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دوائر التوقيت وتوليد الإشارات ـ موقع الفريد في الفيزياء
دوائر التوقيت وتوليد الإشارات ـ موقع الفريد في الفيزياء
אאאא
אאאא
٢
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאאאWאא
Kא
Wאא
W א
Kאאאאאא K١
Kאאאאאאא K٢
Kאאא، K٣
K٪٩٠אאWאאא
K٢٦Wאא
Wאא
אא،אאאאאא
K( Etching)אא،אאאא
Wאא
Kאאא""אא •
Kא •
- ٧١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
א א א א א אא א
אאא אאא א
אאאאאKKאאאא
אא
אא אאאאKK
א אאאאאE discreteF
K
אא،אאאאאא
א
אאאא
אא،אאאאאאא
אא אKאאא
א א א א א ، א
א אא א א ؛ א א א א א
Kאאא
، א א א א
Kאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאא،אא
Kאאאאאא
- ٧٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אא
אאא
W
א א א א
Kאא
א W א א
KEאאFאא
א ، E Bi - stableF א
F א א ،
אא،אE א
א א אא אא א א
א א א א א K א
אא א،אאEאאF
א אאא
אאא אא
אאאKאא אאא،א
EאFאאאאא אאא
،אא EאאF
EאאFאאאאאאא
EאאFאאא،
KEאאFא
אאאאאאא
אאEAstable MultivibratorFאא
אאא
אאאFאאKא
Clock FאאאEאא
- ٧٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאKאאאEPulses
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
،אאאאא
אאאאאא،א،א،א
אאאא،אאORאAND
אאאא
Kאאאא
WEMonostable Multivibrator Fאא
א א
Kאאאאא
אאאKאאאאE١ J٢Fא
Kאא
E edge – triggered F א א א
KSאEsetF
א א א W א א א א
א א א א א ، א א
non – re - FאאE Re - triggerable MultivibratorFא
אא،אE triggerable
Kאאאא
- ٧٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
Q
1
S
30 ns Q'
אאאאE١ J٢F
Wאאאא
אEBJTFאאאא
KE٢ J٢Fאאא
Wאא
א،EONFT2אאאא
אאEOFFFT1אKאא
אא،א١٥אVccא
W
15V - 0.6V = 13.8V
T1אא،אUEא
KEאFאאא0.1Vאא
אאא
0.1Vאא،13.8V אא
0.1-V1=13.8VWאא
V1 = 0.1V - 13.8 V = -13.7V
١٥אאT1אאא
Kא
UEאאאT1א
א،אאאאR4א
E0.1VFאאאC1א
E١٥Fאא-13.8Vאא
١{٢אאאאP2 , R2א
- ٧٥ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אR4T1T2אא
KUEאאאא
H١{٢١٣{٧אאא
P2אאR2אאאאאא
KP2אאא
Vcc
P1
R1 R4 R3
C1 R2 UC2
UC1
D1
T1 T2
R5
UE
אאאאאE٢ J٢F
אCMOSTTLאאאא
K
non – אTTLE74LS121Fאא
א،אא،re – triggerable
K
אאאא
Kאא
- ٧٦ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאאא E٣ J٢Fא
EB،A'2،A'1Fאאא،74LS121
KאאאאEQ'QF
א74LS121אאE٣ J٢F
אANDאא،Tאא
K
A'1،A'2A'1אאאBא
א،A'1A'2،Bא
Kאא
،אאאא
Kאאאאא
،A'2A'1אBאא
אאאא،
K
،אא،١١،١٠،٩אא
א٢אאאאאא
K١١١٠Vccא٩
- ٧٧ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאK
٩אאא
١٠٠٠אCextא،٤٠١{٤Rextא
אאאאא،א
K١١א
Wאא
tw = Rext Cext ln2 ………..( 2-1)
KאאאאאאRext٢
74121אאאאאE٤ J٢Fא
Wאא
tw = Rext Cext ln2
+5V
C R
10 11 14
أﻟﻤﻘﺪاح Cext Rext أﻟﻤﺨﺮج
6
Q
5 IC1
B
74121 1
Q'
A1 A2
t
3 4 7
0V
74LS12אאאאE٤ J٢F
- ٧٨ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאא74LS123אא
אKאאE٥ J٢Fאא
KאאאאאE٦ J٢F
אאא74LS123אE٥ J٢F
א
