Enzymes

ENZYME
• biological catalysts produced by the activity of living organisms as
such as plants, animals, and micro-organisms

• proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in

our bodies.

• modify the speed of a reaction without being used up or appearing as

one of the end products
 ENZYME
• Most of the enzymes are proteins :
Mother nature catalyst
Globular in shape

• can speed up a reaction by a factor of millions relative to

an uncatalyzed reaction.

• Absence of enzyme : life could not exist

 ENZYME
Life of cell :
• depends on the rapid simultaneous chemical reaction
occur in the system under mild condition.

• at 37 0 C; absence of strong acids and bases

• Catalyst is required : ENZYME Catalyst

Biological importance
• Responsible for the different reactions in living matter like:
synthesis, oxidation, hydrolysis, tautomeric changes
(Tautomeric = two molecules with the same molecular formula but
different connectivity)

• Necessary during digestions, metabolism, respiration, energy release,

and energy transfer in all metabolic reactions.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME
• Oxidoreductases • Lyases

• Transferases • Isomerases

• Hydrolases • Ligases
 Classification
OXIDOREDUCTASES:
catalyze redox reactions.
example: lactate dehydrogenase: an enzyme that removes hydrogen from a
molecule of lactate

- -
COO COO
+ Lactate
HO C H+ NAD C O
dehydrogenase
CH3 CH3
+ NADH + H+
Lactate pyruvate
Classification
OXIDOREDUCTASES: catalyze redox reactions.
enzymes that bring about oxidation and reduction
example: Reductases or oxidases
Oxidation-reduction, transferring of hydrogen, oxygen:

Dehydrogenases = hydrogen-transfer
Oxidases = electron transfer to molecular O2
Oxygenases = electron transfer from molecular O2

Other examples:
• Reluctase
• Flavoprotein transhydrogenases
• Transelectronases
• Hydroperoxidases: a) peroxidase b) catalase
• Hydroxylase
 Classification
TRANSFERASES:
that catalyzed the transfer of functional groups from one
molecule to another. (from a donor to a suitable acceptor)

Example:
• Transaminases: catalyze transfer of an amino group,
• Kinases: a phosphate group (energy-harvesting process
involving ATP)
• Transacylases: acetyl
 Classification
TRANSFERASES:
Example: adrenal gland; norepinephrine is converted to
epinehrine by the enzyme:
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
(PNMT), transmethylase

methyl
PNMT
group + HO CHCH2NH2 HO CHCH2NH CH3
donor HO OH HO OH
Classification
TRANSFERASES: • Transacylases
• Transglycolases • Transamidinases
• Transamidases • Transaldolases
• Transpeptidases • Transketolases
• Transaminases • Transsulfatases
• Transphosphorylases • Transcarboxylases
• Transmethylases
• Transformylases, transforminases,
transhydroxymethylases
Classification
HYDROLASES:
• Catalyze hydrolysis reactions: addition of water molecule to a bond
resulting in bond breakage
• digestion process
• cleave bonds by adding water: R-COO-R ; RCONR
Ex.: phosphatases, peptidases, lipases, protease, amylases,
acylases, esterases, glycosidases, amidase, deaminase,
phosphotases
peptidase amino acids
Protein + H2O
Classification
LYASES
• Catalyze the addition of a group to a double bond or removal
of a group to form a double bond.
• catalyze removal of groups to form double bonds or the
reverse.
• a-nonhydrolytic cleavage of small molecules from C-C, C-O,
C-N by elimination to give C=C, C=O, C=N, etc.

Ex.: decarboxylasaes or synthases, fumarase, aspartase,

dehydratase, aldolase
Classification
LYASES

carbonic
anhydrase OH
O C O+H O H O CO H
Classification
LYASES (DESMOLASES): enzymes that add or remove specific groups
from substances.
• Dehydrases, hydrases
• Desulfhydrase
• Decarboxylase (non-oxidative)
• Deaminases (demolytic)
• Synthases
• Aldolases
Classification
ISOMERASES :
• Rearrange the functional groups within a molecule and catalyze the
conversion of one isomer into another

• Catalyze isomerization and transfer reactions with one molecule

(racemization, epimerization).

