ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
Semester Project Proposal on:

Design T-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application

Submitted by:

NAME ID
1.Ashenafi Gesessew RET/06033/10
2. Tesfay Tsegay RET/07004/10
3. Berihu Minase RET/06074/10
4. Solomon Nigus RET/06888/10

ADVISOR: AMIRA AHMED (MSc.)

DECEMBER 2023
 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our adviser, Ms. AMIRA AHMED , who has
supported us throughout our thesis work for her continuous support, guiding our thesis and
sacrificing her valuable time.
We are also so grateful to our parents, who always motivate and support us to complete this
thesis. We are thankful to those who stood with us throughout our work, giving us
encouragement as well as valuable help all the way through.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iv
List Of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. v
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER -1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2Problem statement ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER2 ................................................................................................................................................. 3
LITRETURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 5
METHDOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 5
REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................... 7

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 Abstract
Microstrip patch antennas are playing an important role in wireless communication systems
because of their many advantages like light weight, low profile, low cost, easy integration with
planar structure and easy fabrication. This project presents the design of T-shape micro strip
patch antenna for the dual-band WLAN application which operates at 2.4 GHz-band and 5.2
GHz frequency band. The designed T-shape microstrip patch antenna must be satisfying the
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is ≤ 2 and the return loss is less than -10dB for the two
frequency bands of WLAN application. The substrate FR-4 dielectric material with dielectric
constant of ɛr = 4.4 will be used because it has moderate dielectric constant, loss tangent. The
performance of the proposed antenna for T-shaped microstrip patch antenna will be evaluated
using antenna performance metrics in terms of reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave
ratio, directivity, gain, and efficiency.

Keywords: Micro strip patch antenna, T-shape, WLAN,

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List Of Abbreviations
CST Computer Simulation Technology

C band Conventional Band

CP Circular Polarization

DGS Defected Ground Structure

dB Decibel

Ɛr Dielectric constant of substrate

EM Electromagnet

E-field Electric field

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GHz Gigahertz

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System (or Standard) for Mobile communication

H-field Magnetic field

HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulation

L-Band Long Band

LHCP Left Hand Circularly Polarization

MHz Megahertz

RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

RL Return Loss

RHCP Right Hand Circularly Polarization

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

Wi-MAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

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List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Flow chart of Methodology………………………………………………………5

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List of Tables
Table 3.1 Time Table schedule………………………………………………………………6

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 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Micro strip antennas are started in early 1970’s when conformal antennas were required
for missiles. These antennas are attractive due to their light weight, conformability and
low cost. These antennas can be integrated with printed strip-line feed networks and
active devices. A major contributing factor for recent advances of micro strip antennas is
the revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization. As conventional antennas are bulky and
costly, micro strip antennas based on photolithographic technology have low cost and small
size. This is a relatively new area of antenna engineering [1]. [2] Due to the rapid growth in
wireless communication, the need of multiband frequency is raised. Thus, an antenna with
multiband operations is required. Multiband antennas are developed for various wireless
applications so that any equipment can employ several applications at a time [3].

To satisfy the 2.4 GHz band (2412–2484 MHz) of IEEE 802.11b and 5.2 GHz band (5150 –
5350MHz) of 802.11a WLAN standard, a number of antennas have been reported [4]. One
type of simple structure is the printed monopole antenna, such as the inverted-F monopole, T-
shaped monopole, G-shaped monopole, and so on. These printed monopole antennas
composed of two or more mender radiating strips, each of which provides different frequency
bands of the WLAN operation, but they usually have low gains. Another type of simple
structures is the slot antenna, which owns good bandwidth, high gain, and better isolation
between the radiating element and feeding network, etc. Proposed dual- or triple-band slot
antenna designs include a single slot-ring antenna with a narrow rectangular slot, a stair-shaped
slot antenna adding several stubs, a rectangular slot antenna embedded with a pair of narrow
rectangular strips, etc [1].

Microstrip patch antenna consists of a metallic patch with different configurations and shapes
on a grounded substrate. These antennas are more popular because of their design, ease of

analysis and fabrication. The feasible Design and Radiation characteristics highlight
its significance in the wireless communication industry. The S-band and C-Band is a widely
used microwave frequency band in wireless communication systems including Radars,
Satellites, Aircrafts, Spacecraft’s, missiles and in several space borne applications. The
IEEE S-Band (2 to 4 GHz) and C-Band (4 to 8 GHz), their sub band frequencies are
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feasible also for modern wireless communication systems include Wi-Fi, WLAN, Wi-
MAX, Bluetooth[5].