A B Q C
Cx
0 Us R Q
Rx/Cx
1 1/2
A
74LS123 Q'
B
R'
אאא74LS123אאאE٦ J٢F
BA
א Aאאא
אאKאאאאB
KAאBא
אאEResetFא
KResetאאEF
WאאC,Rאאאא
tq = 0.32*C*(R+700ΩF…………….( 2-2)
- ٧٩ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
Cאא،٢٥٥Rאא
Kא١٠
W 555 א
אא،אא555א
אאאא،א א
E٧ J٢Fא555א،אאאא
אEBufferFא،RS
אאאאא
אאאאא،ESinkingF
אאאE٨ J٢FK
K
555אאאאE٧ J٢F
אא
- ٨٠ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
555אאE٨ J٢F
CR1،555אE٧ J٢Fא
Kאאאא
אאאאאאא
אא،EV- = 2/3 VccFאאא
אאא،EV+ = 1/3 VccFאא
א،אאא
אאאETriggerFאא
EsetFאאאאאא
אאSא
KאQ'אא א،
אאאאאאא
FאRאאאא
אאאאEא
R אאאאאאE2/3VccFא
Q'אאא Q אא
Fאאאאאא
KEאאא
אא E٣אFא
Kא
- ٨١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאFאא
W C , R Eאא
ton = 1.1RC……………( 2-3)
8 DIP Fא555א
K١٥٤{٥אEpackage
אאאאאאא
א،ICM7555IPAאCMOS 555 אא
א١٨E١٢٠Fא
אא ،١٨٢אאאא
K
١٤אאאNE556א
Kאאאא،
אאאCMOSאא
K١٤
- ٨٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E١–٢F
555א٦٠
א555אאאאא
אS2אS1אאא
WE٩ J٢Fאאאאא
אE S1אFESTARTFאא
אE0VFאאאEאFא
אE٣FאEFאא
א،RאCאא
،EאאFאאאאאא
אאאא
Wא
To = 1.1 RC
= 1.1 * 560KΩ *100µF
= 60 sec.
Kאאא
אאאאאאא R3 א
K٦٠אאESTARTFא
אאSTOP אאא
Kאאא
E٣FאERelayFאא
KE١٠ J٢Fאא١٥٠א
אאאאאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאאאאא
Kא
אRא،אאCR
K٤٧٠א٤٧٠Cא،١
- ٨٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאא
אאאאאאאא
אאא ،אאא
אאאאא،א
KE555 timerFאאא
W א
א א
555א IC1
١٠ R1 ,R2
٦٨٠ R3
١ R
א١ C
א٤٧ C1
א D1
START S1
STOP S2
١٥٠١٢ K1
- ٨٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+12V
C1
R R1 R2 0V
2 4 8
6 IC1
3
555
S1 S2 7
1 R3
START STOP C
D1
0V
555אאאאE٩ J٢F
Wאא
א،Etest boardFאE٩ J٢Fאאא •
KE١١ J٢Fא
KEPower supplyFאא •
Kא555א• א
Kאאא •
Kא •
Kאא٢،٤،٨אא •
KEFא١א •
K٧،٦אא •
אK٧אSTARTא• א
א؟אKאאאאא
- ٨٥ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאאאא •
אKאא،אא
؟אא
R3D1
RL1
12V
>205Ω
D1
אאאE١٠ J٢F
- ٨٦ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאאE١١ J٢F
א
- ٨٧ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E١–٢F
٦٠א
אE١٠ J٢F،E٩ J٢Fאאאא
K
،אאאאאאא
Solid – State RelayFאאאא
אאאאאאאE
Kאא
Wאא
אאאא E١
Kאאאא
אאאאאאאאאE٢
Kאא
KאאאאE٣
אאאאE٣E١אאW
אא، Gerber file Drilling file א
KאאאאאCNC
KאאE٤
KאאאE٥
KאאE٦
אאאאאE٧
Kאאא،S1א
אACDCW
אאאאאאKא
אאאE١٢ J٢Fא
- ٨٨ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אא،אאא
Kאאא
אMC 1455אא٢٢אאE١٢ J٢F
555א
אאאאאE١٣ J٢F
Wאא
،אאאאאאא
אאKEclockFאאאא
אEאFאאא
E٥FאאEFEF
- ٨٩ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאEאF
אאאאא
אאאאאאאKאא
אאKאאE١٤ J٢F
KEOFFFEONFאא
،T2T1אאאא
،T2T1،אא
،אT1אאKאT2א
WאR2אC1א
τ1 = R2 . C1 ………..( 2-4)
T2אK،٦אא
ET2FאאKאT2
KK،١
K،١Eא١٥FVccאאא
אאC2אא ،
W
Vc2 = Vcc – 0.6V
