102

THEORY OF STAUCTUR:
In Fig. 2.91,

GA= H =
8 hi -(l-x)(? +l-)
Completing the rectangle GAFI the diagonal lA represents the resultant reaction at A.
The three forces R, R, and W"'being in
Pis on the load line of W. equilibrium will be concurrent. Let P be the point where these three forces
meet. Obvi.
The locus of P is the reaction locus.
We find that the triangles APE and AIG are
similar.
PE IG
AE GA
IG. AE
PE =
GA
But
IG= -*v,
AE=xand GA = ! W
8hi-)(( +L* -x')
W((-x)
PE= 8

PE=
1.6hi?
Hence, the reaction locus for this arch is a
curve whose equation is
l.6 hi?
y = PE=

At x=0, 1.6 h12

PE = -=1.6 h

Atx=1, 1.6 h12

PE= =1.6 h

Atx= PE=
L.6 hi?
2 -=1.28 h
P+
2 4
2.8
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON
Fig. 2.92 () shows a two-hinged arch TWO-HINGED ARCHES
of the ends say the end Bhad been subjected to a rise in temperature T. Obviously the
placed on rollers there would be a length of the member tends to increase. It os
Since such a horizontal displacement horizontal displacement
each support. The hinged end Bwith the cannot take place when the ends are hinged, inwardBB, equal to nearly aT7 [Fig. 2.92 (G}
force H[Fig, 2.92 (iün). Let for this horizontal thrust Hmay be looked upon as a roller endBhorizontal thrust Hwill be developed
If8 = aTI then the net condition the inward horizontal with an externally applied horizont
movenent due to the external force
displacement
the two-hinged arch due to the rise of of B
=0. Hence the value of Hfor which &= aTl represents theHapplied at Bbe equal to d.
Considering the end Bas a roller temperature.
end with an external horizontal fore H
horizontalthrust eveloped"
M,=-Hy applied at B, the bending moment at any section is
given b
Strain energy stored by the arch =W,2sfH"y
2EI 2EI
ds
. By the first theorem of Castigliano
Inward horizontal movement of B =8

y'ds
OH 2EJ

EI
 ARCHES 103

The condition that Hmay roprosent the horizontal thrust for the two-hinged
arch subjected to thc rise of temperature is, h
R

B .
EI (O)

aTI
H=

h
Ifthe arch section is ofuniform flexural rigidity, B
El aTI
H= (ii)
ai
For asemicircular two-hinged arch
T/2
R³
We know, |y² ds -2(Rsin 0)² Ra= 2R³. 4 2
H H

Also, l= 2R (ii)
El aT (2R) 4ElaT Fig. 2.92
H= H=
TR R?
2

For the parabolic two-hinged arch,

El,aTI
With the usual approximation, H=

1/2

we know, 15
0

El aTI 15 El,aT
H=
8
15
Thus we can determine the horizontal thrust H due to a rise of temperature T.
El aTI
:. Max. B.M. due to rise oftemperature =M= Hh= h

Let Dbe the depth of the arch section at the crown.

21
.. Section modulus Z=
D D
2
.. Maximum stress due to rise of temperature
M El aTI D EaTlhD
f= h f=
21

In case of parabolic arches replace ds by de).

A two-hinged semicircular arch ofradius 10 metres is subjected to a rise oftemperature of40°C. Find the maximum stress
rise 57,
due to theToblem oftemperature. TakeE = 2 x10 Nmm? and a = 12 x 10 per°C. The depth of the arch section is 1000 mm.
4ElaT
Solution. Horizontal thrust due to rise of temperature =H= KR
4x2× 10 x 12 xl0*° x407N- 384/ -N
= TX]08
T (10000)'
104
THEORY OF STAUCTURES
·. Max. B.M. due to rise of temperature = M= 384/ x10000= 384/ Nmm
TX 108 TX104

Section modulus = Z=
S00
M 384I S00
Max. bending stress = 7 I
=6.11 NI mm².
TX 10
Problem 58. A two-hinged parabolicarch ofspan 40 m and size &m is subjected to a rise
bending stress at the crown due to the temperature rise. The rib oftemperature of 30°C. Find the macimum
section is 1000 mm deep. Take E 2 x 10 N/mm and
per°C. a = 12 x164