1.2 Problem statement

Wireless communication like WLAN, Bluetooth plays a huge role in our day-to- day lives
nowadays. We use it for education, to get fresh information there are many ways and to fun
to use internet access through wireless access point. There are many reasons and problems
which motivate us to seek for solutions and suggestions. We believe that it needs to improve
the efficiency of this access point to transmit and receives data for users. So, we are going to
design a compact, high directive, low return loss, less VSWR T-shape micro strip patch
antenna for WLAN access point and it supports dual band service at 2.4GHz and 5.2 GHz sub
frequency band of S-Band (2 to 4 GHz) and C-Band (4 to 8 GHz) to satisfy high demand of
wireless access service in different companies.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of this project is design T-shaped Microstrip patch antenna for
WLAN application.

1.3.2 Specific objective

In order to achieve the main objective, the specific objective is designed to do the following
activity:

➢ To study the effect of changing feed point of microstrip line.

➢ To study effect of substrate thickness and patch thickness

➢ To study effect of changing feed technique

➢ To study the effects of width and length of the substrate and the patch

➢ To design a T-shaped microstrip patch antenna at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz frequency.

➢ To evaluate the antenna performance using antenna radiation characteristics such as

return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, and efficiency.

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 CHAPTER2
LITRETURE REVIEW

This chapter gives a literature review on design of micro strip patch antenna, application of T-
shape geometry on the patch of antenna and with microstrip line and ground structure on
ground plane of the antenna.

In [5], “Koch Curve Fractal Antenna for Wi-MAX and C Band Wireless Applications”.
In this paper, Koch curve fractal antenna is proposed for wireless applications. The
antenna has been designed by increasing the perimeters of triangular shape patch by using
self-similarity property. Number of iterations by the designing Koch snowflake for different
resonant frequency, were given. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at Wi-MAX
frequency from 3.4 GHz -3.69 GHz and C-Band applications in 2.8 GHz-6.4GHz frequency
range. The proposed antenna is fed by a 50Ω micro strip line and fabricated on a low- cost FR4
substrate having dimensions 33.5(L) × 28.5(W) × 1.6(h) mm3 with €r=4.4and tanɵ=0.025.
The antenna shows acceptable gain with nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns in the
frequency band for wireless applications.

In [6], E-shaped fractal micro strip patch antenna with defected ground structure for wireless
applications is proposed. Different iterations of fractal geometry caused self-similar E shape
structures. For obtaining good bandwidth, Different DGS configurations had been applied.
This antenna was designed using FR-4 as substrate and operated at 3.7GHz, 6.7 GHz,7.9
GHz and 8. 7 GHz with bandwidth of 120 MHz, 500 MHz, 225 MHz and 315 MHz This
antenna found its application for Wi-Max, C Band and X band applications. This antenna is
having small dimensions of 20X25 mm2. Results have been compared first making E-shaped
patch which modified to form wang shape followed by fractal antenna.

In [7], presented U slot microstrip antenna for higher mode applications. This antenna
resonated in a band from 5.17 GHz to 5.81 GHz hence useful for number of applications. This
antenna was having dual radiation beams with both beams were directed at centre
frequency. This antenna was having a gain of 7.92 dBi. This antenna found its applications for
different wireless applications. This antenna exhibit impedance bandwidth of 11 % at VSWR
less than two. This antenna was having dimensions of 64X 74 mm2. Substrate was having a
dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3.1 mm. Design and simulation had been carried out
using HFSS.

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In [8], designed multiple band microstrip patch antenna. This antenna had been useful for c
band and x band applications. This microstrip antenna had a patch with different slots so and
one I shaped slots. This antenna was compact size of 25 X 23 mm2. Feed to this antenna is
given by coaxial feeding technique and feed point is chosen properly. Design and simulation
had been carried out using HFSS simulation software. This antenna was having bandwidth of
140 MHz from 5.85 GHz to 6 GHz and 1.21 GHz from 7.87 to 9 GHz. This antenna can
be used for WLAN, C band and X band applications.