= 15V – 0.6V = 14.4 V
אאT2 אאאאאא
KK،١אא،
WאC2אאא
0.1V – Vb1 = 14.4V
Vb1 = 0.1V – 14.4 V
= - 14.3V
KC2 אאאT1Vb1
K،T1א،אא
τ2 = R3 .C2
- ٩٠ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
א،T2T1
t1אאא،K١٥Uc2Uc1א
Wאאאאt2אא
t1 = 0.7R2C1
t2 = 0.7R3C2
Wאאא
T = t1 + t2
Wאאא
1
f=
T
1
=
( t1 + t2)
1
=
0.7(R2C1 + R3C2)
+15V
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1 C2
OUTPUT
T1 T2
1.44
f=
(R1C1 + R2C2)
0V
אאאאE١٤ J٢F
،ET2T1Fאאא
EאFR4א
KאKKKKKKKKKKאאא
- ٩١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאאאאאא אא
ORANDא
Kאאאאא
،E J١٥ J٢Fאאא،אא
E74LS14אFאא
אאא١٠אא
Kאא
אאאאאא
KE J١٥ J٢FאR1אאאא
R FREQUENCY
VR1
470 R1
1 2 3 4
C IC1: 74LS14
C IC1: 74LS14
WTTLאאאE١٥ J٢F
א K
א K
- ٩٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אא،E١٦ J٢Fאאא
א4049 CMOSEInverting BufferFא
٣אא،٪٥٠א
Kאאאאאאא،١٥
א٣אאא4049א
Kא
VR1EFאאK
KE١٧ J٢Fא
R1 C
47K 22n
18K R2
IC1a IC1b IC1c OUTPUT
9 10 11 12 14 15
C IC1: 4049
CMOS4049אאאאE١٦ J٢F
- ٩٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
R1 C
470K 10n
VR1
100K
10K R2
IC1a IC1b IC1c OUTPUT
9 10 11 12 14 15
C
IC1: 4049
CMOS4049אאאאE١٧ J٢F
،אאאאאאאאE١٨ J٢Fא
אאאאאאאא
Kא
74LS04אאTTLאא
אאאKEFא،
K١٠אאאא
אאאאאאא א
Kאאאאאאא،
74FTTLאאאE١٠Fא
K74LS74H
- ٩٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
R1 R2
470 470
IC1a X IC1b IC1c
OUTPUT
1 2 3 4 5 6
IC1 : 74LS04
אTTL74LS04אאאאE١٨ J٢F
א
CMOSאאאאE١٩ J٢Fא
א4049אאאאא
K١٤א١אאCאא
R1
1M
IC1a IC1b
OUTPUT
11 12 14 15
C( 5.5 - 65pF )
אCMOS4049אאאאE١٩ J٢F
א
- ٩٥ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
W555אאאא
J٢Fאאאא555אאא
KאאE٢٠
Wאא
א אאאא E١
אאאאאאEE٢FF
Q' Q = HIGHאEsetFא،
K= LOW
אאאאאQ'אK E٢
KRBRAאVcc
אא،E1/3VccFאא E٣
אא،אא
Q = FאאאאE2/3VccF
KאאאEQ' = HIGH،LOW
،אאאאאQ'א E٤
KRBאא
א אא،1/3Vccאא E٥
EE٣F FאEQ' LOWF
א א
Kאא
אEQ' LOWFאאאא אE٦
Kאא
،1/3Vcc2/3Vcc
א אE٧
א א א א
א
- ٩٦ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+9V
RA
4 8
7
IC1 3 OUTPUT
RB 2 555
6 1 5
C C1
100nF
0V
555אאאאE٢٠ J٢F
אאאאא אא
Wאא
1
toff = RBC ln { }
1
Vcc
[1- 3 ]
2
V
3 cc
1
= RBC ln { }
( 1 - 0.5)
= RBC ln2
= 0.693 RBC
- ٩٧ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
WEאאFא
1
toff = (RA + RB)C ln { }
1
Vcc
[1- 3 ]
2
Vcc
3
1
= (RA + RB)C ln { }
( 1 - 0.5)
= 0.693RBC + 0.693(RA + RB )C
= 0.693(RA +2RB )C
WEE٣FFאא
1
f=
T
1
=
0.693 (RA + 2RB)C
1.44
=
(RA + 2RB)C
- ٩٨ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
٪٥٠אאאאא
א،٪٥٠א
אאRAא
RBRA =RB،٧ Vccא
KRBאאאאא
אאאאא٪٥٠
KאאאK،٧א
Wאא
T = ton + toff
= 0.693RBC + 0.693 RBC
= 1.386RBC
Wא
1
f=
T
1
=
1.386RBC
0.7215
=
RBC
١٠٠אאאאא
K٪٦٧
RAא،٪٥٠אא
WאאE٢١ J٢FאאאאRB
