NAMA : RIKI AINUL YAKIN

NIM : 21291005

1. Illocutionary meaning refers to the intended or implied meaning behind a speech act,
which is the action performed by an utterance. It is a concept within the field of
pragmatics, which is concerned with how language is used in context to convey
meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words.

● Makna Discourse Analysis (MDA) is an approach to the analysis of discourse that

focuses on the construction and negotiation of meanings in social interactions. It is
influenced by the work of the Indonesian linguist, Chaedar Alwasilah, who developed
the concept of "makna" (meaning) as a central aspect of language and
communication. MDA aims to uncover the underlying meanings and ideologies
embedded in discourse by examining linguistic features, social contexts, and cultural
norms.

2. Code shifting" and "code-mixing" are both linguistic phenomena that involve the
alternation or mixing of different languages or language varieties within a
conversation or speech. However, they differ in terms of their specific characteristics
and patterns of language use. Code Shifting: Code shifting, also known as
"code-switching," refers to the practice of switching between different languages or
language varieties within a single conversation or discourse. It typically occurs at
specific points in a conversation and involves a complete switch from one language
to another. Code shifting often happens among bilingual or multilingual speakers who
are proficient in multiple languages and use them interchangeably depending on the
context or social factors.
3. Locution: A locution refers to the actual act of speaking or writing, focusing on the
linguistic form and its meaning. It refers to the words or phrases that are used to
convey a particular message. In other words, locution is the literal meaning or the
surface-level meaning of an utterance.

● Example: If someone says, "It's cold in here," the locutionary act is the utterance
itself and its surface-level meaning that it is cold in the room.
● Perlocution: Perlocution, on the other hand, refers to the effect or impact of an
utterance on the listener or the audience. It emphasizes the intended or unintended
consequences of the speech act. Perlocutionary acts focus on the response or
reaction that the speaker aims to achieve from the listener.

● Example: If someone says, "It's cold in here," the perlocutionary act might be to make
the listener close the window or turn up the heat. The speaker's intention is to
influence the listener's behavior or.
4. Being polite in communications means adhering to social norms and using language
and behavior that shows respect, consideration, and courtesy towards others. It
involves expressing oneself in a manner that is pleasant, tactful, and mindful of the
feelings and sensitivities of the people involved in the communication. Politeness is
 important in both verbal and written interactions, including face-to-face
conversations, emails, messages, and other forms of correspondence.
-While there isn't an exhaustive list of taboo questions that may not be addressed to
any nation, as cultural norms and sensitivities vary across countries and societies,
there are some general topics that might be considered sensitive or inappropriate to
ask about:

● Personal or invasive questions about someone's private life, such as their income,
weight, or relationship status.
● Questions about someone's religious beliefs or practices, especially if they are
considered sensitive or controversial.
3. Questions about someone's political affiliations or opinions, particularly in countries
with politically charged climates or histories of conflict.
● Questions about sensitive historical events or traumas, such as war, genocide, or
acts of terrorism.
5. Code switching and code mixing are both linguistic phenomena that involve the
alternation or combination of different languages or language varieties within a
conversation or speech act. While they share some similarities, there are distinctions
between the two.
● Code switching refers to the practice of alternating between two or more languages
or language varieties within a single conversation or utterance. It typically occurs
when bilingual or multilingual speakers switch from one language to another based
on various factors such as the topic of discussion, the social context, or the
interlocutors involved. Code switching can happen at the sentence, phrase, or even
word level.
● For example, the speaker begins the sentence in English and then switches to
Spanish by using the word 'pero" (but).
6. Collectivism is a socio-political theory or worldview that emphasizes the significance
of collective or group interests over individual interests. It holds that the collective or
community is the primary unit of analysis and that individuals should prioritize the
well-being and goals of the group over their own self-interests. In collectivist societies
or systems, the needs and goals of the community, society, or nation are considered
to be of utmost importance.
● Individualism is a philosophical and social perspective that emphasizes the
importance of individual rights, freedom, and autonomy. It is a belief system that
places the individual as the primary unit of society and emphasizes the value of
personal independence, self-reliance, and individual initiative.
7. In discourse studies, the term "turn-taking" refers to the process that governs how
participants in a conversation take turns taking turns to speak. This concept is
important in discourse analysis, because turn-taking influences the structure and
dynamics of a conversation.