Dersnot 1434 1682319345

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 61

Surface Integrals
Tangent Plane and Surface Normal
Let S be a surface in space and a parametric representation of it be of the form

𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌 (1)
where 𝑢, 𝑣 varies in some region R of the 𝑢𝑣 −plane. This mapping (1) maps every point 𝑢, 𝑣 in R onto the point of S
with position vector 𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
We get a curve 𝐶 on S by taking a pair of differentiable functions 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑡 , v 𝑡 whose derivatives 𝑢′ = and 𝑣 ′ = are
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
continuous. A tangent vector of 𝐶 on S
′
𝑑𝒓 𝜕𝑟 ′ 𝜕𝑟 ′
𝒓 𝑡 = = 𝑢 + 𝑣.
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Hence the partial derivatives 𝒓𝑢 and 𝒓𝑣 are tangential to S at the point P. We assume they are linearly independent, which
geometrically means that the curves 𝒖 =constant and 𝒗 =constant on S intersect at P at a nonzero angle. Then 𝒓𝑢 and 𝒓𝑣
span the tangent plane of S at P. Hence their cross product gives a normal vector 𝑵 of S at P.
𝑵 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 ≠ 0 (2)

𝑵 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 ≠ 0 (2)
The corresponding unit normal vector 𝒏 of S at P is
1 1
𝒏= 𝑵= 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 (3)
𝑵 𝒓𝑢 ×𝒓𝑣
• If S is represented by 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0, then
1
𝒏= 𝛻𝑔
𝛻𝑔
• For a surface 𝑧 = 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 the induced orientation is given by the unit normal vector
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
1 − 𝒊− 𝒋+𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝒏= 𝒓 × 𝒓𝑣 =
𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 𝑢 2 2
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
1+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Since the k-component is positive, this gives upward orientation of the surface.

A surface S is called a smooth surface if its surface normal depends continuously on the points of S
Example: Sphere
S is called pieceweise smooth if it consists of finitely many smooth pieces.

Example: Surface of a cube
If S is a smooth orientable surface given in parametric form by a vector function 𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 , then it is automatically supplied
with the orientation of the unit normal vector
1
𝒏= 𝒓 × 𝒓𝑣
𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 𝑢
and the opposite orientation is given by −𝒏.

Surface Integrals of Scalar-Valued Functions
Definition
Let 𝑓 be a continuous scalar-valued function on a smooth surface S given parametrically by
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌,
where 𝑢, 𝑣 varies over a region R in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane. Assume also that the tangent vectors
𝒓𝑢 and 𝒓𝑣 are continuous on R. Then the surface integral of 𝑓 over S is
ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, this integral equals the surface area of S.

Surface Integrals on Explicitly Defined Surfaces
Theorem
Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on a smooth surface 𝑆 given by 𝑧 = 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 , for 𝑥, 𝑦 in a region R. The surface
integral of 𝑓 over 𝑆 is
2 2
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 1+ + 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆 R
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, the surface integral equals the area of the surface.

EXAMPLE Evaluate the surface integral: ‫ 𝑥 𝑆׭‬2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑆, 𝑆 is the part of the cone 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 that lies between the planes
𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 3.
Solution
Parametric representation of the surface (cone) 𝑆 is:
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 =
Tangent vectors 𝒓𝑢 , 𝒓𝑣 and and normal vector 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 are:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝑢 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌 =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
ቑ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 =
𝒓𝒗 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌=
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 =
The surface integral of 𝑓 over S by
ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝑅
364 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜋
3

EXAMPLE Evaluate the surface integral: ‫ 𝑥 𝑆׭‬2 𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑆, 𝑆 is the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4, 𝑧 ≥ 0.
Solution
Parametric representation of the surface (hemisphere) 𝑆 is:
𝒓 𝜃, 𝜑 =
Tangent vectors 𝒓𝜃 , 𝒓𝝋 and and normal vector 𝑵 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝒓𝜃 × 𝒓𝜑 are:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝜃 = 𝜕𝜃 𝒊 + 𝜕𝜃 𝒋 + 𝜕𝜃 𝒌 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ቑ 𝑵 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝒓𝜃 × 𝒓𝜑 =
𝒓𝜑 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝜕𝜑 𝒌 =
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝑵 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝒓𝜃 × 𝒓𝜑 =
The surface integral of 𝑓 over S by
ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑓 𝒓 𝜃, 𝜑 𝒓𝜃 × 𝒓𝜑 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝑅
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 16𝜋

Example: Evaluate the surface integral: ‫𝑆𝑑 𝑦𝑥 𝑆׭‬, 𝑆 is the boundary of the region enclosed by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
and the planes 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.

