Chapter 3

Introductory Mathematical Analysis
For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences

Fourteenth Canadian Edition
Chapter 3
Lines, Parabolas, and
Systems
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-1

Chapter Objectives
• To develop the notion of slope and different forms of
equations of lines.
• To develop the notion of demand and supply curves and to
introduce linear functions.
• To sketch parabolas arising from quadratic functions.
• To solve systems of linear equations in both two and three
variables by using the technique of elimination by addition
or by substitution.
• To use substitution to solve nonlinear systems.
• To solve systems describing equilibrium and break-even
points.
Chapter Outline
3.1) Lines
3.2) Applications and Linear Functions
3.3) Quadratic Functions
3.4) Systems of Linear Equations
3.5) Nonlinear Systems
3.6) Applications of Systems of Equations

3.1 Lines (1 of 11)
Slope of a Line

3.1 Lines (2 of 11)
Example 1 – Price-Quantity Relationship
The line below shows the relationship between the price p of

a widget (in dollars) and the quantity q of widgets (in thousands)
that consumers will buy at that price. Find and interpret the slope.

3.1 Lines (3 of 11)
Example 1 – Continued
Solution:
Either point in the above figure may be chosen

as (q1 , p1 ). Letting (2, 4) = (q1 , p1 ) and (8, 1) = (q2 , p2 ),
p2 - p1 1- 4 -3 1
we have m = = = =-
q2 - q1 8 - 2 6 2
The slope is negative. For each 1-unit increase in quantity,

1
there corresponds a decrease in price of (dollar per widget).
2

3.1 Lines (4 of 11)
Equations of Lines
Using the slope formula on the points
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x, y ) gives y − y1 = m( x − x1 ).
This is a point - slope form of an equation of

the line through ( x1 , y1 ) with slope m.

3.1 Lines (5 of 11)
Example 3 – Determining a Line from Two Points
Find an equation of the line passing through (−3, 8) and (4, 2).
Solution:
−2 − 8 10
The line has slope m = =−
4 − ( −3) 7
Using a point-slope form with (−3, 8) as ( x1 , y1 ) gives
10
y − 8 = − [ x − (−3)]
7
10
y − 8 = − ( x + 3)
7
7 y − 56 = −10 x − 30
10 x + 7 y − 26 = 0
3.1 Lines (6 of 11)
The slope - intercept form of an equation of a line with
slope m and y -intercept b is y = mx + b.
Example 5 – Find the Slope and y-Intercept of a Line

Find the slope and y-intercept of the line with equation
y = 5(3 − 2 x).
Solution: We have
y = 5(3 − 2 x)
y = 15 − 10 x
y = −10 x + 15
Thus, m = −10 and b = 15, so the slope is − 10 and the
y -intercept is 15.
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 10
3.1 Lines (7 of 11)
Example 7 – Converting Forms of Equations of Lines
a. Find a general linear form of the line whose slope-intercept
2
form is y = − x + 4.
3
Solution: Getting one side to be 0, we obtain
2
x + y − 4 = 0.
3
2
This is a general linear form with A = , B = 1, and C = −4.
3
Alternatively, by clearing fractions, we obtain 2 x + 3 y − 12 = 0.

3.1 Lines (8 of 11)
b. Find the slope-intercept form of the line having
a general linear form 3x + 4 y − 2 = 0
Solution:
We want the form y = mx + b, so we solve the given equation
for y. We have
3x + 4 y − 2 = 0
4 y = −3x + 2
3 1
y =− x+
4 2
3 1
which is the slope-intercept form. The line has slope − and y -intercept .
4 2

3.1 Lines (9 of 11)
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
• Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the same
slope or are both vertical.
• Moreover, any horizontal line and any vertical line are

perpendicular to each other.

3.1 Lines (10 of 11)
Example 9 – Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
The figure below shows two lines passing through (3, −2). One
is parallel to the line y = 3x + 1, and the other is perpendicular to
it. Find equations of these lines.

