COVID-19 PANDEMIC: MOBILITY

AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

A Case Study

Presented to the Faculty of the

Computer Science Department

College of Science

Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd., Manila

by

JONEL PEREGRIN PRIVADO

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Fundamentals of Information System

June 2021
 1

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has wreaked havoc on public and private

transportation systems. This issue has an economic and physical impact on all people and

society as a whole. The demand for passenger transportation has been affected as a result

of the lockdown in many countries. Due to the pandemic and related restrictions, there has

been an increase in transportation demand, particularly for public transportation, which is

accessible to everyone. This case study will look at how technology can support people

who are regularly considered to be at risk of virus infuse due to their needs of using public

transportation. The coronavirus disease makes use of technology innovation for preventing

contacts and the rapid spread of the virus. This study focuses on Metro Manila – a

characteristic megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide.

This study aims to know what are the struggles and experiences of every Filipino in this

time of the pandemic, the lack of public transport modes, how they follow the policies

including safety protocols of every mode of transportation, especially public vehicle to

prevent the rapid spreading of the COVID-19 because of physical contact, the role of

technology in times of pandemic like this to help people and to bring innovation in terms

of transportation to ensure the health of many people.

Keywords: COVID-19, mobility, transportation, public transport, technology, ITS…

 2

COVID-19 PANDEMIC: MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Throughout the year 2020, COVID-19 has turned into a full-blown pandemic,

which poses a global risk to our health and global economies. The disease was first

observed in December 2019 around Wuhan and is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Andersen, Rambaut , Lipkin, Holmes, & Garry,

2020)1. By March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19

as a pandemic (World Health Organization, 2020)2. The pandemic has been an enormous

global disruption with immense economic, environmental, and social impacts throughout

the world. A novel aspect of this pandemic has been the speed of its global spread. A high

percentage of infected people were asymptomatic, which led to high transmission rates and

resulting exponential growth in many cases (Hendrickson & Rillet, 2020)3. The year 2020

was a landmark for human mobility, with dramatically reduced cross-border movements

of all kinds. In this early phase, countries introduced a raft of travel restrictions and health

requirements to respond to the fast-evolving public health situation (Benton , Batalova,

Davidoff-Gore , & Schmidt, 2020)4 . The pandemic crisis has greatly impacted public

transport ridership and service provision across the world. As many countries start to

navigate their return to normality, new public transport planning requirements are devised.

These measures imply a major reduction in service capacity compared to the pre-COVID-

19 era (Gkiotsalitisa, 2020)5. Since the rapid spread of the virus in the world and social

distancing or stay-at-home measures have been adopted by many countries. In cities of

developing countries, public transport is the preferred mode of transportation, especially

for daily subsistence activity. But, overcrowded public transport poses a significant risk to

the transmission of this viral infection. On the other hand, shifting to private transport by
 3

individuals who can afford is aggravating traffic congestion with an increase in on-road

vehicles and, thereby, deteriorating the overall air quality in the urban environment (

Bandyopadhyay , 2020)6. Transportation systems remain at the forefront of this pandemic.

For instance, human mobility behavior and system usage collected from mobile phones

and transportation systems will play a key role to understand COVID-19 transmission

patterns, the impacts of disruptions to our social and economic activities, and recovery

from those disruptions (Anowar , Sun, Hasan, & Legara)7. These policies were designed

to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by restricting the contact between infectious

and susceptible individuals and to slow the spread of the virus out of epidemic hotspots. In

general, the public’s response to announcements of lockdown policies—defined here as

restrictions on local movement or long-distance travel—will determine how effective these

kinds of interventions are (Kishore, et al., 2021)8. It is important to understand this

relationship between a pandemic and transportation to control the spread of a disease

through transportation and suppress the negative impacts of that disease on transportation

