BIOCHEM
Hormones
- 'ung endocrine and nervous system, nireregulate
nila 'ung internal environment ng katawan natin,
keeping it in a state of homeostasis, and ina-allow it
to alter appropriately when the internal and external
environments demand.
- Both endocrine and nervous system act by the
release ng chemical messages that allow cells in
different parts ng katawan to coordinate their
activities.
- NS, nagrerelease ng neurotransmitters from its
nerve endings with the targeted tissues
- ES, nagrerelease ng hormones into the bloodstream
from specialized ductless glands and tissues, which
may be a distance from the targeted tissues.
- So, ES glands and organs contain endocrine tissues
but meron rin ibang primary functions that are
distributed throughout the body.
ROLE OF HORMONES
- Term ng hormones first coined by Bayliss and
Starling in 1905, derived sa greek word hormaein,
meaning to arouse ( although hormonal effects can
be both stimulatory and inhibitory ).
- So, ang hormone ay chemical substance that is
secreted by specialized epithelial cells, without the
benefit of duct, into the extracellular space ( and
from here into the bloodstream ), and which can act
at long or short range, often mabagal, sa specific
organs and tissues.
- Hormones possibly control the function ng every
cell sa katawan natin, naga-act sila as chemical
messengers, allowing cells in different parts ng
katawan to coordinate their activities.
EFFECTS OF HORMONES SA BODY FUNCTIONS
Metabolism - nireregulate 'ung metabolic processes
that is the rate of synthesis and degradation ng
carbohydrates, proteins and lipid.
Reproduction - Kino-control 'ung reproductive
processes, including the development ng sex organs,
secondary sexual characteristics, gametogenesis and
the menstrual cycle.
Digestion - Kino-control 'ung digestive processes,
including gut motility and the secretion ng digestive
enzymes, bile, gastric acid
Blood Circulation - Nireregulate 'ung blood pressure
by altering cardiac output, vascular constriction and
blood volume from the control ng water excretion ng
kidneys.
Transport of Substrates - Nireregulate 'ung blood
plasma concentrations ng glucose, water, gases,
mineral, blood cells, hydrogen ions.
Defense Against Pathogens - Nireregulate 'ung
immune system responses, including leukocyte
( wbc ) activation, inflammation, antibody production
and fever.
Growth - Kino-control 'ung cell division and
differentiation
Stress Response - Nire-regulate 'ung response ng
katawan sa stress.
Behavior - Kino-control 'ung sexual and social
behavior.
MOST DELIVERY OF HORMONES
- H, were classically described as being secreted into
the bloodstream by ductless glands, however, na
realized ngayon na hormones reached their target
cells by a variety ng methods.
Autocrine Delivery - chemical message released acts
sa cells that synthesized it, EX. ( 'ung prostaglandin,
iniistimulates 'ung myometrial cells that produce it.
Paracrine Delivery - chemical message of hormone
na released into the extracellular space acts on
neighboring or distance cells, EX. ( Insulin secreted sa
pancreas acts on neighboring cells to inhibit the
secretion ng hormone glucagon ;
Endocrine Delivery - Hormone released sa
extracellular space circulates sa bloodstream or
lymphatics and acts on cells at distant sites, EX.
( Insulin secreted by the pancreas has its effect sa
kabuuan ng katawan natin ; pituitary hormones act
on distant endocrine organs.
Neuroendocrine Delivery - chemical message or
hormone na released into the extracellular space by
nerve cells, reaches the target cells in a paracrine or
endocrine fashion, EX. ( gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone, synthesized ng nerves sa hypothalamus, is
released into the portal blood system and acts on the
anterior pituitary gland.
Pheromonal Delivery - volatile hormones ( classified
as pheromones ) , released sa environment act on
olfactory cells in another individual.
HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
H classified into four major groups depending sa
biochemical structure and method of synthesis :
Peptides and Proteins
- form the great majority ng all hormones
- range in size from very small peptides na meron
