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International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

Automatic Headlight Intensity Control using Light Dependent

Resistor

Ambaji S. Jadhav1, Vikram Joshi2, Rashmi V. Pawar1

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, BLDEA’s V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of
Engineering & Technology, Vijayapur-586103, Karnataka, India
2
B.E. Student 8th Sem., Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, BLDEA’s V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of
Engineering & Technology, Vijayapur-586103, Karnataka, India

Email: asjadhavec@gmail.com, vikramjoshi887@gmail.com,

rashmi.ajadhav@gmail.com

Abstract: For so many years, road accidents have been a huge problem for automobile
industries since they must continuously upgrade their vehicles to withstand any type of
damages. In this regard, many technologies are invented to reduce the figure of accidents that
happen. One of the great reasons for road accident is due to bright headlight of vehicle coming
in opposite direction. High beam from the headlight causes a dangerous situation for night
driving. It causes temporary blindness for the drivers that may lead to collisions or may hit
people passing through the road and lives can be lost. According to the law of “Indian Roads
and Transport Council”, low intensity light has to be used always, however in the time of
overtaking or other mandatory situations, high beam can be turned on. But due to the driver’s
ignorance and since they cannot see the long-range road in low intensity, they always drive
with the high intensity light on. Automatic dipper, a circuit which controls the intensity of the
head light of vehicle has been designed here. From this automatic dipper system, the intensity
of headlight of the vehicle can be automatically controlled and can provide a better visible road
using optimization techniques for light condition.

Keywords: headlight, relay, transistor, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), variable resistor

1. Introduction
Nowadays, the number of vehicles and road transportation system are increasing rapidly. Due to this,
the number of road accidents also gradually rise which has been the motivation behind this project.
The "ministry of road transport and highways transport research wing" reported a project called "road
accidents in India (2018)" which says road accidents in India kills 1.5lakh people annually, in which
52.02% of accidents are related to the collisions by vehicle to vehicle and more than 30% of accidents
occur due to the headlight glare at night. A survey tells that 26.5% of people use dipper properly,
25.53% use it for sometime then avoid using and the remaining 48.3% drivers use high beam
continuously.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

ACCIDENTS STATISTICS
160

150
140

120

100

80

60

40
37
20
22.11
4.8 1 3 4.9 4.6 2
0
INDIA USA JAPAN
Accidents in lack Deaths in thousands Rank in deaths

Fig.1. Statistic diagram for accidents

According to a report, in 2018: In India a total of 4.8lakh accidents have happened in which
150thousand people have died; In USA, 22.11lakh accidents have happened in which 37thousand
people have died; In Japan, 4.9lakh accidents have occurred and 4.6thousand people lost their lives.
Among these, India stands first in the deaths occurred due to accidents although the number of
accidents is less compared to other countries, which clearly shows that the technology of the cars in
India and other factors are not up to the mark.

A Swiss physician and philosopher Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler (1780-1866) proposed a theory called
Troxler effect which states that, “the involuntary movements of the eye which occur even while gazing
gets settled slowly i.e., if the eye could perfectly fixate on some point in our visual field by
suppressing saccadic movement, a static scene would slowly fade from view after a few seconds due
to the local neural adaptation of the rods, cones, and ganglion cells in the retina. In brief, any constant
light stimulus will cause an individual neuron to become desensitized to that stimulus, and hence
reduce the strength of its signal to the brain”. Therefore, when the high beam of light directly falls
over the driver, affects his sight and his concentration on the road is hindered which may lead to a
crash.

Over a year, several experiments are done on vehicles in various methods to reduce the cause of
accidents but failed due to some drawbacks like temperature, economic and other issues. However,
from this proposed idea, those drawbacks can be compensated and can be employed in vehicles. As
this system does not have any costly equipment like microprocessor or microcontroller, it’s
economical and can be applied to the existing and upcoming vehicles easily. Especially in a country
like India, that has a greater number of lower class and middle class people, and the total number of
vehicles in 2019 to be 295.8 million, there is a necessity to come up with an idea which is cost
effective, easy to manufacture and easily employed to the vehicle.

2. Related Work

Paper [1] discussed various methods involving automatic headlight dipper using LDR,
Microcontroller, Microprocessor etc. that were used to control the headlight intensity when the
headlight of opposite vehicle falls on the light detecting device. In paper [2], some possible way to

2
International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

solve the problem namely, “LDR based intensity control, Fuzzy logic based intensity control, wireless
sensor network, IR transmitter and receiver and camera based intensity control system”were discussed.
In LDR based intensity control, a BJT or MOSFET with relay was used to detect the light. Paper [3]
attempted to solve the problem using LDR, Microcontroller (arduino), and PIR sensor. The light
sources here can be from the opposite vehicle, streetlights, lights from nearby shops with intensity
greater than 1 candela and at a distance of 50 meters.