(Ali, Sharma, & Haque, 2020)9. Whether they’ll ever get back on board is impossible to

predict, but according to research into the travel habits of people in 104 cities across 28

countries, lockdowns, the rise of remote working, and stay-home orders have all meant a

reduction in the volume of people commuting (Fleming, 2021)10. Technology and digital

innovation have started to transform the way we move, especially in cities. And although

the coronavirus (COVID-19) has brought much of transport to a screeching halt, there are

many reasons to believe that the pandemic will accelerate rather than impede the

digitization of urban mobility. Embracing disruptive technologies may be one of the most

promising avenues to weather the crisis and lay the foundation for more sustainable urban
 4

transport (Quiros, 2020)11. As the movement of people and goods have been restricted to

contain the spread of COVID-19, demand-driven dynamic solutions have emerged as

critical tools for resiliency. On-demand shared modes and electric micro-mobility, in

particular, have pivoted to support essential workers’ commutes, equipment, and goods

deliveries. Transit is the backbone of a sustainable urban mobility system, it is the lifeline

of the movement of people; but it was never perfect, and therefore other mobility options

kept emerging over the past decade. There is probably no silver bullet, and mobility options

need to vary to serve everyone (Caballero & Dror, 2020)12. Through thoughtful mobility

options integration, an affordable, smart, resilient and efficient intermodal and multi-modal

transport system can become a desired new norm (World Economic Forum, 2020)13. As

per stated by (Conboy, Myers, & Ågerfalk, 2020)14 Although several countries are already

lifting some of the restrictions put in place to slow down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2

virus, we can expect a continued impact on individuals, organizations and governments for

a long time. According to (Sung & Monschauer, 2020)15 One of the biggest impacts has

been the reduction in passenger transport demand, due to a combination of government

lockdowns and fears of contracting and spreading the virus when using mass transport

modes. While freight transport has also been reduced, the drivers of freight activity during

the current crisis are complex, driven by both supply- and demand-side factors, and in the

latter, by the need to keep essential services operating. Many players in the transportation

sector are adapting to these changing demands (Harikumar, 2020)16. New mobility systems

such as ride-hailing have responded to the crisis as well, providing free or discounted

transport for essential workers and health care providers, as well as facilitating the delivery

of food and other essential supplies (Quiros, 2020)17. Even in the midst of a health crisis –
 5

or precisely because of it – essential and frontier workers, as well as many others, depend

on access to mobility. Due to the mentioned constraints, the transport sector is therefore in

an unprecedented situation, causing a paradigm shift in which it needs to change its role

and function in society (Kim, 2020)18. The economic and social effects of the COVID-19

outbreak in public transportation extend beyond service performance and health risks to

financial viability, social equity, and sustainable mobility (Tirachini & Cats, 2020)19. As

per stated by (Zhou, et al., 2020)20 Restricting human mobility is an effective strategy used

to control disease spread. However, whether mobility restriction is a proportional response

to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is unclear. Aimed to develop a model that can

quantify the potential effects of various intracity mobility restrictions on the spread of

COVID-19. Meanwhile, studies that evaluate the mobility changes during the pandemic

from real-time and real-world observations mainly focus on a single indicator: distance

travelled (Pan, et al., 2020)21. Our lives stop their normal rhythm and are forced to follow

a new temporary norm. The next disaster, whatever it may be, pandemic or climate change,

our mobility system needs to be agile enough to adjust to the change while guaranteeing

public safety and the continuous movement of people and goods (Caballero & Dror,

2020)22. Cities can manage this crisis and emerge as the hubs of energy, resilience and

innovation that make them such vibrant and appealing places for many to live (United

Nations, 2020)23.

This study focuses on Metro Manila, a developing megacity in Southeast Asia that

experienced one of the longest and most stringent lockdowns worldwide (Hale & Webster,

2020)24. Due to the geographical proximity and the close bilateral connection to China,

where the outbreak originated, the Philippines was one of the first countries to report
 6

SARS-CoV-2 infections. (Baustista & Luz Lopez, 2020)25. Here the case of Metro Manila,

the national capital region of the Philippines, is instructive, given both the scale of the

problems with the city’s transportation systems and the active efforts of urban transport

reform advocates to present creative solutions (Sidel, 2020)26. In normal times, there might

be many attributes that cities strive to compete on and excel at the global level, including

livability, competitiveness, and sustainability, but in any given day and especially in a time

of crisis, a city must function well for its citizens (World Bank, 2020)27. Even before the

pandemic, one of the key problems in our country is that traffic congestion. In fact, at the

start of this year, Metro Manila was identified because of the second most congested city

in the world. Ever since then, commuters have already been laid low with our country’s

inhumane public transportation. The Filipino masses are desensitized by it that they already

got accustomed to waiting in long queues, riding at the rear of the jeepneys, overcrowding

in trains and other PUV’s, and travelling through hours and hours of traffic just to induce

home. (Cruz, 2020)28. While mobility challenges have long existed in the country, for