Solution. Horizontal thrust due to rise of temperature = H= 15 IE aT

8
15 2xl0 ×12 xl0- x30
(8000)2 -N= 12827x10
1o -N

271
Max. B.M. due to rise of temperature = M= 12g x 8000= 27 lo Nmm
yl05 1600
Section modulus -Z= -mm M
500 Max.bending stress =f= Z
27 1, 500
1600 -8.44 N/mm².
C
2.9 EFFECT OF RIB
SHORTENING
We know any section of the arch is subjected to a
force and a normal thrust. The normal thrust causes bending moment, a shear
a shortening of the actual
h
2
length of the arch. H
Consider any section X of the two hinged arch shown in Fig, 2.93 B
Let the tangent to the arch at Xbe at a with the
Let horizontal
M,-B.M. at the section X Flg. 2.93
V= S.F. at the section as in a
N=Nomal thrust on the section corresponding simply supported beam
X of the arch.
But M,= M-Hy where M=B.M. at the section as in a simply
N= Vsin a+H cos
supported beam.
The strain energy stored by the arch is given by

2EI J2AE
f(V sina +Hcos a) ds
2EI 2AE
For the condition that the strain energy stored is a
minimum,
OH
(M-Hy)-) ds r(V sin a +H cosa) cosa.ds -= 0
OH EI AE

- El
H(EI, sin aAEcosa.ds + os ad =0
AE
My ds_ sin a cosa.ds
H= EI AE

AE
We know in the practical cases, the sectional area is minimum at the crown section and
increases towards the supports. The slop
a is zero at the crown and increases towards the supports
A
Hence, the quantity has a minimum value at the crown increasing towards the
cOS O support.
 ARCHES 105

A
Let A, = Mean value of and putting ds cos a = dx
Thequantity (cos²a.ds d
where /= span of the arch.
AE
We also find the effect of Vin shorting the rib is ignorable.
With the above simplifications we get,

EI Elo
.
H=
+
A,, E Elo A, E
210 HORIZONTAL THRUST DUE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND RIB SHORTENING
We know, the horizontal thrust due to temperature rise is given by,
a TI
H=

To consider the effect of rib shortening the horizontal thrust is given by,
a. TI aT
H=

EI A,E El, A, E
2.11 TWO-HINGED ARCH WITH LATERALLY YIELDING SUPPORTS
Consider atwo-hingd arch subjected to an external loading. Let the support Byild laterally by 8with respect to A. B.M. at anysection
X
= M, = (M-H) where M= Beam moment at the section
ds
: Strain energy stored 2EI 2EI

.. Horizontal displacement of the end B= -=-8

OH
W W2

H AB
A

Va Flg. 2.94

(-yds) -=
f2w-H) 2EI
=-8
EI

EI
H=

crown, we get,
In the case of the parabolic arch with the usual approximation at any sectionI= l, sec where l, = MI. at a the

Elo H=
H=
108
THEOAY OF STAUCTUREA
Properties of the crown section of the anch
Area
Ao(2 100 ×$) +(Sx 110)-1550 mm?
Moment of inertia 100 x120 95 x110
12 12
-= 38.629 x10° mm
200 x 38.629 x10
El, 772.58kNm?
Equation to the arch,
10
1
So*(40-)
1
So(40-21)
At the springing i.e, at x=0
40 4
3
tan a= 50 cosa= =0.6
Moment of inertia at the springing
38.629 x105
I= l,sec= -=64.382x 10 mm
0.60 100 m
Let the depth of the web at the
springing be d mm 5m
5m
12 0(d-+10 -9sa²}=64382 x10° mnt
100 (d+ 10)³-95 d3= 772.5 x 105 150 140
d= 140mm mm mm
Fig, 2.91 shows the section at
springing area of the section
=A= (2x 100 × 5) +(S x 140)=1700 mm?
-at the springing = 1700 -= 2833.33 mm 5m
0.60
A Tig. 2.96
at the crown = 1550
COSa. -= 1500 mm?
cos 0°
A 2833.33 + 1550
Average value of = A= = 2191.665 mm'
COS . 2