Surface Integrals
Oriented Surfaces
In order to define surface integrals of vector fields, we need to rule out non-orientable surfaces such as
Möbius strip. Since, a Möbius strip has only one side.
Here we consider only orientable (two-sided) surfaces. Let S be a surface and has a tangent plane at
every point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 on S (except at any boundary points). There are two unit normal vectors 𝑛1 and
𝑛2 = −𝑛1 at 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 . If it possible to choose a unit normal 𝑛 at every such point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 so that 𝑛
varies continuously over S is called an oriented surface and the given 𝑛 provides S with an orientation.

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
Let S be a surface with a parametric representation of the form
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌
where 𝑢, 𝑣 varies over a region R in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane. Let S be a piecewise smooth and has a normal vector 𝒏 at every point
(except perhaps for some edges or cusps as for a cube or cone). For a given vector vector function 𝑭 we can define the
surface integral over S by
ඵ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 𝒓(𝑢, 𝑣) ⋅ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝑅
This integral is also called the flux integral or flux of 𝑭 across the surface S.

EXAMPLE. Compute the flux of water through the parabolic cylinder
𝑆: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0≤𝑧≤3
if the velocity vector 𝒗 = 𝑭 = 3𝑧 2 𝒊 + 6𝒋 + 6𝑥𝑧𝒌, speed being measured in meter/sec.
Solution
Parametric representation of the surface (parabolic cylinder) 𝑆 is:
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝑢 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 ൢ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝒗 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
The surface integral of 𝑭 over S by
ඵ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 𝒓(𝑢, 𝑣) ⋅ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 =
𝑆 𝑅
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 72𝑚/𝑠

EXAMPLE. Find the flux of 𝑭 = 𝑒 −𝑦 𝒊 + 2𝑧𝒋 + 𝑥𝑦𝒌 across the curved sides of the surface 𝑆: 𝑧 = cos 𝑦 , 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4;
normal vectors point upward.
Solution
Parametric representation of the surface 𝑆 is:
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝑢 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 ൢ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝒗 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
The surface integral of 𝑭 over 𝑆 by
𝑆 𝑅
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 0

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
EXAMPLE. Find the upward flux of the field 𝑭 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌 across the plane + + = 1 in the first octant, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
positive real numbers. Show that the flux equals 𝑐 times the area of the base of the region.
Solution
Parametric representation of the surface 𝑆 is:
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝑢 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 ൢ 𝑵 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒓𝒗 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
The surface integral of 𝑭 over S by
𝑆 𝑅
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
2

Exercises
Answers:
33
1. −
16
2. 2𝑒 − 1
𝜋
3.
6
4. 2𝑒 2 − 5𝑒 2 + 3
5. 8π
6. 1 − sinh 1
1
7. 4 − 𝜋2
2
8. −12
3
9. sinh 3
2
32 8192
10. − + 𝜋
3 3


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24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 61

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 62

Tangent Plane and Surface Normal

Let S be a surface in space and a parametric representation of it be of the form

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 72

The corresponding unit normal vector 𝒏 of S at P is

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 73

S is called pieceweise smooth if it consists of finitely many smooth pieces.

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 74

If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, this integral equals the surface area of S.

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 78

If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, the surface integral equals the area of the surface.

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 79

The surface integral of 𝑓 over S by

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 81

The surface integral of 𝑓 over S by

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 82

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 83

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 85

Let S be a surface with a parametric representation of the form

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 86

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 88

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 89

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 90

24-Apr-23 PİRİ REİS UNİVERSİTY 91

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