Answer keys to the

revision paper
Week 12 ENG3329 English Grammar II
Updated by Dr Qin Xie
April 1, 2022
 1. That students enjoy grammar proves my point.

Q1. What is
2. The proposal is that we should teach language, not
grammar.
3. John claims he has earned his first million already.
the clause 4. That he fled will convince the jury of his guilt.

function in
5. We believe he exaggerates a great deal.
6. The claim is that analyses must be supported by arguments

the 7. John claims that he has earned his first million already.
8. That this arrangement may not work out is very upsetting

sentence? 9. We believe that he exaggerates a great deal.

10. We gave whoever was there a French pastry.
11. The problem is that it is not my phone.
What is the clause function in the sentence?
• That students enjoy grammar proves my point. Subj
• The proposal is that we should teach language, not grammar. Cs
• John claims he has earned his first million already. Od
• That he fled will convince the jury of his guilt. Subj
• We believe he exaggerates a great deal. Od
• The claim is that analyses must be supported by arguments .Cs
• John claims that he has earned his first million already. Od
• That this arrangement may not work out is very upsetting Subj
• We believe that he exaggerates a great deal. Od
• We gave whoever was there a French pastry. Oi
• The problem is that it is not my phone. Cs
• Make up complex, compound, complex-compound and simple
sentences (2 each).
Q2
In the following sentences identify each relative clause and indicate
whether it can be restrictive or non-restrictive. (Punctuation has been
omitted intentionally.) If a sentence can be either, discuss the
difference of meaning. Punctuate each sentence according to your
interpretations.
• a. Everyone who viewed the exhibit was satisfied.
• b. The visitors who viewed the exhibit were satisfied.
• c. Wendy who comes from Wyoming knows a lot about ranching.
• d. I hit the brakes which caused the car to fishtail.
Q 1 - Answers
a. Everyone who viewed the exhibit was satisfied. [R]

b. [R & NR]

NR version: The visitors, who viewed the exhibit, were satisfied.

[All visitors were satisfied, incidentally they viewed the exhibit]
R version: The visitors who viewed the exhibit were satisfied.
[Only the visitors who viewed the exhibit were satisfied.]

c. Wendy, who comes from Wyoming, knows a lot about ranching. [NR]

d. I hit the brakes, which caused the car to fishtail. [NR]

