8

Cell—Structure and Functions

Expected Learning Outcomes

Knowledge to be gained: •Cell •Discovery of cell •Basic components of a cell •Plant and Animal cells
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells •Variation in cell number, shape and size •Organisation of cells
Skill to be developed: •Observing cells of a tissue under a microscope.
Attitude to be inculcated: •All living beings are made up of the same building block.

In Class VI, we have learned that all living things
perform certain basic functions. We have
learned about the basic characteristics that all
living things exhibit. ey are:
u All living things are made up of cells.
u All living things show movement.
u All living things need food for energy.
u All living things respire.
u All living things excrete waste.
u All living things respond to stimuli.
u All living things reproduce their own kind,
grow and have a de nite life span.
In this Chapter, we are going to study about cells
in detail.
CELL
Most of the animals and plants we see around us
are made up of more than one cell. e bodies of
122 Exploring Science-8
most multicellular organisms are made up of
different organs, like hands, legs, etc. e organs
are in turn made up of tissues. A tissue is a
collection of similar cells which work together to
perform a particular function. Scientists have
estimated that an average human body is made
up of close to 30 trillion cells.
All living things can be broken down into their
living structural units called cells. A cell is the
basic structural and functional unit of life. All
living things are made up of cells. Each cell
contains life in itself.
Cells can be compared to the bricks of a building.
Just like a house or any other building is made up
of bricks, in the same way, all organisms are
made up of cells. Different buildings have
different designs and shapes, but all of them are
made up of bricks. Similarly, different organisms
have different shapes, but all of them are made up
of cells. us, cells are also called the building
blocks of plants and animals.
Some simple organisms are made up of just a
single cell, like all bacteria and protozoa, and
some algae and fungi. ey are called unicellular
organisms. On the other hand, most complex
organisms, like human beings, are made up of
more than one cell. ey are called multicellular
organisms.
e egg of any bird represents a single cell, and is Fig.2 Cells in a cork, as seen by Robert Hooke
big enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Let us now study the structure of a cell and the
functions of all the organelles present inside a
cell.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Based on their general structure and the
components present inside them, cells are of two
types—Plant cells and Animal cells. ough
many things are common between plant cells
(a) Brick wall (b) Onion peel
and animal cells, they differ in some ways. We
Fig.1 Similarity in structure of
will study about them later. Let us rst study the
a brick wall and an onion peel
basic parts of a cell.
Discovery of the Cell
Cells were discovered by an English Scientist,
Cell
Robert Hooke in 1665. He observed thin slices membrane
of cork under a simple microscope and saw that Cytoplasm
each slice was made of small compartments
(box-like structures). Robert Hooke named Nucleus
these compartments as ‘cells’, meaning 'small Nucleolus
rooms'. What Hooke observed as boxes or cells Nuclear
in the cork were actually dead cells. membrane

Cells were not observed for thousands of years

before Robert Hooke because most of them Mitochondrion
cannot be seen with the naked eye. Even 150
years aer Robert Hooke’s discovery, not much Vacuole
was known about the cell, until improved
microscopes were invented. Today, very high
magnifying optical devices are used by scientists
to study the minute details of the cell. Fig.3 Basic structure of an animal cell

