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an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully • Handheld Microphone Module which incorporates a
operated based on speech commands. The system is microphone with RF module (ZigBee protocol).
constructed in a way that is easy to install, configure, run, and
maintain. The functional blocks of the overall system are
• Central Controller Module (PC based).
shown in Figure 2. • Appliance Control Modules.
Figure 3 illustrates the sequence of activities in the WHAS.
The voice is captured using a microphone, sampled, filtered
and converted to digital data using an analogue-to-digital
converter. The data is then compressed and sent serially as
packets of binary data. At the receiving end (Central Controller
Module), binary data are converted to analogue, filtered and
passed to the computer through the sound card. A Visual Basic
application program, running on the PC, uses Microsoft Speech
API library for the voice recognition. Upon recognition of the
commands, control characters are sent wirelessly to the
specified appliance address. Consequently, appliances can be
turned ON or OFF depending on the control characters
received.
C1
R2 U2A CDEC
8
150K 100n
The incoming speech wave goes through a low pass filter P1
3 DAC0
C3
R3
8.2K
R1
15K
2
3 A (COMP)
MC33204DR2
1
GND
2
4
Header 3 GND 150K 3.3n VCC U1
1 8
SIGNAL VDD
7
VIN VOUT
3
2 LS
PCOMP COMP
utilise the full range of the ADC. A voltage divider and a DC C11
100n
C8
10uF
4
VSS
TPA4861D
DEM
5
VO2
VO1
Speaker
C7
8
22K
R7 6 MC33204DR2 C6 C10
2.7K 7 R6
6.8K
5 B (OPA)
100n
12K
1.5n
C5
4
using Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) algorithm. 3.3n
GND
7p
charterers are sent to the specified appliance address through
R6
R1
10K 5.1K
VCC
ZigBee communication protocol. Each appliance that has to be
C3
10uF
C4
VCC
controlled has a relay controlling circuit shown in Figure 8.
1u R? R3 C6
4.99K C1 154k X1A 1u
8
Mic1 K1
R7
C2 GND 4.99K Port to home appliance
1u Vcc2
VCC
GND D2
R9 Diode 1N4934 Relay-SPST
X1B 100K
8
6 LM392N C9 P2
7 R11 TO_ADC0
R8 B (OPA) 1 P1 U1A MM74HC08N ACGND
5 10K 1
0.1u 2 2 A
9.76K 3 frm ucon R2 Q1
C7 R10 C10 Header 2 1 Y 2N3904
2 Res1
C8 2700p 100K 10n B
4
MHDR1X2 7 3900
1200p GND
GND Vcc3 14
VCC
GND GND GND P2
GND U1B
4 Vcc2 GND
11
6
10
5
9
Figure 5: Portable microphone circuit. MM74HC08N R3
10K
Vcc3
8
7
U1C 6
9 Ccou
10n 5
8 Vcc3
4
B. Central Controller Module 10
MM74HC08N
R4
12K5 GND
3
2
1
U1D
The functional blocks of the central controller module are 12
13
11
Header 11
(coordinator), when data are received, the received bytes are GND
decompressed using DPCM algorithm [9]. Decompressed data Figure 8: Circuit schematic for appliance control module
is assigned to the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The
analogue output of the DAC is filtered and fed to the computer IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN
as analogue signal through the sound card of the PC. The filter Software design includes ADC sampling and
and amplifier circuit is shown in Figure 7. compression/decompression algorithms, transmission and
receiving, and voice recognition.
A. ADC sampling and data compression / decompression
The portable microphone module implements DPCM
compression scheme. This compression algorithm is inherently
lossy because of the error incurred due to the nature of the
compression algorithm. The algorithm compresses each ADC
sample from 12 bits of data down to 6-bit codes. This code
represents the difference between the actual sample and the
predicted value of the sample. The predicted sample is obtained
from the previous iteration result. The difference between the
sample and the predicted value is then quantised. The 6 bit
code is then packed into bytes of data in order to send them
serially. In order to calculate the new predicted value, the
compression algorithm decodes the difference and adds it into
the current predicted value.
C. ZigBee RF communication
Zigbee protocol is the communication protocol that’s used
in this system. Zigbee offers 250 kbps as maximum baud rate,
however, 115200 bps was used for sending and receiving as
this was the highest speed that the UART of the
microcontroller could be programmed to operate at.
For each byte transmitted, there is a start and stop bit.
Hence the actual baudrate is :
The amount of data (bits/s) produced by the ADC is: Figure 15: Fabricated relay control unit