What kind of clause?
1. Wherever you find cotton, you will also find the boll weevil. Adv of place
2. Double quotes should be used only where they are appropriate. Adv of
place
3. As soon as the mailman came, Terry ran to the door. Adv of time
4. When she died, she left her pets $1,000,000. Adv of time
5. Because he hoped to elude his pursuers, Fred continued his trek. Adv of
reason
6. Before Bush was elected, there was more money for schools. Adv of time
7. Because/since/as funding is scarce, research is hampered. Adv of reason
What kind of clause?
1. If I were eight feet tall, (then) my dunk shot would be better. Adv of
condition
2. We packed food for 6 meals so (that) we could stay out overnight. Adv of
purpose
3. After you left the party, things really began to swing. Adv of time
4. Since the shuttle crashed, NASA has been demoralised. Adv of time
5. In order that we could do well, we formed study groups. Adv of purpose
6. If I practice more, my swing will improve. Adv of condition
7. While living in Kenya, Sheila learned Swahili. Adv of time
8. I am packing my suitcase now, so that I can leave early in the morning.
Adv of purpose
Make a list of 10 common subordinating conjunctions, for example,
until, once, whenever. Create or find at least one sentence that contains
a subordinate adverbial clause introduced by each of these
conjunctions.
For each of the italised clauses below, determine
whether it is finite or non-finite.
• We think the ghost appears at midnight.
• We want the ghost to appear at midnight
• We think the ghost will appear at midnight.
• Glen claims that he is the world’s greatest limerick poet.
• Malcolm intends to return to school in the fall.
• For us to win, we must first qualify for the tournament.
• To err is human; to forgive is divine.
• That the Earth is warming is truly cause for alarm.
Task 4 Answers
a) We think the ghost appears at midnight. [F]
b) We want the ghost to appear at midnight [NF]
c) We think the ghost will appear at midnight. [F]
d) Glen claims that he is the world’s greatest limerick poet. [F]
e) Malcolm intends to return to school in the fall. [NF]
f) For us to win, we must first qualify for the tournament. [NF]
g) To err is human; to forgive is divine. [NF]
h) That the Earth is warming is truly cause for alarm. [F]
Identify the entire gerund phrase in each of the
following sentences, and identify the grammatical role
the gerund plays in the sentence in which it occurs.
a. Parting is such sweet sorrow.
b. We anticipated their losing in the final.
c. The teacher had no objection to my leaving class early
d. Higgins gave riding his best try.
e. My most pleasurable activity is hiking in the mountains.
f. They taught him skiing
Identify the entire gerund phrase in each of the
following sentences, and identify the grammatical role
the gerund plays in the sentence in which it occurs.
a. Parting is such sweet sorrow. Parting - subject
b. We anticipated their losing in the final. Their losing - Od
c. The teacher had no objection to my leaving class early. my leaving
class early – object of preposition
d. Higgins gave riding his best try. riding - Oi
e. My most pleasurable activity is hiking in the mountains. hiking in
the mountains - Cs
f. They taught him skiing. Skiing - Od
What kind of clause? Function?
• Giving grammar lectures is always a challenge. Subject
• Bill’s leaving town confirmed his guilt. Subject
• We encourage discussing language. Od
• We give discussing language our highest priority. Oi
• We give our highest priority to discussing language. Oi
(a) Identify the entire participial phrase in each of the following
sentences; (b) for each participle you identify, say whether it is a Ving
(present) or a Ven (past) participle; and (c) identify the expression
modified by the participle.
• a. A miser parted from his money must surely be desperate.
• b. The guy giving directions is as lost as everyone else.
• c. His lead cut in half, Tiger redoubled his efforts.
• d Rejected by the publisher, Ashley consigned his manuscript to the
flames.
• e. Having been issued a second yellow card, Renaldo had to sit out
the next game.
• f. All being fair in love and war, chess players routinely try to distract
their opponents.
• g. Remaining students must register at the department office.
 Task 5 Answers

a) A miser parted from his money must surely be desperate. [Ven] ‘A miser’
b) The guy giving directions is as lost as everyone else. [Ving] ‘The guy’
c) His lead cut in half, Tiger redoubled his efforts. [Ven] ‘His lead’
d) Having been issued a second yellow card, Ronaldo had to sit out the game.
[Ving] ‘Ronaldo’
• e Rejected by the publisher, Ashley consigned his manuscript to the flames. [Ved]
Ashley
• f. All being fair in love and war, chess players routinely try to distract their
opponents. [Ving] all
• g. Remaining students must register at the department office. [Ving] students
What kind of sentence?
• The king is in his counting house and the queen is in her parlour.
• The king is in his room, after having eaten in the dining hall and before he
intends to retire in his sleeping chamber.
• The police must charge you or they must release you.
• Even though the police arrested you, you are innocent until proven guilty,
and you have the right to a lawyer.
• You must remain here but your partner may go.
• Even if you remain in line, you won’t be able to get tickets.
• The TV is on; the beers are chilled; the teams are on the feld; we’re ready
for action.
• Studying grammar was the best decision of my life.
What kind of sentence?
• The king is in his counting house and the queen is in her parlour.
Compound
• The king is in his room, after having eaten in the dining hall and before he
intends to retire in his sleeping chamber. Complex
• The police must charge you or they must release you. Compound
• Even though the police arrested you, you are innocent until proven guilty,
and you have the right to a lawyer. Compound-complex
• You must remain here but your partner may go. compound
• Even if you remain in line, you won’t be able to get tickets. complex
• The TV is on; the beers are chilled; the teams are on the field; we’re ready
for action. compound
• Studying grammar was the best decision of my life. complex
Extraposition
1. Apply extraposition to the following sentences:
a. That dictionaries have poetic qualities has often been proposed.
b. That we should carefully study Diamond’s theories on the collapse of
civilizations is abundantly clear.
c. That grammatical subjects are not always topics has been repeatedly
shown.