tatlong amino acids, to small proteins na merong
over 200 amino acids
- include lahat ng hormones ng hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, gastrointestinal
tract, and pancreas
- synthesized ng transcription and translation from
nuclear DNA and stored sa secretory granules
- hormone release ay regulated sa level ng secretion,
hindi sa rate ng synthesis
Amino Acid Derivatives
- small water-soluble compounds derived sa amino
acids
- hormones derived sa tyrosine include the thyroid
hormones, the catecholamines and dopamine
- melatonin is derived sa amino acid tryptophan
- synthesized sa cytoplasm and stored sa secretory
granules prior to their release
- hormone release ay regulated sa level ng secretion
Steroids
- fat-soluble lipids na pwedeng dumaan through
plasma membranes, pero kailangan ay circulate
bound to plasma proteins because they are water-
insoluble
- derived sa cholesterol
- include hormones of the adrenal cortex, gonads
and placenta
- synthesized sa mitochondria and smooth er and
hindi stored pre-made sa cell
- hormone release is dependent sa rate ng
cholesterol ester hydrolysis
Ecosanoids
- derived sa arachidonic acids
- produced by all cells ng katawan except sa red
blood cells
- naga-act primarily as local hormones, but also as
intracellular messengers
prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the two major
types
- synthesized sa cell membrane and are hindi stored
sa cell
HORMONE RECEPTORS
- H are secreted sa blood in very low concentration
and act on specific cell types.
- 'ung capacity ng cell to respond sa hormone ay
depends sa presence ng receptor proteins that are
specific for that hormone
- Cells that exhibit hormone receptor proteins called
target cells.
- Bawat isang target cell has between 2000 and
1000000 receptors for a particular hormone.
- These receptors are constanly being synthesized
and degrades, and 'ung number ng receptors per cell
can be up regulated or down regulated to increase or
decrease the hormone's effect.
HORMONE RECEPTOR PROTEINS CAN BE:
Extracellular ( on the cell membrane ) : water-
soluble molecules bind to these receptors, EX.
( peptide hormones )
Intracellular ( in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus ) : fat-
soluble molecules diffuse sa cell and bind to these
receptors, EX. ( steroid hormones )
- binding ng hormone sa receptor causes a
conformational change sa receptor protein which
can stimulate protein synthesis directly or trigger a
cascade of cytoplasmic responses
3 types ng hormone receptor proteins:
G-protein-coupled receptors - 'ung receptors na 'to
mine-mediate niya 'ung cytoplasmic responses by
second messenger systems.
- Molecules na naga-act as intracellular second
messengers include cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP), inositol phosphate (IP3),
diacyglycerol (DAG) and calcium ions
Tyrosine kinase receptors - when hormone binds sa
receptor, the tyrosine kinase causes an intracellular
cascade ng phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
reactions na naga-activate ng specific enzyme
proteins
Steroid receptors - unbound hormone passes easily
through the cell membrane, hormone binds sa
receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus,
hormone-receptors complex binds sa specific
hormone response elements on the DNA and mRNA
and protein synthesis are altered
HORMONE ANTAGONISTS

- antagonist ay hormone or analogue that binds sa receptor and elicits the normal
biological response.
- a molecule na nagp-prevent ng normal response, either by binding sa hormone
receptor and blocking the hormone from binding or by blocking the signal
transduction

Methods ng Hormone Antagonism :

Direct Receptor Block - nag-bind 'ung antagonist sa same site as hormone, para
ma-prevent 'ung hormone from binding

Indirect Receptor Block - also known as allosteric receptor block, 'ung antagonist
nagb-binds sa another (allosteric) site on the receptor protein, causing a change
sa confomation so that the hormone can no longer bind as its usual site

Direct Signal Block - 'ung antagonist bina-block 'ung signal after it has been
generated by the normal hormone-receptor interaction