NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.

: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

EUKARYOTIC CELL
EXERCISE 4.1

The cell is the most common denominator of life. Bodies of living things whether plants
or animals, unicellular or multicellular have cells as units of structure, units of origin and units of
function. The study of cells constitutes the science of cytology.

Although cells vary in size and shape, they are typically provided with a delimiting cell
membrane, a cytoplasm and a nucleus. Under the ordinary light microscope, only these three
parts can be seen however under the electron microscope composed of a much smaller
structures called organelles can also be seen

Objectives:

At the end of this laboratory exercise, students will be able to:

1. Study the structure of an animal cell

2. Identify the organelles and their functions
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

Procedure

A.

1. Refer to any zoology book/ zoology reference and study an enlarged drawing of a typical
animal cell. Study in detail the different organelles inside the cell. Be able to know their
respective functions.

2. Identify the parts of a typical animal cell

Figure 1. Typical Animal Cell

NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

B. Give the function

Organelle Function
A. Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances into and
out of the cell
B. Nucleus Carries genetic information and controls what
happens inside the cell
C. Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions
happen
D. Endoplasmic reticulum The rough ER, studded with millions of
- rough ER membrane bound ribosomes, is involved
- smooth ER with the production, folding, quality
control and despatch of some proteins.
Smooth ER is largely associated with lipid
(fat) manufacture and metabolism and
steroid production hormone production. It
also has a detoxification function.
E. Ribosome Ribosomes have two main functions —
decoding the message and the formation
of peptide bonds.
F. Golgi Complex a cell organelle that helps process and
package proteins and lipid molecules,
especially proteins destined to be
exported from the cell.
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

G. Lysosome They assist with degrading material taken

in from outside the cell and life expired
components from within the cell.
H. Peroxisome are organelles that sequester diverse
oxidative reactions and play important
roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen
species detoxification, and signaling.
I. Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles
(mitochondrion, singular) that generate
most of the chemical energy needed to
power the cell's biochemical reactions.
J. Microtubules have several functions. For example,
they provide the rigid, organized
components of the cytoskeleton that give
shape to many cells, and they are major
components of cilia and flagella (cellular
locomotory projections). They participate
in the formation of the spindle during cell
division (mitosis).
K. Vacuole are membrane-bound organelles that can
be found in both animals and plants. In a
way, they're specialized lysosomes. That
is to say that their function is really to
handle waste products, and by handle,
mean take in waste products and also get
rid of waste products.
L. Nucleolus The primary function of the nucleolus is in
facilitating ribosome biogenesis, through
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

the processing and assembly of rRNA

into preribosomal particles.
M. Microfilament Microfilament functions include
cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, cell
motility, changes in cell shape,
endocytosis and exocytosis, cell
contractility, and mechanical stability.
N. Centriole are paired barrel-shaped organelles
located in the cytoplasm of animal cells
near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles
play a role in organizing microtubules that
serve as the cell's skeletal system. They
help determine the locations of the
nucleus and other organelles within the
cell.

A. Guide Questions

1. Who formulated the “Cell Theory”?

- The classical cell theory was proposed by Theodor Schwann in 1839. There are
three parts to this theory. The first part states that all organisms are made of
cells.

2. Enumerate the key concepts of the Cell Theory

- The unified cell theory states that: all living things are composed of one or
more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

existing cells. Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this theory.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.

3. Give the contributions of the following scientists in the development of cytology

Scientists Contributions
A. Robert Hooke He contributed to the discovery of cells
while looking at a thin slice of cork. He
then thought that cells only exist in plants
and fungi. In 1665, he published
Micrographia.
B. Robert Brown His discovery of the nucleus and its role
helped to put together the cell theory,
which states that all living organisms are
composed of cells, and cells come from
pre-existing cells.
C. J. Purkinje His discovery of large nerve cells with
many branching extensions found in the
cortex of the cerebellum of the brain
D. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek The existence of single-cell organisms.
While using a microscope to examine
pond water in 1674, he observed dozens
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

of protists, which he called 'animalcules,'

as well as spirogyra, or green algae.
E. Rudolf Virchow Theory that all cells arise from
pre-existing cells to lay the groundwork
for cellular pathology, or the study of
disease at the cellular level.