Cell—Structure and Functions 123

 Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
(plastid)
Fig.4 Basic structure of a plant cell
e basic parts of a cell are—Cell Membrane,
Cytoplasm and Nucleus.
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Every cell is covered with a thin sheet of skin
known as the cell membrane. e cytoplasm
and the nucleus are enclosed within the cell
membrane. e cell membrane encloses the
living part of the cell called the protoplasm. e
protoplasm includes cytoplasm, nucleus and
other organelles present inside the cell.
e cell membrane protects and gives shape to
the cell. It has tiny holes that allow the movement
of substances from outside to inside of the cell,
and also from inside of the cell to outside. is
allows substances, such as water, food and
oxygen, to enter inside the cell and waste
products, such as carbon dioxide, to go outside
the cell.
Cell Wall
In addition to the cell membrane, plant cells also
have a cell wall, which is absent in animal cells.
e cell wall is the outermost thick layer in a
plant cell. It is made up of a non-living and a
rigid substance called the cellulose. Since plant
124 Exploring Science-8
cells cannot move from place to place to protect
themselves from various changes in their
surroundings, the cell wall provides additional
support and protection to the plant cell. Plant
cells need protection against high-speed winds,
variations in temperature and atmospheric
moisture, etc.
e cell membrane is a living part of a plant or
animal cell, whereas the cell wall is a non-living
part of the plant cell.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that is
present between the cell membrane and the
nucleus. It makes up most of the inside of a cell.
Most of the life functions (chemical reactions
that keep the cell alive) take place in the
cytoplasm. Energy is released and stored in the
cytoplasm. ere are various small structures
present in the cytoplasm; they are called cell
organelles. Different cell organelles serve
different functions. Let us study some of the
organelles.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are tiny rod-like structures present
in the cytoplasm of a cell. ey are called the
powerhouse of the cell because they provide
energy for all the activities of the cell. ey take in
food and break it down in the presence of oxygen
to produce energy. is breaking down of food at
the cellular level to produce energy is known as
cellular respiration. e number of
mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) per cell
varies widely by organism, tissue and cell type. For
example, red blood cells do not contain any
mitochondria, whereas liver cells and muscle cells
may contain hundreds of mitochondria.
Vacuoles
Vacuoles are sac-like structures. ey are
enclosed by a membrane, and they usually
contain food or wastes dissolved in water. e
function of a vacuole is to store various
substances, like air, food, excess water, useful
minerals or waste products of the cell. Plant cells
have large-sized vacuoles as compared to animal
cells.
Plastids
Plastids are organelles found only in plant cells.
ey are of different colours and types. ere are
three main types of plastids found in plant cells.
ey are—Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and
Leucoplasts.
u Chloroplasts are green-coloured plastids.
ey contain a green-coloured pigment
called ch l orophy l l . e chlorophy ll
provides green colour to the leaves and
helps plants in making their food
(photosynthesis). ey are, therefore, also
known as the kitchen of the cell. ey are
situated in those parts of a plant that receive
direct sunlight.
u Chromoplasts are non-green, brightly
coloured plastids. ey may be orange,
yellow or red in colour. ey contain
pigments which give colour to owers and
fruits. For example, the red colour of
tomatoes is due to the presence of red-
coloured plastids in their cells.
u Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. ey do
not contain any pigment. ey are present in
those parts which are not exposed to light,
such as roots and seeds.
Apart from the above-mentioned organelles,
there are several other organelles present in the
cytoplasm of a cell. Each organelle serves a
unique function inside the cell.
Nucleus
Nucleus is a large spherical organelle found
oating at the centre of the cytoplasm. It is
found in all plant and animal cells. e nucleus