Metro Manila, in particular, the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has made

the situation even worse for the masses (Esmael, 2020)29. The absence of effective and

sufficient mass transportation systems, as well as daily traffic congestion, have been a

source of daily stress and aggravation, with the typical vehicle commute in Metro Manila

(World Bank, 2017)30. In an aim to lessen Covid-19’s blow, the national government

decided to impose a total ban on all forms of public transportation on March 17, 2020,

resulting in stranded commuters, including hospital workers, who were in the frontlines in

the battle against Covid-19. Light Rail Transit Lines 1 and 2, Metro Rail Transit 3, and

Philippine National Railways were all put on hold as a result of the ruling. Public utility
 7

buses, jeepneys, taxis, transport network vehicle service (TNVS), public utility vans (UV

Express), point-to-point (P2P) buses, and motorcycle taxis were among the means of land

transportation that were halted. On June 1, Metro Manila and surrounding areas were

placed under general community quarantine which marked the beginning of the resumption

of public transport in the country (Dela Cruz, 2020)31. According to the study of

(Hasselwander, et al., 2020)32 Due to the lack of mass transit solutions (the rail transit

network with three different lines only covers 50.3 km), the public transport systems in

Metro Manila are predominated by road-based services that include buses, jeepneys (local

12 to 16-seater paratransit vehicles), FX (a point-to-point microbus service), and tricycles

(a local auto-rickshaw version). (Piojo, 2020)33 “Commuting is more expensive now across

all public transport modes,” said Jedd Ugay, chief mobility officer of AltMobility PH. For

instance, local governments have restricted tricycles to one passenger at a time. This means

a passenger needs to pay more for a “special ride.” While the new health protocols take

into account the welfare of commuters amid the pandemic, the riding public now has to

choose between safety or savings. As the country eases out its restrictions, we expect to

see more people go about their way through the available public transport or through other

means like private cars, bikes and motorcycles. According to (Land Transportation

Office)34, there are 12,725,305 registered motorcycle units in the Philippines as of 2019.

The pandemic popularized another form of transportation – biking. The country's

importation of bicycles increased, and the government is working to establish additional

bike lanes (Simeon, 2021)35. If you have been biking to work, to run errands or purely for

leisure since the pandemic has started then you are not far from being the only one. Yet the

question needs to be asked: How do you ensure a safe commute during the COVID-19
 8

pandemic? According to (The Medical City Clinic, 2020)36 It wasn’t too long ago that we

travelled on trains, buses and jeepneys shoulder to shoulder, enduring cramped public

transportation just so we can get to work or wherever we need to be. Not everyone has a

car or the ability to bike to work. That is why for most of us, there is no other choice but to

take public transportation. (Asian Development Bank, 2020)37 Public transport must adapt

to a “new normal” in the wake of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and adopt

technologies that will render it more green and resilient to future disasters. While public

transit may have been previously perceived as a mostly green, efficient, and affordable

mode of travel, initial trends in cities that have re-opened have indicated that public transit

is still considered to be relatively unsafe and is not bouncing back as quickly as the use of

private vehicles, cycling, and walking. More and more people are turning into cycling and

walking as alternative modes of transport. However, about 70 percent of the road space is

occupied by cars. There is not enough space provided for bike lanes, so it’s not safe yet for

cyclists to travel on highways. Good thing, initiatives by cycling groups have started

organizing pop-up bike lanes in EDSA (Cruz, 2020)38. To ensure the continued operation

of essential services while controlling the spread of the pandemic and support to the

Filipino people, the DOTr and other government agencies worked together through

programs against Covid-19 (Dela Cruz, 2020)39. To help support drivers and operators who

suffered through declining revenue due to restrictions in public transport during the

pandemic, the LTFRB launched the Service Contracting Program to provide them with

additional benefits aside from their regular income. The recommended precautionary

measures are self-evidently sensible and straightforward. Rail, bus, and other public

transport vehicles should be operating at a maximum of 50% capacity, with passengers

 9

spaced out to maintain social distancing (Sidel, 2020)40. To curb the further spread of

Covid-19 in both public and private road transport, the DOTr required mandatory cashless

transactions in Luzon tollways through radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. (Sidel,

2020)41 Thus transport reform advocates in cities across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and

the Middle East merit strong support from local constituencies, government leaders, as well

as overseas development agencies and international financial institutions, as they push for

the implementation of innovative solutions not only to the COVID-19 crisis but to more

longstanding and deeply rooted problems with urban transportation systems across the