2. Reverse the extraposition in the following sentences:

a. It must be recalled that the earliest inhabitants of the Americas arrived
from Siberia.
b. It is extremely likely that the researchers’ claims are true.
c. It is utterly inconceivable that the press secretary would tell such an
egregious lie.
 Task 6 Answers
a) It has often been proposed that dictionaries have poetic qualities.
b) It is abundantly clear that we should carefully study Diamond’s theories on the
collapse of civilizations.
c) It has been repeatedly shown that grammatical subjects are not always topics.

d) That the earliest inhabitants of the Americas arrived from Siberia must be
recalled.
e) That the researchers’ claims are true is extremely likely.
f) That the press secretary would tell such an egregious lie is utterly inconceivable .
For each of the following it-cleft sentences,
create a brief text into which it fits naturally.
• a. It is Obama who leads the delegate count.
• b. It is the few, the powerful, and the famous who shape our
collective destiny.
• c. It is this level of production excellence that rescues Spielberg’s
movie from being merely a thriller.
• d. It is urban life that is associated with excitement, freedom, and
diverse daily life.
For each of the following pseudo-clefts,
create a brief text into which it fits naturally.
a. What sets the US apart from all other countries is its venerable
constitution.
b. What makes blogging special is that it allows individuals to rapidly
express and disseminate their thoughts.
c. What must be remembered is that the effects of one’s actions are
never fully calculable.
d. What intrigues me is that morals are also subject to fashion.
e. What we must learn frst is not that terrorists are uniquely evil but
that all targeting of civilians is immoral.
In the following text, slightly adapted from Martha
Grimes’ novel The Stargazy (1998: 3), find at least
one of each of the following:
(a) a complex sentence; g) a to-infinitive clause;
(b) a compound-complex h) an adverbial clause;
sentence; i) a Ving (present) participle;
(c) a relative clause; j) a Ven (past) participle;
(d) an it-cleft sentence; k) a gerund.
(e) a pseudo-cleft sentence;
(f) an extraposed sentence;
That was how she felt now. She would have preferred the isolation not be a freezing
one, but personal discomfort bothered her only insofar as it kept her from
performing. She had trained herself to withstand any discomfort that could come
along, discomforts of either body or mind. The mind was more difficult, being
limitless. She raised her eyes for a moment to look up at the stars. In the course of
her studies, she had read that what fuelled the stars was the merging of atoms.
Fusion science. What fascinated her was the notion that the amount of energy in
was the amount of energy out. There was an equation: Q=1. And this, she had to
imagine, was perfect balance, like that of the Alexander Column. It was perfect
balance that she was after; it was all that she was after. She wanted to get to that
point where nothing resonated, where the past could not pretend to shape itself
into the present, where planes had clear sharp edges to which nothing clung. People
didn’t come into it; they weren’t part of the equation. What relationships she’d had
had been brief and in her control, though her partners didn’t seem aware of this. It
was astonishing that people could be so easily hoodwinked, so easily led.
Answers
(a) a complex sentence: S3 ‘She had trained herself to withstand any discomfort
that could come along, discomforts of either body or mind.’
(b) a compound-complex sentence: S2 ‘She would have preferred the isolation not
be a freezing one, but personal discomfort bothered her only insofar as it kept
her from performing.’
(c) a relative clause: S3 ‘that could come along’; S12 ‘She wanted to get to that
point where nothing resonated, where the past could not pretend to shape itself
into the present, where planes had clear sharp edges to which nothing clung.’
(d) an it-cleft sentence: S10 ‘It was perfect balance that she was after’
(e) a pseudo-cleft sentence: S8 ‘What fascinated her was the notion that the amount
of energy in was the amount of energy out.’
(f) an extraposed sentence: S15 It was astonishing that people could be so easily
hoodwinked, so easily led.
g) a to-infinitive clause: S5 ‘to look up at the stars’
h) an adverbial clause: S2 ‘insofar as it kept her from performing’; S14
‘though her partners didn’t seem aware of this’
i) a Ving (present) participle: S4 ‘The mind was more difficult, being
limitless.’
j) a Ven (past) participle: S15 ‘It was astonishing that people could be
so easily hoodwinked, so easily led.’
k) a gerund: S2 ‘She would have preferred the isolation not be a
freezing one, but personal discomfort bothered her only insofar as it
kept her from performing.’