Cell—Structure and Functions
directs the growth of a cell and controls all the
activities that go on within the cell. e nucleus
is the control centre of the cell. It is also known as
the brain of the cell.
e nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane called the nuclear membrane. e
liquid present in the nucleus is called the
nucleoplasm. e nuclear membrane is porous
and allows the movement of materials between
the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm.
The nucleus also contains tiny thread-like
structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes
are made up of genes. Genes are responsible for
the characteristics of a cell. Genes contain all the
information needed by a cell to function and to
reproduce. e function of chromosomes is to
transfer the characteristics from parent cell to
the offspring cells through genes. is transfer
of characteristics from parent cell to offspring
cells is called inheritance.
Apart from the nucleoplasm and chromosomes,
the nucleus also contains a tiny round structure
called the nucleolus.
Nucleus can be stained (using a dye) and
observed easily under a microscope.
Knowledge Booster
Gene: A gene is a unit of inheritance in living organisms.
It controls the transfer of a hereditary characteris c
from parents to offspring. This means that your parents
pass some of their characteris cs on to you. If your
father has brown eyes, you may also have brown eyes. If
your mother has curly hair, you might also end up
having curly hair.
Different genes contain informa on about different
characteris cs. For example, a gene may contain
informa on about eye colour, while another gene may
contain informa on about hair type. However, the
different combina ons of genes from parents result in
different characteris cs. For example, if your father has
brown eyes and your mother has blue eyes, you can
have either brown, blue or black eyes. This is because
the combina on of your father’s and mother’s gene
may result in different characteris cs.
125
 Comparison between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
e main similarities between plant cells and animal cells are:
u Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus.
u Both plant cells and animal cells have mitochondria.
e main differences between plant cells and animal cells are:
Plant Cell
Plant cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell.
Plant cells contain plastids which give colour to
different parts of a plant.
Large vacuoles are present in plant cells.
Activity-1
Aim: To study onion peel cells.
Materials required: Onion bulb, water,
microscope, glass slide, coverslip and methylene
blue solution.
Procedure: Take an onion bulb and cut it into
pieces. Separate a thin layer from any eshy
layer of the onion. is thin layer is called an
onion peel. Place a small piece of the onion peel
over a glass slide. Now, prepare a wet mount by
adding two drops of water to the peeled skin
placed on the glass slide. Add a drop of
methylene blue solution (dye) on the slide and
place a coverslip on it. Observe the slide under a
microscope.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Fig.5 Cells observed in an onion peel
Observation: We notice that the onion peel is
made up of tiny compar tments. E ach
compartment has a small rounded structure in it.
Conclusion: e small compartments are the
onion peel cells and the rounded structure in
each compartment is the nucleus.
126 Exploring Science-8
Animal Cell
Animal cells do not have a cell wall surrounding the cell.
Animal cells do not contain plastids.
Most animal cells do not have vacuoles. Small
vacuoles are present in some animal cells.
Activity-2
Aim: To study human cheek cells.
Materials required: Toothpick, water,
microscope, glass slide, cover-slip and
methylene blue solution.
Procedure: Take a clean toothpick and gently
scrape the inside of your cheek. Make sure that
you do not hurt yourself while scraping. Place
a little bit of the scraping on a glass slide and
add a drop of water. Add a drop of methylene
blue solution (dye) on the slide and place a
cover slip on it. Observe the slide under a
microscope.
Nuclear
membrane Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Fig.6 Human cheek cells
Conclusion: We can identify the cell
membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm in the
human cheek cells.