Global South. As countries slowly recover from the pandemic, we are seeing a significant

shift in transport patterns. Using publicly available transport data from several transit

applications (including Waze Connected Citizens Program, Google and Apple) we found

that in Southeast Asia ridership fell by over 90% in March compared to pre-pandemic

patterns in January (Sy, Rahemtulla, & Carasco, 2020)42. This was amidst various degrees

of lockdown and social distancing measures imposed by governments, including

restrictions on public transport. Trends in the Philippines and around the region are

pointing toward shifting behavior in transport. To adapt, develop, and be more responsive,

we must improve data systems to better answer these shifting demands. The global

recovery from the pandemic provides an opportunity to reimagine human mobility (

Gonzalez & Dadey, 2020)43. For sustainable mobility to be sustained, it is imperative to

start investing in behavioral change activities that will cause more commuters of all types

to shift towards sustainable mobility (Nacino, 2021)44.

 10

Aims

The woes of the Philippines’ commuting public have been a long-standing issue

even before COVID-19. When this pandemic starts people demands for transportation

because many transportation modes stop due to the lockdowns and following the safety

measures to prevent the rapid spreading of the disease. This study aims to know what are

the struggles and experiences of every Filipino in this time of the pandemic, the lack of

public transport modes, how they follow the policies including safety protocols of every

mode of transportation, especially public vehicle to prevent the rapid spreading of the

COVID-19 because of physical contact. And how government manage the transportation

modes especially in metro manila. This study also aims to address what is the role of

technology in times of pandemic like this to help people and to bring innovation in terms

of transportation to ensure the health of many people.

Methods

The researcher prepared Dichotomous Questions to answer by yes or no, a Rating

scale to rate the exposure of COVID-19 in using transportation modes that have given, and

static questions to answer by personal insights and suggestions. The researcher selected 20

respondents to contribute to this study. The chosen respondents are having an age range of

18-30 years old. The participants responded to the questions based on their personal

experiences. The questions provided are all relevant to the participants. The data were

collected through google forms. The participant's answer was anonymous.

 11

Results

The results of the conducted study are obtained from the data of participants who

answered the questionnaire that has been done. The response of the chosen respondents is

based on their personal experiences and insights. The participants answered that using

public transport are 70% and 30% that have a private vehicle. Most of the participant that

using public transport answered that the level of public transport that they often use are (1)

jeepney, (2) buses, (3) train, and (4) tricycle. The participant's response to the safety

protocols and policies of different transport (i) temperature check, (ii) sanitizing, (iii) social

distancing, but they also said that when often using jeepney as public transport people do

not maintain the proper social distancing. 60% of participants use a grab car and taxi to

avoid physical contact. The participants answered that they agree to a cashless mode of

payment and they said that when riding buses and trains they have their own beep card.

These figures represent that this is their response to rate the exposure to the virus

in terms of mobility.

1 – Very Low

2 – Low

3 – Moderate

4 – High

5 – Extremely High

Figure 1
Walking
 12

Figure 2
Use of Train, Buses, and Jeepney

Figure 3
Use of Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Tricycle

Figure 4
Use of Taxi/Grab Car
 13

This data shows that buses, jeepney, and trains are the most chose that has higher

exposure to COVID-19 infection because of many people using it and sometimes you

cannot avoid the physical contact. Respondents say that the people and the organization of

different transport modes should follow the protocols and safety measures for the safety of

all the people. The participants added that technology plays a major role in times of this

pandemic. Participants say their insights about Intelligent Transportation System. They

said that Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is good but people should take into

consideration the other factors that might affect to maximize and achieve efficiency of this

initiative like a wide range of electronic devices, internet connection, data

analysis/transmission and others, specifically here in the Philippines. They added that it is

an innovative and great way to avoid physical contact.

Discussion

In this study, the researcher identified and analyzed changes in mobility behavior

in face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data analysis shows that the changes are closely

linked to the containment measures imposed by the governments and how they handle a

situation like this to fulfill the needs of transportation of Filipino. In fact, the different

phases of the lockdown can easily be read from the data. During the strictest phase of the

lockdown (ECQ), public transport was completely suspended and significantly restricted

as the quarantine state continued over the following months. As a result, movements at

transit stations fell by as much as 95 %, and public transport trips are the slowest to recover

since then (Hasselwander, et al., 2020)45.