• catalyze intramolecular rearrangements. Eg. epimerases or mutases

COO
- phosphoglycerate -
HC OH mutase COO
2-
CH2O PO3
2- HC O PO3
CH2OH
Classification
ISOMERASES :
ex.: phosphoglycerate mutase: converts one
structural isomer;
3-phosphoglcerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

COO
- phosphoglycerate -
HC OH mutase COO
2-
CH2O PO3
2- HC O PO3
CH2OH
Classification
LIGASES

• Catalyze a reaction in which a C-C, C-S C-O or C-N is made or broken

• Accompanied by an ATP-ADP interconversion

• Catalyze of joining of two molecules via C-C, C-S C-O or C-N with a
concomitant hydrolysis of an energy-rich ATP

• Synthetase
• Carboxylase
Classification
LIGASES:
Ex.: DNA ligase; catalyzes the joining of hydroxyl group of a
nucleotide in a DNA strand with a phosphoryl group of the
adjacent nucleotide to form phosphoester bond.

O
DNA strand-3'-OH + - O P O-5'-DNA strand
-O
DNA ligase
O
DNA strand-3'-O- P O -5'-DNA strand
-O
NOMENCLATURE
Name of an enzyme, identifies its classification and functions.

• a substance they act upon: SUBSTRATE

Substrate – the surface on which an organism grows or is attached.
– interchangeably with the term reactant, which refers to the molecule
consumed in a chemical reaction.

By adding suffix – ase to the name of the

substrate; example:
• Urea: -a + ase = urease
• Lactose: -ose + ase = lactase
NOMENCLATURE
Examples:

AMYLASE acts on starch ( amylum Lat.)

MALTASE acts on maltose
CELLULASE acts on cellulose
LIPASE acts on fats (lipids, lipos)
Nomenclature of enzyme
• Upon the reaction enhanced: the suffix “ase” is also added to the
type of chemical reaction activated.
OXIDASE for oxidation
DEHYDROGENASES : catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms from
a substrate
DECARBOXYLASES: catalyze the removal of carboxyl groups or
CO 2 (decarboxylation)
HYDROGENASES and CARBOXYLASES: adding hydrogen atoms or
carboxyl groups to their substrate
Nomenclature of enzyme

TRANSAMINASE for transfer of amino agroup (transamination)

HYDROLASE for hydrolysis

HYDRASE or dehydrase for reversible addition or removal of water

Nomenclature
• Historical names with no relation with substrate or chemical
reactions that they catalyze. Example:
catalase, trypsin, pepsin, chymopepsin, ptyalin,
rennin

• Systematic name: gives the substrate, type of reaction and the

name of any coenzyme that is required: Example:
systematic name of oxidoreductase lactate
dehydrogenase is LACTATE : NAD oxidoreductase
Assignment
A. What is the substrate of the following enzyme?
1.) sucrase
2.) pyruvate decarboxylate
3.) succinate dehydrogenase
B. To which class of enzymes does each of the following belong?
1.) pyruvate kinase
2.) alanine transaminase
3.) triose phosphate isomerase
4.) pyruvate dehydrogenase
5.) lactase
6.) phosphofructokinase
7.) lipase
8.) acetoacetate decarboxylate
9.) succinate dehydrogenase
10.) RNA ligase
Assignment

C. Match each of the following substrates with its corresponding

enzyme:
1. Urea A. Lipase
2. Hydrogen peroxide B. Glucose-6-phosphatase
3.Lipid C. Peroxidase
4. Aspartic acid D. Sucrase
5. glucose-6-phosphate E. Urease
6. sucrose F. Aspartase