Nucleus material
(No nuclear
membrane)
Fig.7 Bacterium cell—a prokaryotic cell
PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
If you obser ve a bacterial cell under a
microscope, you will not be able to locate a
spherical nucleus at the centre of the cell. is is
because, unlike the well-organised cells of a
multicellular organism, the nucleus of a bacterial
cell is not well-organised. e bacterial cell is
more primitive, and its nuclear membrane is not
bound within a nuclear membrane.
Cells which have nuclear material without
being enclosed by a nuclear membrane are
called prokaryotic cells. Organisms which
have prokaryotic cell structures are called
prokaryotes. (pro = primitive; karyon = nucleus)
Checkpoint-1
Write True or False
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. No cell can be seen with the naked eye.
3. Cell organelles are found in the nucleoplasm.
4. e living part of the cell is called the protoplasm.
5. e cell membrane is the non-living part of a cell.
NUMBER, SHAPES AND SIZES OF
CELLS IN AN ORGANISM
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
We are aware of some organisms that are made
up of only one cell, like amoeba, paramecium
and bacteria. Such organisms are called
unicellular organisms.
Cell—Structure and Functions
Real nucleus
Nuclear
membrane
Vacuole
Fig.8 Amoeba cell—a eukaryotic cell
Only simple unicellular organisms are
prokaryotic. For example, bacteria and blue-
green algae are prokaryotes. A bacterial cell is a
prokaryote because it has no real nucleus.
On the other hand, cells which have nuclear
material enclosed in a nuclear membrane are
called eukaryotic cells. Organisms which have
eukaryotic cell structures are called eukaryotes.
(eu=true; kar yon=nucleus) C omplex
multicellular organisms are eukaryotic. For
example, plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, etc.,
are eukaryotes. Amoeba is a eukaryote because it
has a proper nucleus bound by a nuclear
membrane. e onion cell and human cheek
cells we observed in Activity 1 and 2 are also
eukaryotic cells.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
e single cell of all these organisms behaves as a
complete organism. ey perform all the
activities necessar y for life. ey show
movement, digest food, respire, excrete wastes,
respond to stimuli and reproduce. Similar
functions in multicellular organisms are
performed by various organs which are made up
of many different types of cells.
127
 Almost all organisms which we can see around bring about movement in body parts. eir long
us with our naked eyes are multicellular thin cells help them do this. Skin cells (epithelial
organisms. e organisms which are made up cells) form a protective covering over our body.
of many cells are called multicellular eir at shape helps them cover large areas.
organisms. A human being is a multicellular
organism made up of many different kinds of
animal cells. All multicellular organisms begin
life as a single cell, which is the fertilised egg cell
Bone cell
(zygote). e fertilised egg cell divides and Skin cells
multiplies and the number of the cells increases
Xylem Phloem
as the organism develops. For example, any cell cell
chicken is born from a single-celled egg. As the
chicken begins to grow inside an egg, the cell in
Nerve cell
the egg begins to divide and forms new cells. is
continues for a long time, resulting in the
hatching of a small chick (with various organs
and organ systems) from the egg. Muscle cell Red blood cell
Fig.9 Different shapes of cells
Knowledge Booster
In plants, the cells located on the surface, like the
A bigger organism has a larger number of cells than a
smaller organism. This does not mean that the size of a
cells on the stem, have a thicker cell wall to
cell in a bigger organism would also be bigger. In fact, provide strength to a plant. e cells which are
the size of a cell has no rela on to the size of the designated to store food have larger vacuoles.
organism.
Xylem and Phloem cells are tube-like plant cells
having thin walls, which help them in carrying
Variation in Shapes of Cells
water and food.
In a multicellular organism, there are many
All the cells that we have described above
different varieties of cells with unique shapes.
are those which are present in the bodies of
Different types of cells are tasked with different
multicellular animals and plants. ey are not
functions. Based on their functions, different
capable of independent existence.
types of cells are of different shapes and sizes.
Some unicellular organisms like amoeba, have
For example, the nerve cells have a very different
no de nite shape. An amoeba can keep changing
shape from the muscle cells of an organism. A
its shape inde nitely. Amoeba makes its
nerve cell is long and branched, containing bres
cytoplasm ow from one direction to another, to
that can be up to one metre long, whereas a
produce extensions called pseudopodia, which
muscle cell is spindle-shaped and pointed at both
helps it to move and feed. e pseudopodia in an
ends.
amoeba keeps appearing and disappearing.
Nerve cells are used to transmit messages from
different parts of the body to the brain. e long Variation in Sizes of Cells
stretched bres of the nerve cells carry the e size of cells in living organisms may be as
message. Muscle cells expand and contract to small as a millionth of a metre (micrometre or