This study answered the experiences of every Filipino people and what are the

alternative ways in terms of mobility. Many Filipino use the bicycle as their own transport,
 14

the streets have been filled with cyclists. Riding bikes has become a promising solution to

the metro's transit problem. It allows one to go great distances—as far as 10 to 15

kilometres, as well as maintain distance from other commuters (Nuestro, 2020)46. As

continue the discussion of this study, most Filipino people walking a long distance because

of the maximum capacity of public transport so people walk instead and for them to avoid

physical contact. Riding to a Grab Car/Taxi is one of the most used transport to avoid

physical contact to many people because of the messaging app and the cashless payment

so it is easy to communicate without physical contact. Increasingly sophisticated

technology certainly makes all people living at this time very dependent on information

technology in their every activity (Tungkup, 2021)47. Nevertheless, technology plays a

major role in this pandemic because it is driven to innovation that can help people to more

discoveries that reduce the struggles of every Filipino in terms of transportation not only

in this time of pandemic but all of the struggles that Filipino facing here in the Philippines

specifically here in Metro Manila like Traffic, Air pollution, and etc. But infrastructure

interventions merely scratched the surface. Transport planners around the world have long

argued that building roads only creates demand – more people would still want to drive on

them. Traffic congestion is not just an issue of road space, but also of efficient use (Rappler,

2020)48. All of the unanswered questions and problems of transport will be able to answer

in the future by researchers and maybe it will lead to innovation in terms of technology that

will develop transport modes as well as the communication of every people.

Recommendations

Transport and mobility are at the epicenter not only of the immediate, but also the

long-term, challenges posed by the Coronavirus pandemic. Solutions to overcome the crisis
 15

and mitigate its impact must be found across transport modes and across economic sectors.

The time of silos is over. The transport sector will have to play an important role in the

recovery (Kim, 2020)49. This study recommends having knowledge about technology and

how technology plays in terms of transportation and communication, this is for the benefits

of all. With the rise of certain technologies, mankind has been able to achieve things that

the human body, alone, could not do (Liou, 2018)50. The researcher introduces the

Intelligence Transportation System, during the last decade, significant development of

“smart” information technologies for vehicle routing management has emerged, based on

technological advances in more accurate geographic information systems, new-generation

of computers with increased processing capabilities, and developments of better planning

systems and techniques (Serna, Cortes, & Gomez, 2013)51. Intelligent Transport System

are a set of advanced applications inside information technology, electronics and

communications that, from a social economic and environmental standpoint, are designed

to improve transport mobility, safety and productivity, by optimizing the use of existing

infrastructure, increasing energy efficiency and improving the capacity of the transport

system. Intelligent Transport Systems aim to respond, from a multimodal perspective to

the transportation needs, applying ICT (Information and Communication Technologies).

In India, Android Application based Smart Bus Transportation System was introduced

which guides the passengers in booking the bus tickets using the Android Application and

it also helps the passengers to keep an update on bus location based on their request. This

system also sends an alert message a few minutes in advance to the passengers before the

bus reaches the passengers boarding point. This system also sends the precautionary

instruction priorly to the passengers that have to be followed while travelling on the bus.
 16

In order to provide additional safety to the passengers, the temperature of the passengers is

monitored and intimated to the bus in change before they are permitted into the bus

(Krishnan, Robinson, Narayanan, Raj, & Manikandan, 2021)52. Here in the Philippines,

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is eyeing to adopt the

intelligent transport system (ITS) (Pateña, 2018). The technology will ensure the

integration of local government units (LGUs) to formulate a comprehensive solution to

ease traffic congestion in the metropolis. MMDA chairman Danilo Lim said it is urgent to

use modern technology to deal with traffic, flood control and urban planning and renewal

in Metro Manila. Making Metro Manila a “smart city” is “not impossible” if the

government starts to make all systems and infrastructure “efficient, Technology has indeed

made its way through our systems. Many, if not all, infrastructures are now technology-

enabled. From CCTVs, electronic sensors, and communication devices to electronic bus

cards and smart transport terminals,” Lim said. ITS is a system that applies information

and communications technology to road transportation, including infrastructure, vehicles

and users, and traffic management and mobility management. It is also used for interfaces

with other modes of transport (Galvez, 2019)53. Astoundingly, Intelligent Transportation

System and COVID-19 guidelines have a common central theme – both set sights on taking

out human presence. However, their reasons for taking out human presence are different.

