CALCULAT E CLEAR ALL

YOUR INPUT
3 cot (x )+1
Find ∫ dx.
​

− 3 cot (x )+1
​

SOLUTION
Let u = cot (x).
′
Then du = (cot (x)) dx =
2
− csc (x)dx (st eps can be seen here),
and we have t hat csc2 (x)dx = −du.

The int egral can be rewrit t en as

3 cot (x) + 1
∫ dx =
​

− 3 cot (x) + 1
​

3u + 1
∫ du
​

(u2 + 1) ( 3u − 1)
​

Perform part ial fract ion decomposit ion

(st eps can be seen here):

3u + 1
∫ du =
​

2
(u + 1) ( 3u − 1)
​

∫ (− ) du
3u − 1 3 3
+
​ ​

2 (u2 + 1) 2 (3u − 3)
​ ​

Integrate term by term:

∫ (− ) du =
3u − 1 3 3
+
​ ​

2 (u2 + 1) 2 (3u − 3)
​ ​

(∫
3 3 3u − 1
du − ∫ du
​ ​

2 (3u − 3) 2 (u2 + 1)
​ ​

Apply the constant multiple rule

1
∫ cf (u) du = c ∫ f (u) du wit h c = 2 ​

3 u−1
and f (u) = u2 +1 :
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

3u − 1
∫ du =
​

2 (u2 + 1)
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ u32u−1
( +1 du
)
​

2
​

Split t he fract ion:

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ u32u−1
+1 du
​

=
​

2
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ ( u2 3+1
u
− ​

u 2 +1 ) du
1
​

2
​

Integrate term by term:

 3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ ( u2 3+1
u
− ​

u 2 +1 ) du
1
​

=
2
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

(∫ 3u
u 2 +1 du
​

​ + ∫ (− u21+1 ) du) ​

2
​

Let v = u2 + 1.
′
Then dv = (u2 + 1) du = 2udu
(st eps can be seen here), and we have t hat
udu = dv
2 . ​

Thus,

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du ∫ u2 3+1
u
du ​

− =
​ ​

2 2
​ ​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du ∫ 2v3 dv ​

−
​
​

2 2
​ ​

Apply the constant multiple rule

∫ cf (v) dv = c ∫ f (v) dv wit h c =
3 1
and f (v) = v :
​

2
​ ​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du ∫ 2v3 dv ​

− =
​
​

2 2
​ ​
 3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

( )
3 ∫ 1v dv
∫ (− u21+1 ) du
​

2
​

−
​

2 2
​ ​

1 1
The integral of v is ∫ v dv ​ ​ = ln (∣v∣)

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

1
∫ (− u2 +1 ) du 3∫ 1v dv
− =
​
​ ​

2 4
​ ​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du 3ln (∣v∣)

−
​
​

2 4
​ ​

Recall t hat v = u2 + 1:

3 ln (∣v∣)
− +
​

4
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du
=
​

2
​

3 ln (∣∣(u2 + 1)∣∣)
− +
​ ​ ​

4
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du ​

2
​

Apply the constant multiple rule

∫ cf (u) du = c ∫ f (u) du wit h c =
−1 and f (u) = u21+1 : ​
 3 ln (u2 + 1)
− +
​

4
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

∫ (− u21+1 ) du
=
​

2
​

3 ln (u2 + 1)
− +
​

4
​

3 3
∫ du −
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

(− ∫ u21+1 du) ​

2
​

1 1
The integral of u2 +1 is ∫ u2 +1 du ​ ​ =
atan (u):

3 ln (u2 + 1)
− +
​

4
​

3 3 ∫ u21+1 du
∫ du + =
​
​

2 (3u − 3) 2
​ ​

3 ln (u2 + 1)
− +
​

4
​

3 3 atan (u)
∫ du +
​

2 (3u − 3) 2
​ ​

Apply the constant multiple rule

∫ cf (u) du = c ∫ f (u) du wit h c =
3 3 1
and f (u) = :
​

2 3u− 3
​ ​

3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)

− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

3 3
∫ du =
​

2 (3u − 3)
​

​
 3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)
− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

3 3 ∫ 3u−1 3 du
( )
​ ​

2
​

Let v = 3u − 3.
​

′
Then dv = (3u − 3) du = 3du
​

(st eps can be seen here), and we have t hat

du = dv
3 . ​

The int egral becomes

3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)

− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

3 3∫ 3u−1 3 du ​

=
2
​

3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)

− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

1
3 3∫ 3v dv ​ ​

2
​

Apply the constant multiple rule

1
∫ cf (v) dv = c ∫ f (v) dv wit h c = 3
​

1
and f (v) = v : ​

3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)

− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

1
3 3∫ 3v dv 3 ln (u2 + 1)
=− +
​ ​

2 41
​ ​

atan (u) 3 3( 3 )
∫ v dv ​

​ ​

+
2 2
​ ​

The integral of 1v is ∫ 1v dv ​ ​ = ln (∣v∣)

 3 ln (u2 + 1) atan (u)
− + +
​

4 2
​ ​

3∫ 1v dv 3 ln (u2 + 1)
=− +
​ ​ ​

2 4
​ ​

atan (u) 3ln (∣v∣)

+
​

2 2
​ ​

Recall t hat v = 3u − 3: ​

3 ln (u2 + 1) 3 ln (∣v∣)
− + +
​
​

4 2
​ ​

atan (u) 3 ln (u2 + 1)

=− +
​

2 4
​ ​

3 ln (∣∣(3u − 3)∣∣) atan (u)

+
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​

Recall t hat u = cot (x):

3 ln (∣∣ 3 − 3u∣∣)
−
​ ​ ​ ​

2
​

3 ln (1 + u2 ) atan (u)
+ =
​

4 2
​ ​

3 ln (∣∣ 3 − 3cot (x)∣∣)

−
​ ​ ​ ​

2
​

3 ln (1 + cot (x) )
2
​

+
4
​

atan (cot (x))

2
​

Therefore,

3 cot (x) + 1
∫ dx =
​

− 3 cot (x) + 1
​

3 ln (cot2 (x) + 1)
− +
​

4
​
 3 ln (∣∣3 cot (x) − 3∣∣)
+
​ ​ ​ ​

2
​

atan (cot (x))

2
​

Add t he const ant of int egrat ion:

3 cot (x) + 1
∫ dx =
​

− 3 cot (x) + 1
​

3 ln (cot2 (x) + 1)
− +
​

4
​

3 ln (∣∣3 cot (x) − 3∣∣)

+
​ ​ ​ ​

2
​

atan (cot (x))

+C
2
​

3 cot (x )+1
Answer: ∫ dx =
​

− 3 cot (x )+1
​

3 ln (cot2 (x )+1 )
− +
​

4
​

3 ln (∣3 cot (x )− 3 ∣) atan (cot (x ))

+ +
​ ​

2 2
​ ​

Related Notes: Subst it ut ion (Change of Variable) Rule

, Int egrat ion by Part s ,
Concept of Ant iderivat ive and Indefinit e Int egral ,
Int egrals Involving Trig Funct ions ,
Trigonomet ric Subst it ut ions In Int egrals ,
Int egrals Involving Rat ional Funct ions ,
Int egrat ion Formulas (Table of Indefinit e Int egrals) ,
Propert ies of Indefinit e Int egrals ,
Table of Ant iderivat ives

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