csoqncsesmcomea — ements Ath tS RN Le . 5: . a. Experiment. To classify compounds as jonic or covalent based on their physical properties Physical properties such as melting, solubility and conductivity of electricity depend on the type of bonds present in a compound. These properties can be used to distinguish between ionic and covalent substances, lonic compounds have very strong electrostatic forces of attraction which result in high melting points. The cations and anions are both charged particles and allow for good interaction with water molecules since the water molecules are polar. This leads to ion-solvent interactions and results in ionic compounds being soluble in water. When ionic compounds melt or dissolve in wa- ter the ions are set free and this allows for conduction to take place. Mobile charge carriers are present in the form of ions in ionic compounds. Covalent compounds are usually held together by weak forces of attraction with few exceptions such as diamond and graphite. They possess no charged particles and are expected to have low melting points. They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and are non-conductors of electricity since no mobile charge carriers are present. Apparatus & maierials + compounds labelled A, B, C and D (e.g. solid samples of sodium chloride, copper Il) sulphate, sulphur, & iodine ) + test tubes, rack & holder + glass rod 250 cm* beaker + spatula + Bunsen burner + electrical circuit + propanone + distilled waterProcedure Fm 4. Placo a small amount of sample Ain a test tube and heat gently at first, then more strongly until no further change occurs. (Heat samples in a fume cup- board.) Record your observations. 2. Add.asmall amount of sample A to about 20 cm? of distilled water, Record whether it dissolves or not Then test the mixture with the electrical circuit to find out if it conducts electricity. 3. Repeat step (2) using propanone instead of distilled water. 4. Repeat steps (1) to (3) with the other samples B, C and D. Table 1: Tests carried out on samples A, B, C and D Samples A B Effect of heat Solubility in water Electrical conductivity in water Solubility in propanone Electrical conductivity in propanone (al =~ Data analysis 4. Onheating, which sampies (i) melted readily? (ii) sublimed readily? (iii) remained unchanged?What do these observations suggest about the forces of attraction in these samples? Which samples () dissolved in water? (i) conducted electricity in water? What do these observations suggest about the type of bonds in these samples? Which samples ())_ dissolved in propanone? (ii) did not conducted electricity? What do these observations suggest about the type of bonds in these samples? Using the results of the experiment, classify the compounds A, B, C and D as ionic or covalent in nature.