40
= 0.91255 x 10* mlkN
A,,E 2191.665 x 200
o.TI = 12 x 10x 25 x40=0.012
¿= 10+ 10=20 mm=0.02 m
204800
3×772.58-+0.012-0.02
H= 20480 -49.999 KN.
+0.91255x10-4 Wper unit run
15x772.58
Problem 61. Two identical parabolic arches have their O0000000000000000) E

outer ends hinged with their inner ends resting on acommon H IB H

roller as shown in Fig. 2.97. Calculate the horizontal thrust A
D
qnd draw the bending moment diogram when the arch AB
carries a uniform distributed load over its whole span.
Solution. Let Hbe the horizontal thrust at Aand Dwhen
the arch AB is loaded. In this case the roller support Bwill move
towards the right, by say 8. w
8
If instead of loading the arch AB, we apply the loading on
the arch BD, the horizontal thrust at Aand Dwill again be equal B D
to H. But, in this case the roller support Bwill move towards left 16 BM DIAGRAM
by &. Ng. 2.97
 ARCHES 109

Hence ifboth the arches are loaded, the horizontal thrust at

4and Dwill be 2H. Inthis case the roller support B will not be
subjected to any horizontal movement.
Hence for this case horizontal thrust
wi?
= 2H=
8h
w?
. H= 16h This is the horizontal thrust when any one of the arches is loaded.
B.M. Diagram
Arch AB. The B.M. diagram for the arch AB can be drawn by superimposing the beam moment and the H-moment diagrams.
w?
Beam Moment at C= +
8h
wi?
H-moment at C= -Hh= h=
16h 16

Net B.M. at C= +
16 16

B.M. atE= -Hh=

w? wi?
Arch BC
16
Problem 62. Two identical parabolic arch ribs AB 120 KN
and BC each havinga span of 20 m and rise of 4m, have LSm
hingedsupportsat their outer ends A
and Cand their other D
ends are connected toacommon roller support B. The arch 4 m 4m
C
AB is loaded by a vertical load of 120 kN at 5 metres from 20 m 20 m
the supportA. The arch BC carries no load. fthe second
moment of area of section of each arch rib varies as the V
secant of theslope, evaluate the horizontal thrust and draw
the bending moment diagram for the entire structure. 120 KN
5m
Solution. Fig. 2.98 () shows the given structure with
the 120 kNload applied on the arch BC at a distance 5mfrom
A. Let Hbe the horizontal thrust at Aand C. In this case the A
4 m 4m
rollerT
Support
s Bwill move by a distance &towards right. -H
20 m 20 m
Fig. 2.98 (ii) shows the given structure with the 120
kN load applied on the arch BC ata distance 5 mfrom the V
end C. For thiscase also the horizontal thrust at Aand Cwill 120 kN 120 kN
De equal to H.But in this case the roller support Bwill move 5m 5m
by Õtowards left.
VE
Fig. 2.98 (ii) shows the given structure subjected to 4m 4 m
MO point loads 120 kN each applied on the arches AB and -2H
at adistance of 5 mfrom Aand C respectively. For this 2H 20 m 20 m
ase the horizontal thrust at Aand Cwill be equal to 2H. The
roller Support B will not move laterally. Hence each arch
Cannow be considered as a separate two-hinged arch with
unyielding supports. Ng. 2.98
:. Horizontal thrust =2H= 5 W-all-a)(' +la-a')
8hJ3
120
..

2H= -x 5(20 - 5) (20+20 x5 -s²)

8 4x 20
2H= 83.5 kN.This is the horizontal thrust when both the arches are loaded.
83.5
-= 41.75 kN
*" When the arch ABor BC is loaded the horizontal thrust = H= 2
120 x5 xI5
Arch AB. Beam -=+ 450 kNm
Moment under the load = X 20

H-Ordinoment tat
the crown =- Hh=-41.75 x 4 167 kNm
nate ofthe arch at the point of action of the load
4h 4 x4 -x5x15 =3 metre
x(l-x)= 20 x20
110
THEORY OF STRUCTURE
:. H-moment under the load --41.75 x3=- 125,25 kN
, Actual B.M. under the load =450125.25 =324.75 kNm
Arch BC B.M. at the crown --Hh=-41.75 x 4=-167 kNm. Fig2.99 shows the B.M. diagrarn for the
structure
120 KN
5m