3.1 Lines (11 of 11)
Solution:
The line through (3, − 2) that is parallel to y = 3x + 1 also has slope 3.
Using a point-slope form, we get
y − ( −2 ) = 3 ( x − 3)
y + 2 = 3x − 9
y = 3x − 11
1
The line through (3, − 2) that is perpendicular to y = 3x + 1 has slope .
3
Using a point-slope form, we get
1
y − (−2) = − ( x − 3)
3
1
y + 2 = − x +1
3
1
y = − x −1
3
3.2 Applications and Linear Functions (2 of 5)
Demand and Supply Curves
If the price per unit of a product is given by p
and the corresponding quantity (in units) is given
by q, then an equation relating p and q is called
a demand equation. Its graph is called a
demand curve.

Demand and Supply Curves
If p denotes the price per unit and q denotes the
corresponding quantity, then an equation
relating p and q is called a supply equation.
Its graph is called a supply curve.

Linear Functions
A function f is a linear function if and only if f ( x) can be
written in the form f ( x ) = ax + b where a and b are constants
and a  0.
Example 3 – Graphing Linear Functions
Below are graphs of the linear functions f ( x) = 2 x − 1 and
15 − 2t
g (t ) = .
3

Example 5 – Determining a Linear Function
If y = f (x) is a linear function such that f (-2) = 6 and
f (1) = -3, find f (x).
Solution: Note that (-2, 6) lies on the graph, as does (1, - 3)
y2 - y1 -3 - 6 -9
m= = = = -3.
x2 - x1 1- ( -2 ) 3
Using point-slope form:
y - y1 = m(x - x1 )
y - 6 = -3[x - (-2)]
y - 6 = -3x - 6
y = -3x. Therefore, f (x) = -3x.
3.3 Quadratic Functions (1 of 5)
A function f is a quadratic function if and only if f ( x) can be
written in the form f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are
constants and a  0.
The graph of the quadratic function y = f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

is called a parabola and has a shape like the curves shown
below.

Example 1 – Graphing a Quadratic Function
Graph the quadratic function y = f ( x) = − x 2 − 4 x + 12.
Solution: Here a = −1, b = −4, c = 12. The x-coordinate of
b −4
the vertex is − =− = −2.
2a 2 ( −1)
f (−2) = −(−2) 2 − 4(−2) + 12 = 16.
So the vertex is (−2, 16).
To find the x-intercepts, we let y be 0
and solve for x : 0 = −( x + 6)( x − 2).
Hence, x = −6 or x = 2.

Example 3 – Graphing a Quadratic Function
Graph g ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 7.
Solution: Here we have a = 1, b = −6,
and c = 7.
b 6
− =− = 3 and g (3) = 32 − 6(3) + 7
2a 2 (1)
= −2.
Thus the vertex is (3, − 2).
To find x-intercepts,
we set 0 = x 2 − 6 x + 7.
The right side does not
factor easily. The quadratic
formula gives x = 3  2.
•

•

3.4 Systems of Linear Equations (1 of 5)
Two-Variable Systems
• There are three different linear systems:
• There are two methods to solve simultaneous equations:

a) elimination by addition method
b) elimination by substitution method
3.4 Systems of Linear Equations (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Elimination-by-Addition Method
Use elimination by addition to solve the system
ì 3x - 4y = 13 Solution:
í 3y + 2x = 3
î We multiply the first equation by 3 and the second
equation by 4 to get 
9 x − 12 y = 39
8 x + 12 y = 12
Adding the two equations gives 17 x = 51, or x = 3.
We have the equivalent system
x=3 
9 x − 12 y = 39
Replacing x by 3 in the first equation gives y = −1.

The solution is x = 3, and y = −1.

