1 Mark questions

1)What is SI unit of force?

The SI unit of force is Newton (N).

2) Light year is a unit of ……

Light year is a unit of distance.

3)Which produces uniform electric field?

A parallel plate capacitor produces a uniform electric field.

4) What is the magnitude of charge on an electron?

The magnitude of charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs (C).

5) What are the supplementary units?

The supplementary units are the dimensionless units that are used along with the base units to
form derived units in the International System of Units (SI). They include the unit of plane angle,
radian (rad), and the unit of solid angle, steradian (sr). These units are purely geometrical in
nature and are essential for calculations involving angles in both two-dimensional and
three-dimensional space.

6) The wire of length l and resistance are stretched so that its radius of cross section is halved
what is new resistance?

7)Speed of sound is maximum in

The speed of sound is maximum in solids

8) If a vector has magnitude five its components have magnitude…..

If a vector has a magnitude of five, its components can have any magnitude, as long as they
satisfy the condition that the magnitude of the vector is five.

9) Inside a bar magnet the magnetic field lines ……

Inside a bar magnet, the magnetic field lines emerge from the North pole and converge towards
the South pole.

10) For two vectors to be equal they should have the same….
For two vectors to be equal, they should have the same magnitude and the same direction.

11) A Sound carried by air from a sitar to a listener is a wave of the type….
A sound carried by air from a sitar to a listener is a wave of the type known as a longitudinal
wave

12) The triple point of water is ….

The triple point of water is the unique combination of temperature and pressure at which water
can exist simultaneously in all three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

13)Write examples of ohmic conductors.

Examples of ohmic conductors include metals such as copper, silver, and iron. These materials
have a linear relationship between the current passing through them and the voltage applied
across them, as described by Ohm's Law. In other words, their resistance remains constant
regardless of the applied voltage.

14) What is the meaning of sublimation?

Sublimation refers to the process in which a substance transitions directly from a solid phase to
a gaseous phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. This occurs when the
vapor pressure of the solid exceeds the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Examples of
substances that undergo sublimation include dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and mothballs
(naphthalene).

15)How a thermometer is calibrated?

A thermometer is calibrated by comparing its readings to known temperature standards. This
can be done by placing the thermometer in contact with substances of known temperature, such
as ice at its melting point (0 degrees Celsius) or boiling water at its boiling point (100 degrees
Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure). The calibration points are marked on the
thermometer scale, allowing for accurate temperature measurements throughout its range.
Calibrating a thermometer ensures its accuracy and reliability in measuring temperature.

2 marks Questions

Question 1: Define ice point and steam point.

Answer: The ice point is the temperature at which pure ice and pure water coexist in equilibrium
under normal atmospheric pressure. It is also known as the melting point of ice. The steam
point, on the other hand, is the temperature at which pure water and water vapor coexist in
equilibrium under normal atmospheric pressure. It is also known as the boiling point of water.

2) Derive an expression for thermal conductivity.

3) Define the electric field and write its SI unit and dimensional formula.
Electric field (E) is the force experienced by a unit positive charge. Its SI unit is Newton
per Coulomb (N/C), and its dimensional formula is
Question 4: Application of thermal convection.
Answer: Thermal convection has various applications in our daily lives. Some
common applications include:
1. Heating and cooling systems: Convection currents are utilized in heating
and cooling systems to circulate warm or cool air throughout a room or
building.
2. Cooking: Convection ovens use the circulation of hot air to cook food
faster and more evenly.
3. Atmospheric circulation: Convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere
play a crucial role in weather patterns and climate.
4. Ocean currents: Convection currents in the ocean drive the movement
of water, influencing climate and marine life distribution.

Question 5: Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic substances and explain with examples.
Answer: Ohmic substances, also known as ohmic conductors, follow Ohm's Law, which states
that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the applied voltage. The
resistance of ohmic substances remains constant over a wide range of voltages and currents.
Examples of ohmic substances include most metals like copper, silver, and aluminum.
Non-ohmic substances, on the other hand, do not follow Ohm's Law and have a varying
resistance with changes in voltage or current. The resistance of non-ohmic substances depends
on factors like temperature, light intensity, or the composition of the material. Examples of
non-ohmic substances include diodes, transistors, and semiconductors.

6) What is relative permittivity?

Question 6: What is relative permittivity? Answer: Relative permittivity, also known as dielectric
constant, is a measure of how well a material can store electrical energy in an electric field
compared to a vacuum. It is the ratio of the permittivity of the material to the permittivity of a
vacuum. Relative permittivity is denoted by the symbol εr. It quantifies the extent to which a
material can polarize under an applied electric field.

7) Draw a neat labelled diagram of calorimeter.

Question 8: Explain specific resistance.

Answer: Specific resistance, also known as resistivity, is a property of a material that determines
its resistance per unit length and unit cross-sectional area. It is denoted by the symbol ρ (rho)
and is measured in ohm-meter (Ω.m). Specific resistance depends on the nature of the material
and its temperature. Materials with high resistivity, like rubber and glass, have high specific
resistance, while materials with low resistivity, like metals, have low specific resistance.
Question 9: What is thermal stress, and give an example of the disadvantages of thermal stress
in practical use? Answer: Thermal stress is the stress or strain that occurs in a material due to
temperature differences or thermal expansion and contraction. When a material is exposed to
varying temperatures, the differential expansion or contraction can lead to internal stresses,
which may cause deformation, cracking, or failure of the material.
An example of the disadvantage of thermal stress in practical use is the cracking of glass when
exposed to rapid temperature changes. For instance, pouring hot water into a cold glass can
cause thermal stress, leading to cracks or shattering of the glass due to the uneven expansion
and contraction of the material.