D 4m 4 m
H=41.7S KN
H=41.75 kN
20 m 20 m

324.75 kNm

33 kNm
167 kNm

B
B.M. Diagram
Fg. 2.99
2.13 NORMAL THRUST AND
Fig, 2.100 shows an arch (either
RADIAL SHEAR
two-hinged or three-hinged arch) subjected to an external load
Consider any section D. Consider the equilibrium of the part AD of system.
following() the arch. This part is in
equilibrium under the action of the
Reactions V, and H at A
(ii) External loads between A and D.
(iüin) Reacting Forces V; and H,
(v) Reacting moment (bending provided by the part DB on the part DA at D.
moment) at D.
Resolving the forces on the partAD vertically and
and H,at D. horizontally, we can determine the vertical and the horizontal reacting forces V
W W
D

V
V
W W

H¡

Na. 2. 100 Arch sectlon

thrust P, radlal shear Ssubjected
to normal A -H
bending Moment M AB
V
Ng. 2.101
Let the tangent to the centre line of the arch at D be
inclined at to the horizontal.
The component of reacting forces at D along the tangent D is called the
Normal thrust at D
Normal thrust at D.
..
=P,= H cos0+V sin 9.
The comnonent of the reacting Torces at D perpendicular to the tangent at D is
called the Radial Shear or simply Shear at D.
.. Radial shear at D
=S= H,sin - V cos 0.
Obviously H,=H.
ARCHES 111

The direction of V; will depend on the relative magnitudes of the forces between Aand D.
In the above calculation, while determining the normal thrust or radial shear, first find the component of H, and regard it as positive.
of VA
Now determine component
Problem 63. A three-hinged parabolic arch has span of20 metres and a rise of5 metres. It carries a uniformly distributed load
r20 EN Der metre over the lefi half of thespan and a point load of 120 KN at 5 metres from the right end. Find the bending moment,
normal thrust andI radial shear at a section 4 metres from the left end.
Solution. Taking moments about the left end A, we have,
V,x 20 =20 x 10 x 5+ 120 x 15
2800
= 140 kN
20
V%= (20 >x 10) + 120 140= 180 kN
Taking moments about C of the forces on the left hand side of C we have.
180 × 10= Hx 5+20 x 10 x5
H= 160 kN
Let D be the section 4 m from the left end.
4h 4 x5
Ordinate at D =y= *(l-x) = (4)(20-4)metre= 3.2 metre
20 x20
. Bending moment at D
4
M,= 180 x4-20 x4 x*-160
2
x3.2= + 48 KNm
20 kN/m 120 kN
O000000000000DOOmC 5m 5m

4m D
|h=5mn
|3.2 m
H= 160 kN H=160 KN
Span =20 m

Va=180 kN V,=140 kN
Fig. 2.102
Consider the equilibrium of the part AD of the arch.
Let V, and H, be the reacting forces at D.
Obviously
V=180-20 x4= 100 kN
and H,= 160 kN -
Let e be the inclination of the tangent at D with the horizontal.
We know for any point on the centre line of the arch. Va= 100 KN
20 kN/m
4h
y= 2 x(I-*) -Hy= 160 KN
dy 4h
:. At any point, tan0 = x(1-2x)
d
4×5 =3.2m
:. AtD, tan
20 ×20
-(20-8)
3 H= 160 kN, 4m
tan 5
|V,= 180 KN
3 3
sin V3?+ 5² V34 Ng. 2.103

and Cos =
V34
Normal thrust at D = P, =H, cos + V, sin 9
160 x 5 100 x3 kN = 188.65 kN
+
V34 V34
160 x3 100 x>N=- 3.43 kN
Radial shear at D = Sy=H, sin -V cos = /34 /34
112 THEORY OF STAUCTURE:
A

Problem 64. Atwo-hinged parabolic arch ofspan 30 mand rise 7.5 mcarries auniformly distributed loud of 10kN/m on the l
half of the span. Determine () the horizontal thrust at each support (i1) position and magnitude of maximum bending mome
(ii) normal thrust and radial shear at the section of maximum bending moment.
Solution. See Fig. 2.104 Taking moments about A
V, x30 =10x15x7.5 . V,= 37.5 kN ‘
10 kN/m
V, =(10xl5) -37.5 =|12.5 kN ‘
an
w
Horizontal thrust at each support =H= 16h h=7.5 m
H=75KN
10×30² I=30 m ‘B
-=75 kN
16x7.5
Section of Maximum Bending Moment in AC l,=112.5 KN V,=37.5 kN 20
At any section in 4C distant x from 4, the bending moment is given by, Ng. 2.104

