 16.84 (372.16) −33.7 118.4 1.04 3.88
With thin film 15.90 × 11.26 (179.04) −19.42 127.4 1.86 3.89
With thin film and GA 13.76 × 11.32 (155.04) −29.81 147.8 1.06 3.63

Table 3 illustrates a quantitative comparison between the proposed antenna and minia-
turized antennas reported in previously published works in terms of different parameters
(gain, rate of miniaturization, return loss, and bandwidth). It is worth noting that in terms
of bandwidth, the proposed miniaturized patch antenna outperformed the reference anten-
nas. The performances of the proposed antenna were comparable to those of the reference
antennas in terms of the return loss, rate of miniaturization, and gain. The initial and final
resonance frequencies of the suggested antenna and reference antennas are also given in
Table 3. In comparison to the reference antennas provided in Table 3, the proposed antenna
reflects a compromise between the size, gain, and bandwidth.

Table 3. Comparison of the proposed antenna with reference miniaturized patch antennas.

far fbr Return Bandwith Miniaturization Gain

Antenna
(GHz) (GHz) Loss (dB) (MHz) Rate (%) (dB)
N. Herscovici et al. [19] 3.000 1.738 −24 10 42 1
P. Soontornpipit et al. [51] 0.405 0.4035 −15 20 / /
H. Elftouh et al. [35] 5.700 3.000 ≈−38 / 50 2.14
M. Lamsalli et al. [34] 4.900 2.160 −20 ≈10 82 5.82
M. S. Sharawi et al. [22] 5.040 2.450 ≈−25 ≈50 76 −0.8
3.000 2.3958 −12.5 30 24.4 /
M K. Dhakshinamoorthi et al. [36]
4.000 2.4022 −13.5 22 48.5 /
Proposed 5.800 4.000 −29.81 147.8 ≈60 3.63

4. Conclusions
A new method for designing and optimizing miniaturized microstrip patch antennas
for application in telecommunications is presented. A thin-film material with high per-
mittivity is used for reducing the antenna’s resonance frequency while keeping the patch
dimensions of the antenna constant. For the purpose of enhancing the performances of
miniaturized antennas, a genetic algorithm is utilized for the estimation of the optimal
parameters of the patch of the antenna with a thin film. The results indicate that the de-
signed antenna’s resonance frequency changed from 5.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz and the area of the
proposed antenna was reduced by around 60%, especially in comparison to a conventional
antenna alone without thin film. Therefore, most of the performances of the proposed
antenna such as the bandwidth, return loss, gain, and VSWR improved.
Finally, the performances of the proposed antenna were compared to those of reference
antennas reported in the literature. It is worth noting that the proposed method can be
easily exploited for designing filters or antennas with diverse frequencies or geometries.
The use of an alternative optimization method, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO),
and other thin-film materials such as KTN (KTa1-x Nbx O3 ) can be investigated in future
work to improve the performance of the miniaturized microstrip patch antenna.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.B. and A.R.; Data curation, M.B., A.R., A.K., K.H.-C.
and M.S.A.; Formal analysis, M.B., K.H.-C., T.E.A.A. and M.S.A.; Funding acquisition, T.E.A.A., M.A.
and S.S.M.G.; Investigation, M.B., K.H.-C., T.E.A.A., M.A. and S.S.M.G.; Methodology, A.R. and A.K.;
Project administration, M.B., M.S.A. and S.S.M.G.; Resources, T.E.A.A., M.S.A., M.A. and S.S.M.G.;
Software, M.B., A.R., A.K. and K.H.-C.; Supervision, M.B. and S.S.M.G.; Validation, A.K., M.S.A. and
M.A.; Visualization, K.H.-C., T.E.A.A. and S.S.M.G.; Writing—original draft, M.B., A.R., A.K. and
Electronics 2022, 11, 2123 12 of 14

K.H.-C.; Writing—review & editing, T.E.A.A., M.S.A., M.A. and S.S.M.G. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received funding from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project TURSP
2020/34, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors appreciate Taif University Researchers Supporting Project TURSP
2020/34, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia for supporting this research.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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