RA = 1kΩ
RB = 82kΩ
C = 10 nF
- ٩٩ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
Wא
ton
D=
ton + toff
0.693(RB + RB)C
=
0.693(RA + 2RB)C
RA + RB
=
RA + 2RB
1KΩ + 82KΩ
=
1KΩ + 2x82K Ω
= 0.5 ( 50%)
Wא
1.44
f=
( RA + 2xRB )C
1.44
= -8
( 1KΩ + 2x82k Ω)x10
= 872.7 HZ
- ١٠٠ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+9V
RA
4 8
7
IC1 3 OUTPUT
RB 2 555
6 1 5
C C1
100nF
0V
،٪٥٠555אאאאE٢١ J٢F
٨٢RB،אRA
K،אאRAאא
،555EResetFאא
א٧٢٠E٢٢ J٢Fאאא
אאאאא،אאאא
אאא E٤Fא
א א
א ،
Kא
אE0VF אא
KE٤F
- ١٠١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+5V
R1 1.0k
4 8
7
C3
IC1 3
R2 100.0k 2 555
6 1 5
R3 1.0k
LOUDSPEAKER
دﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ C1 C2 100.0n 40 Ohms
TTL
0V
אא555אאאאE٢٢ J٢F
٤
- ١٠٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E٢ J٢F
555אאא
אא 555אאאאאא
Kא
אאא،E٢٣ J٢Fאאא
אאאא
אאא ٢٢٠ א ٢{٢
٥٠ K،K٥ א א א
K
אR1אאאאא
W א
א א
555א IC1
١٠٠ VR1
١٠ R1
١ R2
א١٠ C1
א٢٢٠ C2
א٢٢ C3
א٢{٢ C4
א٢٢٠ C5
א٢٢ C6
א٢{٢ C7
א١٠ C8
- ١٠٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+5V
VR1
R1
4 8
7
C1 IC1 3 OUTPUT
R2 2 555
6 1 5
S1 300
C8
D1
C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
0V
א555אאאאE٢٣ J٢F
EC7C2Fא
אאא،אאאאאאW
Kאאאאא،אא
Wאא
Kאא •
Kאא •
KE٥Fא،אא555א• א
،E٥Fא٨،٤אא •
،אאאE١Fא
K
K555א،א •
א، 555אאא •
KE١ J٢Fאאא،C7C2א
- ١٠٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאEtime-baseFאW
Kאא
אאאאאא •
KS1אאאאE22µFFC3אא
א א
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
א555אE١ J٢F
WאאאאאאW
1.44
f=
( R1 + 2R2)C
Wאא
،אאאאא555אאא
א،אא555א،אא
Kאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٥ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
א555אאא،א
אא،E Digital CountersFאאאא
א ، CMOS TTL א
Kאאא
Wאא
، א א א
Kאא אא
א، EXARא ICM7240אא
א ، א א E٢٤ J٢F אא K MAXIM
،٢٥٥١אא
אאאאE١١Fאאא
١אאאא א،
E ANDFא א، ٨
، א K א
אKE١٠FE ResetFאא
WאאאS8S1
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
Wאא،S6S4אא
٤٠=٣٢H٨
א٤٠א אאאא
EONFאאאאS6S4א
Kאאאא
- ١٠٦ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
Wאאאא
T = RC
٩١٣אאאאC،R
Kאא
EאאFאאאאא
אאאS8S1אאאא
W
Ton = 40RC
אא،٦٠אאאW
Kאאאא
Wא
،٦٠א،אאא،٦٠אא
٨H١٦H٣٢W،אאא
Wאאא،٦٠٤H
S3, S4, S5, S6
אא١٥٤אאא
Rאא،١٠١٠אא
Kא١٠٠٠א١٠Cא١٠١
- ١٠٧ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
+5V
R 100.0k
R2 22.0k
13 14 15 16 12 R3 10.0k
11
Trigger
IC1
10 2240
Reset
R1 47.0k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Output
C 10.0u C1 100.0n
0V
2240א٨١אאאE٢٤ J٢F
- ١٠٨ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E١ J٢Fאא
W
E-Fאאאאא،555אאא
KEHFאא
אE٧Fא555אאאא