4x7.5
M =112.5x-10-75% -x(30-x)
2 30
M =37.5x-2.5x
dM
For Mto be maximum =0
d
dM
=37.55x=0 .". x=7.5 m

Mmy = 37.5x7.5-2.5x7.5=+]40.625 KNm

Section of Maximum Bending Moment in BC
At any section in BC distant x from B, the bending moment is given by

M =37.5x-75x 4x7.5-x(30-x)
30²
M=-37.5x +2.5x? 140.625 kNm
dM -140.625 KNm
For Mto be maximum, =0

dM
=-37.5+5x=0 .. x=7.5 m 4 da-7.5 m -15 nn 7.5 m
d
30 m
Mmax =-37.5x7.5+2.5x 7.5=-140.625 kNm
Fig. 2.105 shows the B.M. diagram for the arch.
Normal thrust and Radial shear at the sections of maximum bending Ng. 2.105
In the region of positive bending moment, the maximum bending momentmoment.
occurs at 7.5
The equation to the arch with Aas origin is mfrom A
V, |37.5kN
10 kN/mn
4h
y = 2-) H,-7SkN
Slope of the tangent at any point
dy =
dx
tan 9=-2x) 75 kN
1
7.5 m

At x=7.5 m,lan 9 4x7.5

302
(30-2x1.5) = .. sin =:
1 2 I12.5 KN Ng. 2.106

Consider the equilibrium of the part AX of the arch. Reacting forces required at Xfor equilibrium are
V, =37.5 KN , H, =75 kN 4
Normal thrust at the section

= N=75 cos +37.5 sin 75x237.5

+
xI

=83.85 kN
ARCHES 113
Radial shear at the section
37.5 kN

=S=75sin -37.S cos 9 75x1 37.5 x2.=0

75 kN
In the region of negative bending moment, the maximum bending moment occurs at 7.5 m
from B.
In this case also for the equilibrium ofthe part BX, the reacting forces required are V, = 37.5
kN J 7.5 m 75 kN
and H, = 75 kN
!. As in the previous case,
Normal thrust N=83.85 kN 37.5 kN
and Radial shear S =0 Flg. 2.107
Problem 65. A two-hìnged parabolic arch has span of 20 m and a rise of 5 m and carries a uniformly distributed load of
0 KN/m for a distance of 5mfrom the left end. Determine () the horizontal thrust at each support and (ii) bending moment, normal
thrst and radial shear at a section ofthe arch 5mfrom the left end.
Solution. See Fig. 2.108. Taking moments about A,
20 kN/m
V,x20 = 20x5x D
C

V, =12.5 kN
I-5 m
Va =(20x5)-12.5 H-29.492 KN H
5m 15 m
=87.5 kN A AB
Horizontal thrust at each support -20 m
IV-87.5 kN
wa' Vs=12.5 kN
= H
16hi³
-(5Z² SLa+2a')
Flg. 2.108
In this case, a =4
151 w? 151 20x 202
H = 29.492 kN
8192 h 8192
At sectionD, 5 m from A 20 kN/m

4h 4x5
Va=a(l-a) = x5x15 =3.75 m
202 H

B.M. at D =M, =87.5 x5-20x -29.492 x3.75 V=3.75 m

2 H=29.492 kN
=76.905 kNm -----5 nm-----J

Equation of the arch with A

as origin,
4h V=87.5 KN
V=-)
FNg. 2.109
Slope at any section =
=tan -l-2x)
4x5 2
AtD, x=5, tan =(20 2x5) =0.5 . sin = and cos =
202 5
Consider the equilibrium of the part. AD of the arch.
Let V, and H, be the reacting forces exerted by the part DB on the part AD at D.
V, =12.5 kN ‘ and H, = 29.492 kN 4
Normal thrust at the section D= N=H, cos-
9 - ,sin 0
2
=29,492 x.
-12.5* = 20.788 kN