128 Exploring Science-8

micron), or maybe as large as a few centimetres.
In plants like jute and hemp, the bre cells are a
few centimetres long. However, most of the cells
are microscopic in size and are not visible to the
unaided eye. ey need to be enlarged or
magni ed by a microscope. e smallest cell is a
bacterial cell (bacteria Mycoplasma) that is
about 0.1 to 0.5 micrometres in length. e
largest cell, measuring 170 mm ×130 mm, is the
egg of an ostrich. e smallest cell in the human
body is the red blood cell. It is about 0.009 mm in
diameter. A typical cell is about 0.02 mm in
diameter.
ORGANISATION OF CELLS IN
ORGANISMS
We have learned that all living organisms are
composed of cells. We also know that a single
multicellular organism can contain various types
of cells with different shapes and sizes. Now, let
us study how different cells come together to
form a multicellular organism.
All the cells which are similar in shape, size,
and function group together to form a tissue.
For example, multiple muscle cells group
together to form muscle tissue and multiple
nerve cells group together to form nerve tissue.
Different tissues come together to form an
organ that performs a particular function in
our body. For example, the heart, the stomach,
the brain, etc., are all examples of organs present
in animals. e function of the heart is to pump
Cell Tissue
Cell—Structure and Functions
blood and the function of the brain is to control
all our body parts and interpret messages.
Similarly, the body of a plant has many organs,
such as root, stem, leaves, fruits, owers, etc.
Each organ has its own function.
Usually, several organs which perform different
small functions come together to perform a big
function. A group of interconnected organs
which work together to perform a big essential
function for an organism is called the organ
system. For example, all the various organs in the
digestive system perform their small functions
in an interconnected manner, in order to digest
the food ingested by the organism. e main
organs of the digestive system are—mouth,
oesophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum and anus. All these organs
perform different functions to digest food at
different stages.
e different organ systems working together
further constitute to form an organism. An
organism is a plant or an animal which can
exist on its own. For example, the digestive
system, the respiratory system, the circulatory
system, the excretory system and the skeletal
system come together to form a human being.
From the above discussion, we can conclude that
cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs,
organs makeup organ systems and organ
systems make up an organism.
Organ Organ system Organism
129
 Checkpoint-2
Fill in the blanks
1. Cell walls are present in __________ cell.
2. __________cells have nuclear material enclosed in the nuclear membrane.
3. Nerve cells are used to transmit messages from different parts of the body to the __________.
4. Amoeba makes its cytoplasm move to produce extensions called __________.
5. e smallest cell in the human body is the __________.

Keywords
Cell : e basic structural and functional unit of life.
Cell membrane : e thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell.
Unicellular organisms : Organisms made up of only one cell.
Multicellular organisms : Organisms made up of more than one cell.
Mitochondria : Tiny rod-like structures present in the cytoplasm of a cell which
help in cellular respiration.
Vacuoles : Sac-like structures present in the cytoplasm which store food, water
and wastes.
Eukaryotic cell : Cells that consist of a well-de ned nucleus.
Prokaryotic cell : Cells that do not consist of a well-de ned nucleus.

Points to Remember
u All living things can be broken down into their living structural units called cells. A cell is the
basic structural and functional unit of life.
u Cells were discovered by an English scientist, Robert Hooke in 1665.
u Based on their general structure and the components present inside, cells are of two types—
Plant cells and Animal cells.
u e cell has three main parts—the cell membrane, cytoplasm which contains smaller
components called organelles, and the nucleus.
u Every cell is covered with a thin sheet of skin known as the cell membrane. e cell membrane
encloses the living part of the cell called the protoplasm.
u In addition to the cell membrane, plant cells also have a cell wall which forms the outermost
thick layer of the plant cell.
u Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that is present in between the cell membrane and the
nucleus. Most of the life functions in the cell take place in the cytoplasm.
u ere are various other small structures present in the cytoplasm; they are called cell organelles.
Different organelles serve different functions.
u Coloured bodies called plastids are found in the plant cells only. Green plastids containing
chlorophyll are called chloroplasts.
130 Exploring Science-8
u Sac-like structures called vacuoles store substances like water, food, minerals and wastes. Plant
cells have large-sized vacuoles as compared to animal cells.
u Nucleus is a large spherical organelle found oating at the centre of the cytoplasm. It controls all
the activities that go on within the cell. It is, therefore, also called the brain of the cell.
u e nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
u Cells which have nuclear material without being enclosed by a nuclear membrane are called
prokaryotic cells.
u Cells which have nuclear material enclosed in a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic cells.
u e organisms which are made up of only one cell are called unicellular organisms. e
organisms which are made up of many cells are called multicellular organisms.
u Based on their functions, different types of cells are of different shapes and sizes.
u e size of cells in living organisms may be as small as a millionth of a metre (micrometre or
micron), or maybe as large as a few centimetres. A typical cell is about 0.02 mm in diameter.
u Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems and organ
systems make up an organism.