Paper [4] explained automatic headlight intensity control method using photo transistor, ARM
controller and XBee to solve the problem. And it depicted that 33 percentage of accidents occur during
the night instead of day and also tend to have higher percentage of death. As per survey done by
researchers, the possible risk related to road accidents is double at night compared to daytime. In paper
[5] In this paper, own circuit board using microcontroller was designed. The experimental results of
this work showed that, the headlight of the vehicle deflects when the coming car light at a 230m
distance. LDR was used to detect the light and transistor to amplify the signal. Paper [6] proposed a
method using LDR, microcontroller, Relay, Zigbee communication to control the head light. And they
have estimated that, the“information that drivers gather visually” is 90% and whatever the actual
percentage may be, the importance of the visual system to driving cannot be doubted. Paper [7]
proposed their technique using 2 LDRs, Microcontroller and Relay. LDR was used in the front of the
vehicle and another LDR on roof panel, and they explained that Light“Dependent Resistors are very
useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high,
sometimes as high as 1M ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance, it drops
drastically.

The authors of paper [8] explained their work using LDR, PIC microcontroller and Relay, and they
said that, the cause of temporary blindness is called as Troxler effect. It states that this kind of
temporary blindness is otherwise known as the fading effect. The study showed that if human eyes are
exposed to a very bright light source of around 10,000 lumens, a glare or temporary” blindness is
experienced. This glare is produced due to over exposure of the rods and cones inside our eye. Even
after the source of glare is removed, an after-image remains in our eye that creates a blind spot. Paper
[9] explained a technique using LDR, Transistor and Relay. This system was designed, constructed,
tested and its working at a distance of 147m of the coming vehicle. In paper [10] the authors have
explained a project using LDR, Doppler Radar Sensor, OFS, VIP (Video Image Processor), Ultrasonic
Sensors and PIR (Passive Infrared), ILD (Inductive Loop Detectors), Magnetometers, Arduino UNO
(R3) and Boar. They explained that the components proposed are also very cheap compared to the
existing components in the luxury cars like BMW, Mercedes, Audi etc. Hence this can be adapted in
the economy sector cars.

3. Proposed system

Initially when the headlight of the vehicle is kept in high beam on road and if another vehicle with
high beam from the opposite direction hits on the light sensitive material called Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) of the current vehicle, then the LDR transmits low voltage current which cannot excite
the relay. The output of LDR if fed to the transistor which is connected to the battery, which amplifies
the signal supplied to the relay. 5 pin relay counter changes the current supply between two circuits. In
the vehicles, the headlight system has two choices between the intensities, i.e., the relay will fluctuate
the current between the high beam and low beam. When the relay is excited due to the transistor, the
relay connected to high beam light at first stage changes to low beam in second stage. The intensity at
which the headlight fluctuates that is detected by the LDR is controlled by the variable resistor,
connected to the transistor which controls the flow of current. When the vehicles coming in opposite
direction passes by, there will be no excitation to the relay and hence it suddenly changes to first stage
giving low intensity light.

3
International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

Fig.2. System architecture

a) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

Fig.3. LDR and its symbol

LDR is a light sensitive device and it works on the principal of photo conductivity which changes its
resistance value as light source falls on it. As the intensity of the light falling on it increases, the
conductivity of the LDR also increases. LDR exhibits analog output. There exists a secondary option
instead of LDR which is a photodiode. Both are low cost and sensitive to light, however considering
the case of headlight, LDR is preferred since it is suited for rugged environment, and they are also
used in streetlights. Photodiodes are used in precision equipment.

b) RELAY:

Fig.4. 5pin relay

Relay is the electrically operated switching device. As 5pin relay is used in this work, the relay
consists of two circuits between which it changes the current flow and is optimized using
optimization techniques [11, 12].

4
International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

4. Results and Discussion

As shown in fig.4, X and Y are the terminals of electromagnetic coil. Terminal C is having metal
filament which completes the circuit between the terminal A and B. In first stage, the current is
flowing between the terminal C and B where the high beam light is connected. When the terminals
X and Y are excited using electricity, the metal filament in C changes its direction so that the
connecting between the C and B is broken and connection between the terminals C and A are made,
Hence the low beam light connected to it starts glowing. As relay does not require high current and
cables, it reduces the cost and weight. Relays are placed anywhere in the vehicle, and they can also
be used in automobiles, motors etc.

Variable resistor:

Fig.5. Variable resistor and its diagram

Variable resistor or potentiometer is a device used to vary the resistance value in the circuit depending
on the position of the knob. It is commonly used in amplifiers, tuning circuits etc.

Transistor: Transistor is the basic electronic device which can be used for amplification and
switching operations.

Fig.6. Transistor and its diagram

Transistor is a semiconductor device used as a switching device in electronic signals, in amplifying

circuits and electrical power circuits. It is also used to control the output, however in this work it is
used as an amplifier.

Every possible solution from the related work do involve the Microcontroller and other high end
equipments making it complex, costly and difficult to equip in automobiles. As this proposed system
solves the problem in simple way as possible it is cheaper and simple to equip and can be built with
basic equipment. Moreover, it can withstand difficult conditions in automobiles.

5. Conclusion

The proposed system is simple to design and implement. As the size is compact and durable, it can be
easily installed in almost all vehicles. The performance of the proposed system is good when
compared with many other existing techniques.

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International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012001

References

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