4. Differentiate a prokaryote from a eukaryote based on the following criteria

Criteria Prokaryote Eukaryote
A. Size of cell Typical prokaryotic cells significantly smaller than
range from 0.1 to 5.0 eukaryotic cells, which
micrometers (μm) in usually have diameters
diameter ranging from 10 to 100 μm.
B. Nucleus The nucleus is only one of Prokaryotes, on the other
many membrane-bound hand, have no
organelles in eukaryotes. membrane-bound
organelles.
C. Membrane enclosed
organelles
D. Chromosome Eukaryotic chromosomes prokaryotic chromosomes
arrangement are located within the are located in the nucleoid.
nucleus
E. Cell division prokaryotic cell division the eukaryotic cell division
occurs through binary occurs either through
fission mitosis or meiosis.
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

EUKARYOTIC CELL
EXERCISE 4.2

Objectives
At the end of this laboratory exercise, students will be able to:
1. To be able to familiarize the different shapes of animal cells
2. To correlate cell shape with its function

Procedure
A. Using any zoology reference book/resources, study and familiarize the different types of
cells.

B. Complete the table below.

Cell Shape Organ where the Function

cell is associated
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

1. Cow nerve Unipolar - The cell Nerve cells tend to they function to
cell body here is be concentrated transmit impulses
located on one end centrally in ganglia from the Central
and has a single or nerve cords, with Nervous System to
axon. Unlike the long axons the organs, glands,
other cells, unipolar extending and muscles.
cells lack peripherally.
dendrites.
The head of the The main sperm
2. Human sperm sperm varies in testicles function is to reach
cell shape for each Sperm develop in the ovum and fuse
animal species. In the testicles within a with it to deliver two
humans it is system of tiny tubes sub-cellular
flattened and called the structures: (i) the
almond-shaped, seminiferous male pronucleus
four to five tubules. that contains the
micrometres long genetic material
and two to three and (ii) the
micrometres wide centrioles that are
(there are about structures that help
25,000 organize the
micrometres in an microtubule
inch). cytoskeleton.
Viewed through a Cells in the These cardiac cells
3. Human microscope, work together to
Heart
cardiac cell cardiac muscle produce the
cells are roughly rhythmic, wave-like
rectangular,
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

measuring contractions that is

100–150μm by the heartbeat.
30–40μm.
Individual cardiac
muscle cells are
joined together at
their ends by
intercalated discs
to form long fibers.
The intestinal Intestinal epithelial
4. Intestinal cell
columnar epithelium is cells (IECs) line the
As a barrier, the composed of a surface of intestinal
intestinal mucosa single layer of epithelium, where
is well organized tightly linked they play important
with absorptive columnar intestinal roles in the
enterocytes epithelial cells that digestion of food,
forming a layer of is responsible for absorption of
columnar-shaped absorbing nutrients nutrients, and
cells or microvillus and sensing protection of the
epithelium. antigens in gut human body from
rumen. microbial infections,
and others.
Osteoblasts. Bone cells work in
5. Bone Cell They come from the harmony to
bone marrow and maintain a balance
are related to white between bone
blood cells. formation and
resorption,
NAME: GLYNDEL ARCILLAS COURSE & YR.: BS PSYCH-01
OFFER CODE: 6515 SCHEDULE: 10:30 AM

ultimately to control
bone structure and
function.
Osteoblasts are
cells, which
contribute to
deposition of
organic
components of
bone extracellular
matrix.
The shape of the Blood cells do not The main job of red
6. Blood cell human red blood originate in the blood cells, or
cell is known to be bloodstream itself erythrocytes, is to
a biconcave disk. but in specific carry oxygen from
blood-forming the lungs to the
organs, notably the body tissues and
marrow of certain carbon dioxide as a
bones. waste product,
away from the
tissues and back to
the lungs.