Exercise
A. Tick (3) the Correct Option
1. Which of the following is a unicellular organism?
(a) Mushroom (b) Ant
(c) Paramecium (d) Lichen
2. Which of the following is called the powerhouse of the cell?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Nucleus
(c) Chloroplasts (d) Vacuoles
3. Which of the following is called the brain of the cell?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Nucleus
(c) Chloroplasts (d) Vacuoles
4. Which of the following parts is missing in an animal cell?
(a) Cell membrane (b) Nucleus
(c) Cytoplasm (d) Chloroplasts
5. Which of the following is a non-living part of a tomato cell?
(a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall
(c) Cytoplasm (d) Chloroplasts

Cell—Structure and Functions 131

 B. Fill in the Blanks with Suitable Words
1. Just like a house is made up of bricks, in the same way, any organism is made up of
______________.
2. Cells were discovered by an English scientist named ______________ in 1665.
3. Even 150 years aer Robert Hooke's discovery, not much was known about the cell, until
improved ______________ were invented.
4. ere are three types of plastids—chloroplasts, ______________ and ______________.
5. ______________ are also known as the kitchen of the cell.
6. Genes are responsible for the ______________ of a cell.
7. Amoeba is a eukaryote because it has a___________ nucleus bound by a __________.
8. All multicellular organisms begin life as a single cell, called the ______________.
9. Different tissues come together to form an ______________.
10. An ______________ is a plant or animal which can exist on its own.

C. Very Short-Answer-Type Questions

1. What is a cell?
2. Name the basic components of a cell.
3. What are cell organelles?
4. What are prokaryotic cells? Give an example.
5. What are eukaryotic cells? Give an example.
6. Unicellular organisms have a single-celled body. True or false?
7. Give two examples each for unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.
8. Name a unicellular organism that does not have a de nite shape.
9. Muscle cells have a branched structure. True or false?
10. What is a tissue?

D. Short-Answer-Type Questions
1. Why are cells called the building blocks of plants and animals?
2. How was the cell discovered?
3. What is the cell wall? What is its function?
4. What are mitochondria? What do they do?
5. Where are chromosomes found in a cell? State their function.
6. What are the main differences between plant cells and animal cells?
7. Why do the shapes of different types of cells vary in human beings? Explain with an
example.
8. What kind of variations can be seen in the sizes of cells?

132 Exploring Science-8

E. Long-Answer-Type Questions
1. With the help of an activity, show how we can view the cells of an onion peel.
2. With the help of a diagram, explain in detail the three basic components of a cell.
3. What are plastids? Explain the three different kinds of plastids found in plant cells.
4. Explain the structure, function and components of the nucleus.

HOTS
1. How are animals dependent on the plastids present in plant cells?
2. If cells are the building blocks of living things, what are the building blocks of non-living
things?
3. Why cannot the cells of a multicellular organism exist independently?

Activity Zone

A. Complete the crossword with the help of the clues given below:

AcrossË 1 2
1. is is necessary for photosynthesis. C O

3. Term used for the component present

in the cytoplasm.
3
6. e living substance in the cell. O
4
8. Units of inheritance present in the M
chromosomes. 5
V
6 7
Down
Ë

P T
1. Green plastids.
2. It is formed by the collection of tissues.
4. It separates the contents of the cell from
the surrounding medium.
5. Empty structure in the cytoplasm.
8
7. A group of cells. G

Project Work
B. Visit your school's biology laboratory. Learn about the functioning of a microscope in the
laboratory. Research and nd out about the history of the microscope and the different types of
microscopes. Make a detailed note of your ndings.

Cell—Structure and Functions 133

 Science Excursion
C. Plan a visit to a doctor's clinic. Talk to the doctor and nd out if there are diseases which are
passed on from parents to their offspring. Find out how they are carried and also if these
diseases can be treated.

Memory Map

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Plant cell Animal cell

on the basis of presence on the basis of organism

of nuclear membrane it is found in

CELL
cell structure

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Common in Plant Cell wall
and Animal Cell Plastids

Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

organelles

Mitochondria Vacuoles

e-Resources
Please visit the link given below or scan the QR code for more resources on
this chapter:

https://www.megamindpublication.com/s-5-science/b-4-exploring-science-8/c-52/cell-
structure-and-functions.html

134 Exploring Science-8