MAKALAH

BAHASA INGGRIS
READING

OLEH

FETTY MAULIDYA ZALENA APRILIA (2311020012)

FOURSA TASNIIM (2311020006)

DOSEN PENGAMPU
Dr.ARWEMI,M.Pd

PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI IMAM BONJOL PADANG
1445/2023
 PREFACE

First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us.Thanks to God for
helping us and give us chance to finish this assighment timely. And we would like to
say thank you to ma’am Em as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much
knowledge about how to practice English well.
This assighment is the one of English task that composed of Practical English
Usage English As Second Language we realized this assighment is not perfect. But we
hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this
assighment be better.
Hopefully we as a student in “University of Imam Bonjol Padang” can work
more professional by using English as the second language whatever we done. Thank
you.
 CHAPTER II
READING

A. Definition of Reading

Reading is one of the language skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) which

is important to be learned and mastered by every individual. By reading, one can interect

with feelings and thoughts, obtain information and improve the science knowledge.

According to Tarigan (1998:7) reading is a process which is used by a reader in order to get

the purpose of the writer through the written word.

Thorndike in Nurhadi (2000:13) argues that reading is process in thinking and reasoning.

It means that when a reader reads a text, he uses his brain to think and reason out.

Based on the definition above the writer gets conlusion that reading can be defined as a

complex process that is done by a reader to comprehend the writer’s purposes. Besides, in

reading process the reader uses his brain to think and reason out.

B. Word Classes

1. Noun

Nouns are commonly defined as people, places, or things. They address the

"who" or "what" of a sentence.

Some noun examples include:

 cat

 bicycle

 Taylor Swift

 Kuala Lumpur
2. Adjective

An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by providing descriptive or specific detail.

Unlike adverbs, adjectives do not modify verbs, other adjectives, or adverbs.

Adjectives usually precede the noun or pronoun they modify. Adjectives do not have

to agree in number or gender with the nouns they describe. Adjectives answer the

following questions: What kind?, How many?, or Which ones? Example: Tom bought

a used car. (used describes what kind of car Tom bought.) Sally baked ten pies for the

school bake sale. (ten tells how many pies Sally baked.) Bob climbed that tree in the

backyard. (that specifies which tree Bob climbed.)

 3. Verb

Just as nouns, the first of the eight parts of speech, play a key role in a sentence,

so do verbs. In this lesson, we’ll look at verbs – action or being words – and the way

that they can be changed according to tense. We’ll also look at verbals and common

verb errors. Verbs There are two types of verbs: action verbs and being verbs. Action

verbs tell what something is, was, or will be doing. Examples: Jennifer ate pizza sticks

for dinner. Please don’t ring the bell so loudly; it hurts my ears. After the cathedral,

the tour group will visit the museum. Being verbs (also called state-of-being verbs and

linking verbs) indicate that something exists in a form or state. The subjects in being

verb sentences aren’t doing anything. A being verb tells us what something is, was, or

will be. Examples: That dog is covered in fleas. The new prime minister will be good

for the country. Where was the missing manuscript? Note: Some verbs can act as

either a being verb or an action verb. To determine the difference, ask if the subject is
performing the action of the verb. Examples: This salad tastes strange. The sommelier

tastes the wine. In the first example, the salad is not performing the tasting; “tasting

strange” is the state of being of the salad. In the second example, the sommelier is

performing the action of tasting on the wine, making it an action verb. The rugby team

looked exhausted after the match. The curator looked at the statue for a long time

before leaving. In the first example, the state of being of the team is “exhausted”; they

are not performing an action. In the second example, the curator is doing the action of

looking.

4. Adverb

Adverbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and

adjectives. We use adverbs to add more information about a verb, an adjective,

another adverb, a clause or a whole sentence and, less commonly, about a noun

phrase.
C. Countable and Uncountable Nouns

1. Countable Nouns

As the name implies, countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Countable

nouns can come in quantities of one, or two, or a hundred, etc. The noun book is

countable because you can have one book or several books.

2. Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns, on the other hand, are nouns that cannot be counted because

they come in some indeterminate quantity or mass. A noun such as milk or happiness

cannot be counted; you cannot have one milk or two milks, and you cannot find one

happiness or two happinesses. Uncountable nouns are often liquid items such as water,

oil, or shamphoo. Uncountable nouns can also refer to abstract ideas such as sadness,

fame or hope.
 It is important for you to recognize the difference between countable and

uncountable nouns when you come across such key words as much and many.

They have taken much* trips recently.

They was not many* water in the pool.

In the first example, much is incorrect because trips is countable. This sentences should

say many trips. In the second example, many is incorrect because water is uncountable.

This sentence should say much water.

D. Regular and Irregular verb

1. Meaning

English sentence has a rule that sentence must consist of at least two words:

Subject and Verb. From grammar books available at school, library or any other

resources, it is common that verbs are divided into two categories: Regular Verbs and

Irregular Verbs. The distinction between regular verbs and irregular verbs is a very

simple one. Orthographically, regular verbs are those verbs that to form the past, [-d] or

[-ed] are used as the inflectional markers. These verbs do not undergo substantial changes

while changing forms between tenses. Morphophonemically, these verbs are claimed to

be predictable because they always change to the same form with the same additional

sounds. The other category, the irregular verbs, are those verbs that undergo substantial

changes when changing forms between tenses. The changed forms of these verbs are

often orthographically unrecognizably different from the originals.

Morphophonemically, irregular verbs are issued as having unpredictable changes. These

changes are classified as inflectional process with various markers of tense.

2. Example

2.1 Regular

1. Admit - Admitted - Admitted = Mengakui

2. Agree - Agreed - Agreed = Menyetujui

3. Answer - Answered - Answered = Menjawab

4. Borrow - Borrowed - Borrowed = Meminjam

5. Brush - Brushed - Brushed = Menyikat

6. Call - Called - Called = Memanggil

7. Clean - Cleaned - Cleaned = Membersihkan

8. Decide - Decided - Decided = Memutuskan

9. Enter - Entered - Entered = Memasuki

10. Empty - Emptied - Emptied = Mengosongkan

11. Face - Faced - Faced = Menghadapi

12. Fill - Filled - Filled = Mengisi

13. Fry - Fried - Fried = Menggoreng

14. Guess - Guessed - Guessed = Menebak

15. Guide - Guided - Guided = Membimbing

16. Happen - Happened - Happened = Terjadi

17. Help - Helped - Helped = Membantu

18. Improve - Improved - Improved = Memperbaiki

19. Increase - Increased - Increased = Meningkatkan

20. Invite - Invited - Invited = Mengundang

 2.2 Irregular

1. begin - began – begun = Memulai

2. blow - blew – blown = Meniup

3. draw - drew – drawn = Menggambar

4. drive - drove – driven = Mengendarai

5. eat - ate – eaten = Makan

6. give - gave – given = Memberi

7. arise - arose – arisen = timbul / bangun

8. bear - bore – born = Memulai

9. befall - befell – befallen = Menimpa

10. become - became – become = Menjadi

11. bend - bent – bent = Membengkokkan

12. blow - blew – blown = Meniup

13. break - broke – broken = Menghancurkan

14. breed - bred – bred = Berkembang biak

15. build - built – built = Membangun

16. creep - crept – crept = Merayap

17. drink - drank – drunk = Meminum

18. drive - drove – driven = Mengendarai

19. know - knew – known = Mengetahui

20. wear - wore – worn = Mengenakan.

3. Identifying word classes

Every word belongs to a word class, which summarises the ways in which it can be
used in grammar. Here are four major word classes: verb, noun, adjective, adverb.
Many words belong to more than one word class. For example, book can be used as a noun or

as a verb; fast can be used as an adjective or an adverb:

It’s an interesting book. (noun)

We ought to book a holiday soon. (verb)

He loves fast cars. (adjective)

Don’t drive so fast! (adverb).