E،אFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣Fא
FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK555E٦Fא
،E،FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא،Eא،א
KE،אFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣Fא
،E٢٠ J١Fאאא555א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאLאא،א
E٢١ J١Fא555אאא א
K٪٥٠E،FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،אא555אאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאE٢FE،F
KאE،FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאE،F
- ١٠٩ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E٢ J٢Fאא
W555אאא
C = 10 µF
R = 100 KΩ
Kאאאא א
W555אאא
RA = 100KΩ
RB = 10KΩ
C = 47 µF
Kאאא אE
Kאאא אE
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אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E١ J٢F
- ١١١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٥ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٦ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٧ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٨ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١١٩ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١٢٠ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١٢١ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
- ١٢٢ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
אאא
E١ J١Fאא
J ١
•
•
• א
Centre – tap •
٢٤ •
١٨ •
EF •
• א
١{٤١٤ •
•
א •
J ٢
o
o
o
o
o
J٣
Wא
WT2אאא
VB2 = VBE + VZ
= 0.7 + 3.3
- ١٢٣ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
= 4.0 V
WUBא،٢אאא
1KΩ
VB = Vo
(1KΩ + 2.2KΩ +120Ω )
1kΩ
= Vo
(3.32kΩ )
Vo = 3.32 VB
= 3.32 ⋅ 4 = 13.28 V
WVBא،١אאא
3.2KΩ
VB = Vo
(1KΩ + 2.2KΩ +120Ω )
3.2kΩ
= Vo
(3.32kΩ )
3.32
Vo = V
3.2 B
= 1.0375 ⋅ 4 = 4.15 V
١٣{٢٨٤{١٥Wא
- ١٢٤ -
אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E٢ J١Fא
J ١
א9
אא 9
R3R2 9
א 9
א 9
א 9
J ٢
J ٣
Wא
100
Vo = ⋅ 12
( 100 + Ro)
= 11 V
1100 + 11 Ro = 1200
100
Ro = = 9.09 Ω
11
Wא،٢٠٠אא
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אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
200
Vo = ⋅ 12
( 9.09 + 200)
= 11.48 V
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אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E١ J٢Fאא
א
א
א
RB،RA
RB
K،،
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אא ١٤٥ א
אאאא
E٢ J٢Fאא
W א
tW = 1.1 ⋅ RC
= 1.1 ⋅ 100x103 ⋅ 10x10-6
= 1.1 sec.
W א
J
1.44
f=
(RA + 2RB)⋅C
1.44
=
( 100x103 + 2x10x103)x47x10-6
= 0.255 sec.
Wא J
ton
D=
(ton + toff )
(RA + RB)
=
RA + 2RB
(100x103 + 10x103)
=
( 100x103 + 2x10x103)
= 0.9167
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