Question 10: Write the limitation of Ohm's Law.

Answer: Ohm's Law has certain limitations, which include:
1. Non-linear materials: Ohm's Law is not applicable to non-linear materials
like diodes andtransistors, as their resistance varies with applied
voltage or current.
2. Temperature dependency: Ohm's Law assumes that the resistance of a
conductor remains constant with temperature. However, this is not true
for all materials, as their resistance may change with temperature.
3. High voltages and currents: Ohm's Law is valid within certain limits of
voltage and current. At very high voltages or currents, factors like heat
dissipation, resistance changes, and non-linear behavior can affect the
accuracy of Ohm's Law predictions.
4. Non-isotropic materials: Ohm's Law assumes that the material is
isotropic, meaning its electrical properties are the same in all directions.
In materials with anisotropic conductivity, such as some crystals, Ohm's
Law may not accurately describe the behavior of the material.

Question 11: Give two applications of thermal conductivity in everyday life.

Answer: Thermal conductivity finds application in various aspects of our daily
lives. Two examples are:
1. Insulation materials: Thermal conductivity is used to determine the
effectiveness of insulation materials, such as foam, fiberglass, or
mineral wool, in reducing heat transfer. Materials with low thermal
conductivity are preferred for insulation purposes to minimize heat loss
or gain in buildings or refrigeration systems.
 2. Cooking utensils: Thermal conductivity is important in cooking utensils,
such as pots and pans. Materials with high thermal conductivity, like
copper or aluminum, ensure efficient heat transfer from the heat source
to the food, resulting in faster and more uniform cooking.

Question 12: Write the characteristics of electric lines of force.

Answer: The characteristics of electric lines of force are:
1. Electric field direction: Electric lines of force indicate the direction of the
electric field at each point. They always point away from positive
charges and towards negative charges.
2. Density: The density of electric lines of force represents the strength of
the electric field. Closer lines indicate a stronger field, while widely
spaced lines indicate a weaker field.
3. No intersection: Electric lines of force do not intersect each other. If they
did, it would imply that at the intersection point, there are two different
directions or strengths of the electric field, which is not possible.
4. Perpendicular to conductors: Electric lines of force are perpendicular to
the surface of a conductor. This characteristic ensures that there is no
component of the electric field tangent to the surface of the conductor,
resulting in a balanced distribution of charges.
5. Equipotential surfaces: Electric lines of force are always perpendicular
to equipotential surfaces. Equipotential surfaces are surfaces where the
electric potential is constant, and the electric field lines cross them at
right angles.

13) A magnet pole of bar magnet with pole strength of 100 A m is 20 cm away from the centre
of a bar magnet. Bar magnet has pole strength of 200 A m and has a length 5 cm. If the
magnetic pole is on the axis of the bar magnet find the force on the magnetic pole.

14) Find the value of resistance for the following colour code
i) brown red orange gold
ii) violet yellow brown silver.
i) Brown Red Orange Gold:
The color code for resistors is as follows:
Brown - 1
Red - 2
Orange - 3
Gold - Tolerance of ±5%
Using the color code, the value of resistance can be calculated as follows:
Resistance = (Brown * 10 + Red) * 10^3 Ohms
Resistance = (1 * 10 + 2) * 10^3 Ohms
Resistance = (12) * 10^3 Ohms
Resistance = 12,000 Ohms
The resistance value for the given color code is 12,000 Ohms with a tolerance
of ±5%.
ii) Violet Yellow Brown Silver:
The color code for resistors is as follows:
Violet - 7
Yellow - 4
Brown - 1
Silver - Tolerance of ±10%
Using the color code, the value of resistance can be calculated as follows:
Resistance = (Violet * 10 + Yellow) * 10^1 Ohms
Resistance = (7 * 10 + 4) * 10^1 Ohms
Resistance = (74) * 10^1 Ohms
Resistance = 740 Ohms
The resistance value for the given color code is 740 Ohms with a tolerance of
±10%.
Therefore, for the given color codes:
i) Brown Red Orange Gold represents a resistance of 12,000 Ohms with a
tolerance of ±5%.
ii) Violet Yellow Brown Silver represents a resistance of 740 Ohms with a
tolerance of ±10%.

3 marks Questions
1)State and explain gauss law of electrostatic.
2) Two Equal charges of 10*10-8 C respectively each located at the corners of a right angle
triangle whose sides are 15 CM 20 cm and 25 CM respectively find the force exerted on charge
located at 90 degree angle.
3) Explain physical origin of ohm's law.
4) A magnet makes an angle of 45 degree with the horizontal in plane making an angle of 30
degree with the magnetic meridian find the true value of a triangle at the place.
5) Explain cells in series and parallel.
6) Write the relation between three coefficients of thermal expansion.
7) Define Different elements of Earth magnetic field.
8) Distinguish between primary cells and secondary cells.
9) In ohm's experiment the values of unknown resistances were found to be 6.12 ohm, 6.09
ohm, 6.22 ohm and 6.1.1ohm.calculate the absolute error relative error and percentage error in
these measurements.

4 Marks Questions

1)State coulomb's law.Derive the expression of coulomb's law in vector form.

2) Explain gauss law of magnetism.
3) State Newton's law of cooling and explain how it can be experimentally verified.
4). Explain different types of temperature scales.
5) Derive an expression for magnetic field due to a bar magnet at an equatorial point.
6) Three resistors 20 women 30 women connected in series combination
7) Find equivalent resistance of series combination.
Series combination is connected to 12 road supply by affecting the value of internal resistance
obtained potential difference across each resistor.