•

3.5 Nonlinear Systems (1 of 2)
• A system of equations with at least one nonlinear equation
is called a nonlinear system.
Example 1 – Solving a Nonlinear System
ì x 2 - 2x + y - 7 = 0
Solve í
î 3x - y + 1 = 0
Solution:
Solving the second equation for y gives y = 3x + 1.
Substituting into the first equation, we have
x 2 - 2x + (3x + 1) - 7 = 0
x2 + x - 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x - 2) = 0
3.5 Nonlinear Systems (2 of 2)
Example 1 – Solving a Nonlinear System
Solution, continued
(x + 3)(x - 2) = 0, therefore x = -3 or x = 2.
When x = -3, y = 3(-3) + 1 = -8. When x = 2, y = 7.
We must verify that each of (-3, - 8) and (2, 7)
do satisfy the system.
Here is a sample verification:

The calculations (-3)2 - 2(-3) + (-8) + 7 = 0 and
3(-3) - (-8) + 1 = 0 show that (-3, - 8) is a solution.

3.6 Applications of Systems of Equations (1 of
7)
Equilibrium
• When the demand and supply curves of a product are
represented on the same coordinate plane, the point
where the curves intersect is called the point of
equilibrium.

7)
Example 1 – Tax Effect on Equilibrium

8
Let p = q + 50 be the supply equation for a manufacturer's product,
100
7
and suppose the demand equation is p = - q + 65.
100
a. If a tax of $1.50 per unit is to be imposed on the manufacturer, how will
the original equilibrium price be affected if the demand remains the same?
Solution: Before the tax, the equilibrium price is obtained by
ì 8
ï p = q + 50
solving the system í 100
7
ïp = - q + 65
î 100
By equating right-hand sides and solving for q, we obtain 100 = q.
Substituting this value into either equation above gives p = 58.
Thus $58 is the original equilibrium price.
7)
Solution, continued
After the tax, the price per unit will

8
be p = q + 51.50.
100
ì 8
ï p = q + 51.50
Solving the system í 100
7
ïp = - q + 65
î 100
gives the new equilibrium quantity
q = 90, Hence, p = 58.70

7)
b. Determine the total revenue obtained by the manufacturer
at the equilibrium point both before and after the tax.
Solution: If q units of a product are sold at a price of p dollars

each, then the total revenue is given by yTR = pq.
Before the tax, yTR = (58)(100) = 5800.
After the tax, yTR = (58.70)(90) = 5283,
which is a decrease.

7)
Break-Even Points
• profit = total revenue(TR) – total cost(TC)
• total cost(TC) = variable cost(VC) + fixed cost(FC)
yTC = yVC + yFC
• The break-even point is

where TR = TC.

7)
Example 3 – Break-Even Point, Profit, and Loss

A manufacturer sells a product at $8 per unit, selling all that is
22
produced. Fixed cost is $5000 and variable cost per unit is
9
(dollars).
a. Find the total output and the break-even point.
Solution: We have yTR = 8q

22
yTC = yVC + yFC = q + 5000
9
At the break-even point, yTR = yTC
22
8q = q + 5000
9
q = 900, which gives yTR = 8(900) = 7200.
7)
Example 3 – Break-Even Point, Profit, and Loss

b. Find the profit when 1800 units are produced.
Solution: The profit is given by:

é 22 ù
yTR - yTC = 8 (1800 ) - ê (1800 ) + 5000 ú
ë9 û
= 5000
The profit when 1800 units are
produced and sold is $5000.

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Introductory Mathematical Analysis

For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-1

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4

The line below shows the relationship between the price p of

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5

Either point in the above figure may be chosen

The slope is negative. For each 1-unit increase in quantity,

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6

This is a point - slope form of an equation of

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7

Example 5 – Find the Slope and y-Intercept of a Line

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 12

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 13

• Moreover, any horizontal line and any vertical line are

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 14

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 15

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 17

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 18

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 21

The graph of the quadratic function y = f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 24

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 28

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 29

• There are two methods to solve simultaneous equations:

Replacing x by 3 in the first equation gives y = −1.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 31

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 32

Here is a sample verification:

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 36

Example 1 – Tax Effect on Equilibrium

After the tax, the price per unit will

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 38

Solution: If q units of a product are sold at a price of p dollars

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 39

• The break-even point is

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 40

Example 3 – Break-Even Point, Profit, and Loss

Solution: We have yTR = 8q

Example 3 – Break-Even Point, Profit, and Loss

Solution: The profit is given by:

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 42

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