COMMON IUPAC Name FORMULA STRUCTURE USES HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION/

CARBOXYLIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

ACID (FLAMMABLE,
CARCINOGENIC, EYE
IRRITANT, ETC.)

 Oxalic acid acts as a  Oxalic acid is toxic because of

OXALIC Ethanedioic acid C2HCO4 reducing agent for its acidic and chelating
ACID metal oxides to properties. It may
remove tarnish as well cause burns, nausea, severe
as rust or ink stains. It gastroenteritis and vomiting,
is used commercially shock, and convulsions. It is
as a laundry rinse, especially toxic when
wood-bleaching agent, ingested.
and calcium remover.  Too much exposure to the
Oxalic acid can oxalic acid can irritate the
remove some paints eyes, skin, and mucous
and varnishes. It is membrane; eye burns;
also used as a localized pain, cyanosis;
mordant in dyeing shock, collapse, convulsions;
textiles and the kidney damage
manufacture of ink.

Some important uses of After exposure to benzoic acid,

BENZOIC Benzenecarboxylic C6H5COOH C6H5COOH are: the following health effects can
ACID acid  The production of occur:
phenol involves the  Eye damage
use of benzoic acid.  Irritation of the skin, resulting
 This compound is used in a rash, redness, and/or a
in ointments that burning feeling
prevent or treat fungal  Irritation to the nose, throat,
skin diseases. and lungs if inhaled, which
 C6H5COOH is used may cause coughing,
as a preservative in wheezing, and/or shortness of
 the food industry. breath
 Benzoic acid is an  Prolonged or repeated
ingredient in many exposure to benzoic acid can
cosmetic products, cause drying and cracking of
such as lipsticks. the skin with redness and
 It is also a precursor to itching.
benzoyl chloride,  Exposure to benzoic acid in
which finds its high concentrations,
application in making particularly in susceptible
other chemicals, dyes, individuals, may cause a skin
perfumes, herbicides, allergy. If an allergy develops,
and medicines. even exposure to very low
 This compound is also levels can cause itching and a
used in the skin rash.
manufacture of dyes
and insect repellants.

 Malic acid is used to Common side effects associated

MALIC ACID 2- make some medicines, with malic acid include
hydroxybutanedioic C4H6O5 add flavor to food, and  Rash
acid serve as a natural  Swelling
exfoliating ingredient in  Pigment changes
many products used to  Blisters
improve skin tone.  Skin peeling
 it is also used to  Itching
smooth wrinkles and  Irritation
fine lines, improve skin  Chemical burn
texture, cleanse pores,
 Increased risk of sunburn
and improve overall
 loose stools or diarrhea
skin.
 nausea
 The use of a 1% oral
malic acid spray has  indigestion
been explored as a
treatment for dry
mouth.
  Succinic acid is used Succinic acid supplements are
SUCCINIC Butanedioic acid C4H6O4 primarily as an acidity safe to use, though a multitude of
ACID regulator in the food side effects have been linked to
and beverage industry. them. These include:
It is also available as a  Constipation
flavoring agent,  Dark or Green Stool
contributing a  Diarrhea
somewhat sour and  Nausea
astringent component  Stomach Upset
to the umami taste. As
an excipient in Moreover, succinic acid has been
pharmaceutical said to increase the risk for many
products, it is also gastrointestinal conditions, such
used to control acidity as:
or as a counter ion.  Duodenal Ulcers
 Ischemic Disease
 Severe Renal Dysfunction
 Stomach Ulcers
 Urolithiasis

 It is used in the  Acetic acid can affect you

VINEGAR Ethanoic acid CH3COOH production of plastic when inhaled which can
(main soft drink bottles, irritate the nose and throat, as
component) photographic film; and well as contact, can severely
polyvinyl acetate for irritate and burn the skin and
wood glue, as well as eyes leading to eye damage.
many synthetic fibers  Higher exposure to acetic
and fabrics. In acid may cause a build-up of
households diluted fluid in the lungs (pulmonary
acetic acid is often edema), a medical
used as a cleaning emergency.
agent. In the food  Repeated exposure can
industry acetic acid is cause thickening and cracking
used as an acidity of the skin.
regulator.
  Propionic acid is used
PROPIONIC Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH in the manufacture of
ACID herbicides, fine
chemical
intermediates, rubber
chemicals, emulsions,
and environmentally
friendly solvents for
coating formulations
artificial fruit flavors,
pharmaceuticals, and
modified synthesis
cellulose fibers.
 Propionic acid is
widely used as an
antifungal agent in
food.
 Propionic acid is an
active ingredient for
use as fungicides and
bactericides on stored
grains, hays, storage
areas for silage and
grains, poultry litter,
and drinking water for
poultry and livestock.
 If it gets into a person's eyes,
it can lead to severe irritation
and possibly blindness.
 If it contacts the skin, then it
may cause severe burns and
pain.
 When inhaled, it can irritate a
person's nose and throat.
 If it's accidentally swallowed in
small amounts, it's unlikely to
cause any harm.
 If someone swallows a lot of
this substance or a very
concentrated form of it,
however, then it can irritate
and burn the digestive tract,
including the mouth, throat
and stomach, and intestines.
 If a person accidentally
inhales propionic acid when
ingesting it, then this can
damage the lungs and, in
severe cases, lead to a
person's death.

 Capric acid is used in  Capric acid can cause some

CAPRIC Decanoic acid CH3(CH2)8COOH the manufacture of side effects,
ACID esters for artificial fruit including nausea, bloating,
flavors and perfumes. and diarrhea.
It is also used as an  Too much consumption also
intermediate in of capric acid can cause
chemical synthesis. It wheezing; chest tightness;
is used in organic fever; itching; bad cough; blue
synthesis and skin color; seizures; or
industrially in the swelling of the face, lips,
 manufacture of tongue, or throat.
perfumes, lubricants,
greases, rubber, dyes,
plastics, food
additives, and
pharmaceuticals.

 It is a preservative and  Formic acid can be irritating or

STING OF Methanoic acid HCOOH or antibacterial agent in corrosive to the skin, eyes,
ANTS AND HCO2H livestock feed. and mucous membranes,
BEES  Formic acid is very depending on the
much useful as a concentration. It may cause
reducing agent to severe caustic injury to the
reduce potassium skin, eyes, or mucosal
dichromate and membranes.
sodium.  In limited case reports,
 It is very well known as intentional oral ingestions of
a pesticide and is formic acid have resulted in
proven beneficial to life-threatening metabolic
prevent crops from acidosis, profound
being prone to attacks hypotension, shock, ARDS,
by different kinds of acute renal failure, and severe
pests. hemolysis. Systemic effects
have also been reported
following dermal exposure.
 Occupational exposure has
caused nausea and albumin
or blood in the urine. Formic
acid is a sensitizer for some
individuals; allergic contact
dermatitis or possibly asthma
could develop in these
individuals.
SOURCES:
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Caproic-acid-saturated_fig1_334327397
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/propionic-acid-toxicity-uses-safety.html
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/propionic-acid-toxicity-uses-safety.html
 https://collegedunia.com/exams/maleic-acid-formula-structure-uses-reactions-chemistry-articleid-4895
 https://www.drugs.com/npc/caprylic-acid.html
 https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB03600
 https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/270
 https://www.ehs.com/2014/11/acetic-acid-hazards-safety-information/
 https://chemistrytalk.org/carboxylic-acid-functional-group/
 https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/chemistry/organic-chemistry/esters/