Radial shear at the section D=S =Hy sin -V, cos0

1
= 29,492x- t2.5x = 24.37 kN
114 THEORY OF STRUCTURE
Problem 66. Athree-hinged parabolic arch ofspan 30 mand rise 20 10
4 mcarries a load whose intensity unifornmly varies from 20 kNm at the 20
20 20
Crown to 40 kNm at the ends. Fìnd the bending moment, normal thrust 20kN
and radial shear at a section D,7.S mfrom the lefl end. D
Solution, Total load on the arch ,=3.75 m 5m
7.5 m..
-(20 x30) +2x=xISx
2
20= 900 KN H
30 m

900 Vo=450 kN
2
= 450 kN Ng. 2.110 Vh=450k
Taking moments about Cfrom the left side.
2
SH+20 x15 xx1S
2 2
x20 xx15
3
=450 x15
H=600 kN
At the section D7.5 m from A
4x 5
30 x 30
x7.5(30-75)= 3.75 m
Rate of loading at D = 20+ 10=30kNm
B.M. at D
M=450 x1.5 - 30 x 7.52 ,x7.5
1
xl0 x
Consider the forces acting on the part AD -[600 x3.75] =93.75 kNm
To keep this part in equilibrium,
Vertical force required at D V= 450-35 x 7.5 = 187.5 kN
Horizontal force required at D, H,= 600 kN 4
Equation to the arch is,
4 x5
30 x30x(30-*);
y=
ix(30-*)

:. Atd, i.e., atx=7.5 m,

d0-2*)80-2 x7.5) -
dx
dy
dr
45
tan 0=
1
3
1 3
sin = and cos0=

40 KNm 30 kNm
V= 187.5 KNm

D Hu=600 KNm

H= 600 KN
7.5 m

V,= 450 kN
Flg. 2.111
3
Normal thrust at D P,= H,cos+ V, sin =600 x -+ 187.5 x = 628.5 kN

3
Radial shear at D S= H, sin 0 - V, cos0= 600 x -187.5 x = |1.86 kN
ARCHES 115

Problemis67.zero.Showthatfor a three-hinged paraboliearch carrying auniformy distributed load over the whole span, the radial
at any section
w/unit run

(O0000000000000000000000000000000000)
H= w
8h H=
wi
A R 8h

Ng. 2. 112
Solution. Fig. 2.112 shows the arch carrying the uniformly distributed load over the whole span, we
know
w w?
and H=
8h
Consider any section Xdistant x from the end A. The equation to the arch is,
4h H,
y= *-*)
Let the tangent at Xbe at with the horizontal
dy 4h
tan = d-2x). 8h
Consider the part AX
For the equilibrium of the part AX, the reacting forces atXare
w
Va=
2
-WX=
-2x) Flg. 2.113

wi'
H,-H=
82
Radial shear at X= H, sin V, cos 4h (]-2x)
W

8h -sin @--2x) cose

wi 4h (l-2h) ((-2:)/2 Fig. 2.114
=0
8h 16H q-2:) +1* 2
J1Ga (-2:)' +r
Problem 68. Asymmetrical semicircular three-hinged arch of span 20 mcarries a uniformly distributed load of 60
left half of the span. kN/m on the
Determine, at
() The horizontal thrust the supports.
() The bending moment, normal thrust and radial shear at a section 4 mfrom the left support.
(n) Sketch Bending Moment diagram for the arch.
Solution. Let V, andV, be the vertical reactions at the left and right supports. Let Hbe the horizontal thrust.
Taking moments about the left and A,
V%x20 =60x10x5
V, =150 KN and V,=(60x10)-150
=450 kN
laking moments about the hinge Cfrom the right,
Hx10 = 150x10 .:. H=50 kN
Ihe equation to the arch with A as
origin is
y' =x(20-x)
COTresponding tothe section D. 4 mfromA
yi =4(20-4) =64 Ya =8 m
B.M. at p = 450x 4-
60x42
-150x8
2
= |800-480- 1200 =120kNm
116
THEORY OF STRUCTURE
60 kN/m

10 m

H=150 kN, 4m
10 m BH=150 kN
10 m

Va= 450 kN Vy= 150 kN

FNg. 2.1 15 V=210 kN
Normal thrust and radial shear at the section D
60 kN/m
0000
y =x(20x) = 20x-x