Intelligent Transportation System aims at shifting the burden of managing vehicles and

transportation infrastructure from humans to automatic technologies, so as a result, there

will be fewer humans in vehicles and transportation infrastructure. On the other hand,

COVID-19 guidelines aim at keeping people away from each other, so they will not spread

the pandemic, and because of this aim, fewer humans in vehicles and transportation
 17

infrastructure is clearly advantageous (Wiseman, 2021)54. New transportation technologies

that provide a private space or space for very few people are the future transportation

technologies. There are such emerging transportation technologies. This study

recommends to the future researcher to study more the ITS and how we should help our

government here in the Philippines to implement it and adopt it to be hassle-free and

convenient. COVID-19 brings a lot of challenges not only in transport modes but in all

aspect of life. This technology really can help us so the future researchers out there study

the functions of the Intelligence Transportation System to brings innovation to Filipino

transport.
 18

Bibliography

Ali, Y., Sharma, A., & Haque, M. (2020). Transportation and a Pandemic: A Case Study
of COVID-19 Pandemic. Springer.
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut , A., Lipkin, I. W., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The
proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. naturemedicine, 450-452.
Anowar , S., Sun, L., Hasan, S., & Legara, E. (n.d.). Frontiers. COVID-19 and the Role of
Human Mobility and Transportation Systems.
Asian Development Bank. (2020, August 3). Public Transport Can Bounce Back from
COVID-19 with New and Green Technology, Says ADB.
Bandyopadhyay , S. (2020, October 21). Springer Link. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01958-0
Baustista, D., & Luz Lopez, M. (2020). TIMELINE: How the Philippines is handling
COVID-19.
Beltran, M. (2020, July 13). Philippines government. Philippines.
Benton , M., Batalova, J., Davidoff-Gore , S., & Schmidt, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the
State of. 1-2.
Bird, J., Kriticos, S., & Tsivanidis, N. (2020, August 6). International Growth Center.
Retrieved from https://www.theigc.org/blog/impact-of-covid-19-on-public-
transport/
Caballero, S., & Dror, M. B. (2020, March 26). World Economic Forum. Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/a-covid-19-transportation-adapt-
lessons-learned/
Conboy, K., Myers, M. D., & Ågerfalk, P. (2020, June 14). tandfondline. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1771968
Cruz, H. (2020, September 21). Make Sense Philippines. Retrieved from
https://philippines.makesense.org/2020/09/21/what-the-pandemic-is-teaching-us-
about-urban-transport-planning/
Dela Cruz, R. (2020, December 30). Philippines News Agency. Retrieved from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1125983
Esmael, L. K. (2020, December 25). The Manila Times. Retrieved from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/12/25/business/business-top/ph-transport-
sector-among-hardest-hit-by-covid-pandemic/817266
Fleming, S. (2021, February 4). World Economic Forum. Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/public-transport-covid-data/
 19

Galvez, D. (2019, June 24). Inquirer.Net. Retrieved from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1130355/mmda-to-fully-implement-intelligent-
transport-systems-in-next-3-years
Gkiotsalitisa, K. (2020, December 9). Public transport planning adaption under the
COVID-19 pandemic crisis: literature review of research needs and directions.
Gonzalez , G., & Dadey, K. (2020, December 18). Relief Web. Retrieved from
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/reimagining-human-mobility
Hale, T., & Webster, S. (2020, March 25). Oxford COVID-19 Government Response
Tracker.
Harikumar, A. (2020, April 8). The Energy and Resources Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.teriin.org/article/effects-covid-19-transportation-demand
Hasselwander, M., Tamagusko, T., Bigotte, J., Ferreira, A., Mejia, A., & Ferranti, E.
(2020). Building back better: The COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy.
Sustainable Cities and Society.
Hendrickson, C., & Rillet, L. R. (2020, May 5). ASCE Library. Retrieved from
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000418
Kim, Y. T. (2020). International Transport Forum. Retrieved from https://www.itf-
oecd.org/covid-19/paradigm-shift-transport
Kishore, N., Kahn, R., Martinez, P. P., De Salazar, P. M., Mahmud, A. S., & Buckee, C.
O. (2021). Lockdowns result in changes in human mobility which may impact the
epidemiologic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Scientific Reports.
Krishnan, S. R., Robinson, H. Y., Narayanan, L. K., Raj, R. J., & Manikandan. (2021,
February). Microsoft Academic. Retrieved from DOI:
10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388625
Land Transportation Office. (n.d.). Philippines No of Registered Motor Vehicles.
Liou, C. (2018, February 7). Retrieved from ST112 WA2018:
http://web.colby.edu/st112wa2018/2018/02/07/test-3/
Nacino, M. (2021, April 26). Making Sustainable Mobility Sustainable.
Nuestro, E. (2020, June 5). Ph Tatler. Retrieved from
https://ph.asiatatler.com/life/bicycles-as-a-safer-form-of-transportation-during-
the-new-normal-is-the-philippines-ready
Pan, Y., Darzi, A., Kabiri, A., Chao, G., Luo, W., & Zhang, L. (2020, November).
Quantifying human mobility behaviour changes during the COVID-19 outbreak in
the United States. Scientific Reports.
Pateña, J. (2018, June 1). PNA. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1037240
 20