In [9], presented novel Wang shaped patch antenna with stable radiation pattern and cross
polarization of -20 dB. This antenna was having bandwidth of 1.7GHz to 2.5 GHz, gain of 6.25
dBi to 15 dBi. It featured a small patch of 0.25 ʎ0 x 0.33 ʎ0 with large air-substrate height of
0.2 ʎ0, whereas the ground plane size used for this prototype was about 1 ʎ0 x 1.5 ʎ0. In the
present design, the anti-phased currents were provoked by a dual L-probe fed by a wideband
balloon.

In [10], “A Dual Band Star Fractal Antenna with Slot for Wireless Applications”. In this
paper a Dual Band Star fractal antenna with slot was proposed for wireless applications, with a
semi-elliptical ground plane. The proposed antenna was designed to operate at two different
bands having bandwidth I GHz and 1.2 GHz at resonant frequencies 2.8 GHz and 5.7 GHz
respectively for wireless applications with good return loss and radiation pattern
characteristics, in the frequency band. The proposed antenna was fed by a 500 microstrip line
and fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 substrate having dimensions 33.5(L) x 28.5(W) x 1.6(h)
mm3 with ɛr=4.4 and tanɵ=0.02S. The antenna shows acceptable gain with nearly Omni-
directional radiation patterns in the frequency band for wireless applications as Wi-MAX and
WLAN.

In [11], Presented a comparison between two different fractal geometries. A comparison was
made between performance analysis of microstrip fractal antenna one based on Murkowski
Island and other based on triangular Koch loop. From analysis it was found that at low
resonance frequency, Antenna formed using Murkowski fractal geometry produced small
resonance frequency as compared to Koch curve and at high frequencies Koch curve produced
small resonance frequency and better results.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHDOLOGY

The project development, the system consists of mathematical and software. The
mathematical part involves the mathematical calculation of the width, length, thickness of
the substrates and the patch. And also, we design where the feeding line is placed. The
software part is the CST STUDIO and will be used to design the proposed antenna based on
mathematical calculation.

There are different steps that have been followed in order to achieve the objective of the
project:

➢ First select the operation frequency band and what is the specific application of the
proposed antenna.
➢ Secondly, we select required materials ( substrate with their dielectric constant and
thepatch ) and software (CST STUDIO 2018).
➢ Third ,design the geometry of T-shaped micro strip patch antenna dimensions.

➢ Finally, Design, simulation and analysis are carried out using CST
2018 for different types of antenna parameters like return loss, voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, directivity and efficiency.

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of Methodology

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Table 3.1 Time Table schedule

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REFERENCE
[1] Sunil, Kumar,Takur, Design & Analylis of Microstrip Patch Antenna
UsingMetamaterial, International Society Of Thesis Publication, 2012.

[2] A. K. &. S. Singh, Designing and Analysis of T-Shape Microstrip Antenna for
the 4G Systems, Global Journals Inc. (USA), 2013.

[3] N. A. N. a. P. Sunil Singh, Design consideration of Microstrip Patch Antenna,

International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering.

[4] S. Haider, Microstrip Patch Antennas for Broadband Indoor Wireless Systems.

[5] S. KAMPEEPHAT, P. KRACHODNOK, M. UTHANSAKULAND

R.WONGSAN, "Directive Gain Array Antenna using MSA with Asymmetric
T-shaped Slit Loads," 12th WSEAS International Conference on
COMMUNICATIONS, Heraklion, Greece, 2008.

[6] Lakshmi Raj Singh, Pawan Kumar and D.K. Srivastava, "Design and Analysis
of Triple Band Inverted T-shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna," IJARCCE, 2015.

[7] M. Ravi Kishore, A.Janardhana, B.Murali Krishna, "DESIGN &

SIMULATION OF DUAL BAND T-SHAPED SLOT MICRO STRIP
ANTENNA FOR C-BAND APPLICATIONS," IJRET.

[8] Asim Kumar, Shrawan Kumar Kushwaha, and Nitin Kumar, Circularly
Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna, Research India Publications, 2014.

[9] Pozar and Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas, Proceedings of the IEEE,

1992.Zurcher, J-Francois and Gardiol, Broadband Patch Antenna, Artech
House, 1995.

[10] A. S. AG, "Miniature Broadband Antennas, Datasheet," 23 April 2003.

[Online]. [Accessed 28 march 2016].

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