2y. = 20-2x dy 10-x H- 150 kN

At the section D, = tan 0-4_3

8 4
sin =0.6, cos =0.8 H= 150 kN 4 mi
Consider the equilibrium of the part AD of the arch. Let V, and H, be the AA
vertical and horizontal forces exerted by the part DB on the part AD at D
reacting
V =210 kN and H, =150 kN 4 Va=450 kN
Normal thrust at the section D=N=H, cos+V sin Ng. 2.116
=150 x 0.8+210 × 0.6 =246 kN
Radial shear at the section D =S= Ha sin -V cos 252.6
=150 x0.6-210 x 0.8 =-78 kN
B.M. Analysis 621.3
At any section in AC, distant x from A, the B.M. is given by kNm

M =450x-30x-150-/x(20 -x) 252.

By plotting, it is found a maximum negative
0.6 m and a maximum positive moment of +252.6 moment
kNmn
of-252.6 kNm occurs at
occurs at 6.6 m from the left
end. A point of contraflexure occurs at 2.93 m from the left end
At any section in BC distant x from B, the B.M. is given by A 2.93 m
2.93 m
M =150x-150Jx(20-x) B.M. Diagram Of
A maximum negative movement of-621.3 kNm occurs at
2.93 m from the right end. FNg. 2.117 San
Problemn 69. The three-hinged semicircular arch shown in Fig. 2.118 is subjected to loads on rigidly
reactions at the supports, bending noment, Normal thrust and radial shear at F connected brackets. Find l

60 kN 40 kN,
E

2 m
2m

H=24 kN
2m 45°
3m 2m 3m
B
H= 24 kN

V,=60 kN Vs= 40kN

Ng. 2.l18
Solution. Taking moments about A, V, x 10= 60 x 2+40 x7
 ARCHES 117

V,= 40 kN ‘ V, =100-40 =60 KN ‘

Taking moments about Cofthe forces on the left side ofc.
Hx5+60 x 3 = 60 x5 H=20kN
B.M. at F M,= 60 [5 5 cos45°]-24 x 5 sin45° + 60 [5 cos 45°-31= 35. 16 kNm
ALE Vertical shear =0; Horizontal shear = 24 kN
Normal thrust, P, H, cos =24 cos 4s° = 16.97 kN
Radial shear, S = H,sin =24 sin 45°= 16.97 kN
914 THE LINEAR ARCH OR THE THEORETICAL ARCH OR THE LINE OF THRUST
Eio 2.119 () shows an arch (two-hinged or three-hinged) sutbjected to a load system--say consisting of point loads W, W, and W,. Let
ndV, be the vertical reactions at the supports Aand B. Let H be the horizontal thrust.
W W3
R

D Given arch

B
H -H

V,l
W>

W R W3

P
Linear arch

B
H H

V
Flg. 2. 119
Letpg, qr and rs represent the loads W, W, W,. On this load line let mbe apoint such that mp represents the vertical reaction V, at
Aand sm represents the vertical reaction V; at B. Let morepresent the horizontal thrust. Join op, oq, or, os.
Taking Oas the pole draw the funicular polygon ACDEB:
Obviously AC is parallel to op; CD is parallel to og; DE is parallel to or and EB is parallel to os.
MW,Now
andimagine
W, at C, a
Dstructure ACDEB
and E (Fig, 2.119).consisting of members
The structure ACDEB AC,is called
CD, DE,
the and EBarch
linear whichor are
the all pin jointed
theoretical andThe
arch. subjected to members
different the loads
oftre linear arch are subjected to axial compressive forces. The joints of this linear arch are in equilibrium.
t can be easily realizedthat theshape of the linear arch follows the shape of the free bending moment diagram for abeam of the
SAt span and subjected to the same loading.
he W2
W W3