Piojo, L. M. (2020). Terminal: The constant agony of commuting amid the pandemic.
Quiros, T. P. (2020, May 20). World Bank Blogs. Retrieved from
https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/covid-19-brought-urban-transport-its-knees-
digital-technology-will-put-it-back-its-feet
Rappler. (2020, October 14). Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/explanation-metro-manila-traffic-
public-commute-problem
Serna, M. A., Cortes, J. Z., & Gomez, R. (2013, June 15). scielo org. Retrieved from
INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT:
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0012-
73532013000400010
Sidel, J. (2020, September 10). What are the challenges faced by urban transport in the
Global South?
Simeon, L. (2021, March 9). Philstar Global. Retrieved from
https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/03/09/2082903/bike-imports-double-21-
million-amid-pandemic
Sung, J., & Monschauer, Y. (2020, May 27). IEA. Retrieved from
https://www.iea.org/articles/changes-in-transport-behaviour-during-the-covid-19-
crisis
Sy, S., Rahemtulla, H., & Carasco, B. (2020, October 12). Using urban mobility and big
data to track the pandemic.
The Medical City Clinic. (2020, August 27). Commuting During The COVID-19
Pandemic.
Tirachini, A., & Cats, O. (2020). COVID-19 and Public Transportation: Current
Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs. Journal Of Public Transportation.
Tungkup, D. L. (2021, January 12). Knowledge E. Retrieved from 10.18502/kss.v5i1.8302
United Nations. (2020, July). Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World. Retrieved from
UN Sustainable Development Group: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-
covid-19-urban-world
Wiseman, Y. (2021, March 17). Betham Open. Retrieved from
10.2174/1874447802115010011
World Bank. (2017). Philippines Urbanization Review : Fostering Competitive,
Sustainable and Inclusive Cities. Washington, DC.
World Bank. (2020, April 20). Urban Development.
 21

World Economic Forum. (2020, June 5). Forbes. Retrieved from

https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldeconomicforum/2020/06/05/how-
transportation-innovation-can-support-covid-19-recovery/?sh=4301600a1126
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the
Media Briefing on COVID-19.
Young, T. K. (2020). Transport in the Face of the Pandemic.
Zhou, Y., Xu, R., Hu, D., Yue, Y., Li, Q., & Xia, J. (2020, August). Effects of human
mobility restrictions on the spread of COVID-19 in Shenzhen, China: a modelling
study using mobile phone data. Retrieved from The Lancet Digital Health:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30165-5
 22

Figure 5: Survey Questionnaire in Google Forms

23
 24

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Privado, Jonel P.

Contact No.: 09497405125

Email Address: jonel.privado@tup.edu.ph

Personal Information

Age: 18 years old

Birthdate: June 28, 2002
Gender: Male
Place of Birth: Marinduque
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

Education

Primary
GSIS Village Elementary School
(2008 – 2014)
Secondary
Villagers Montessori College (VMC)
(2014 – 2018)
College of St. Catherine (CSCQC)
(2018 – 2020)
Tertiary
Technological University of the Philippines (TUP Manila)
(2020 – Present)
 25

Skills

 Fast Learner
 Computer Literacy
 Video Editing

Achievements

 3rd place of the 2x2 rubics cube competition in Junior High School
 Participated in Battle of the Bands in CSCQC
 Senior High School Honor Student