Linear arch

Given arch
H
H
Xo

Va
Fig. 2, 120
Free B.M. at aany section X= polar distance om xy'= Hy'
Moment due to horizontal thrust = Hy
where yand y' are the ordinates of the given and linear arches respectively.
118
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Net B.M. at the section.= Hy-Hy'= H-y')
. Net B.M. at section Xis
proportional to (y-y').
Hence the B.M. at amy section of an arch is proportional to the
arch This principle is called Eddy's theorem. ordinate or the intercept between the given arch and the l:
Fig. 2.120 shows both the given arch and the linear arch
The actuai B.M. at the section Xis corresponding to the given load system.
proportional to the ordinate XX
Exercise 2
1. Athree-hinged arch of
span 10 m
of 60 kN per mon the right half ofandtherise 2.5 mcarries a point load of 100 KN at 2.5 mfrom the
2. Athree-hinged span. Determine the horizontal thrust. left end and a uniformly
parabolic arch of span 30 m and rise 5mcarries a uniformly
distributed loo4 3.
load of200 RN at adistance of 5 m
form distributed
radial shear at a section 5 m from the the right end. Find the horizontal thrust. load of 40 KN per mon the whole span (200 kN)
left end. Find also bending moment, and apoint
3. A three-hingedcircular arch consists of two quadrantal parts of (H = 500 kN; Normal thrust and radial and aro

radii r, and r, and carries a M=-125 kNm; P, = 559 kN; S = 0)

Over the whole span. Show that the horizontal thrust is uniformly distributed load of wper unit run
4. Athree-hinged arch of
given by t)
4
span 40 m and rise 10
5. A
and a uniformly
distributed load of 50 kN permmcarries
on theconcentrated
right half
loads 20 kN and 150 kN at
distances 8 mand 16 mfrom the left end
three-hinged parabolic arch ACB has a span of 50 m. Its of the span. Find the
horizontal
caries a concentrated load of l00 and B are at depths 16 m thrust.
from C. Calculate the vertical and kN on AC at a distance ofabutments
A (700 KN)
10 mfrom Cand a and 25 mbelow the
crownC.
concentrated load of 200 kN on BC at a distanceTheof 20archm
6. A
three-hinged parabolic arch ACBhorizontal reactions at the
of span 50 m and rise supports AandB. (V=94.3 kN; V, =205.2 KN; H= 68.5 kN)
concentrated loads of 20 m
and radial shear at a 100 &N each at distances 5 mand 10 m fromcarries a
uniformly
section D 15 m From A. B. distributed
Find the horizontal thrust, and load of 50 kN per mon AC and
two
(H= the bending moment,
490.6 kN, normal thrust
7. Atwo-húnged
parabolic arch at span l and riseB.M,
moment of inertia
at D= 1361.1 kNm;
h carries a Normal thrust at D = $57.4 kN;
Radial shear at D = 39.2 kN)
of the arch rib uniformly
varies the secant of the slope of thedistributed
as load of w
supports. rib axis. Obtain the per unit run over the left half of span. The
Ifl= 20 mand h =4 mand expression for the horizontal thrust H at the
calculate (i) Hat the supportsw=20 kN/m,
and (ii) B.M. at the quarter
span point on the right half of the
arch.
H=
wi?
8. Atwo-hinged H= 125 kN; M=-125 kNm
parabolic arch of span land rise h
uniformly from zero to w.Obtain an carries triangular oad covering a
a
16h
expression for the horizontal thrust. distance a from the left end, the
intensity varying
wa
9. A
two-hinged parabolic arch of span 30 mand rise 6 m
left end. Find the
|H=o
48h
-12la' +5d)
carries a uniformly distributed load of
horizontal thrust, the reactions at the hinges and the maximum 40 kNIm covering a
10. A two-hinged negative (hogging) moment. distance of 12 mfrom
parabolic arch of span 25 mand rise 5 m (H=259.68 kN; V, =
Determine the horizontal thrust and the bending carries a uniformly distributed load of38430 kN; V,= 96 kN; M= 450.3 kNm)
11. A moment
two-hinged parabolic arch of span 24 mand rise 3 m at thea crown. kNIm on the left half of the span.
a
concentrated load of 70 kN at the crown. Determine the uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m over the
carries (234.375 kN; 0)
12. Atwo-hinged horizontal
parabolic arch of span 12 mand rise 2,4 mcarries two thrust. right half of the span ano
quarter span section, Find the horizontal thrust and the concentrated loads of 20 kN each placed at the
(469.375 RN)
13. Atwo-hinged parabolic bending moment at the crown at the rig
arch span 40 mand rise 8 m loaded points. (33.447 kN; 80.27 kNm: 14,80
Determine the horizontal thrustofand carries a uniformly RNm)
the maximum bending
moment for the arch.distributed load of 50 kN/m on the left half of the spa.
(625 kN; 1250 kNm)