Chapter 9

Basic Definitions
Physical change:
A change in which only the form of
a substance changes is called
physical change.
Chemical change:
A change in which a completely
new substance forms is called
chemical change.
Endothermic Reaction:
A chemical reaction during which
heat is taken in from the
surroundings is called
endothermic reaction.
Exothermic Reaction:
A chemical reaction during which
heat is given out to the
surroundings is called exothermic
reaction.
Reactants:
The chemicals that are used at the
start of the reaction are called
reactants.
Products:
The new substances that forms at
the end to the reaction are called
products.
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Questions And Answers
Q1. Name the only state of mattar
which can be easily compressed ?
Ans- Gas is the only state of
matter which can be easily
compressed.
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Q2. What happens to the speed at
which particles move when they
are heated?
Ans- When particles are heated,
their kinetic energy increases so
their speed increases.
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Q3. Which two states of mattar
flow easily?
Ans- Liquids and gases are the
two states of matter which flow
easily.
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Q4. What is the arrangement of
particles in a solid?
Ans- In a solid, the particles are
present very closely and they are
held in fixed position.
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Q5. What is the opposite process
to melting?
Ans- The opposite process to
melting is freezing.
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Q6. What will happen to the atoms
or molecules of a substance when
it:
a. boils
b. melts
c. freezes
d. condenses?
Ans- The atoms or molecules of a
substance
a. When boils,they move faster.
b. When melts, they break free
from each other.
c. When freezes,the kinetic energy
of the molecules decreases.
d. When condenses,they lose
energy and come close to each
other.
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Q7. How does the particle theory
explain the properties of gases?
Properties of gases:-
a. They have no definite volume.
b. They have no definite shape.
c. Particles are far apart.
d. They can be compressed.
e. They flow easily and can be
diffused.
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Q8. Explain the following terms
and give three examples of each.
a. Element
b. Compound
c. Mixture
d. Physical change
e. Chemical change.
Ans:
a. Element:
A material that is made up of only
one type of atoms is called as an
element.
Examples:
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
b. Compound:
A compound is a chemical
substance formed by the chemical
bonding between the chemicals.
Examples:
H2O, CO2, CH4.
c. Mixture:
A mixture is a physical
combination of two or more
substances.
Examples:
Air, Blood, Brass.
d. Physical change
A change in which only the form of
a substance changes is called
physical change.
Examples:
Melting, Boiling, Cutting.
e. Chemical change:
A change in which a completely
new substance forms is called
chemical change.
Examples:
Rusting, Combustion, Digestion.
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Q9. What four things happen
during a chemical change or
chemical reaction?
Ans- Following four things happen
during a chemical change or
chemical reaction.
1- A completely new substance
forms.
2- Energy is absorbed or released.
3- The changes are non-
reversible.
4- The atoms and their total mass
remain the same.
*****
Q10. Give three examples of a
chemical change.
Ans- Three examples of a
chemical change
are given as under.
1- Photosynthesis
2- Respiration
3- Digestion.
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Q11. What is the difference
between an endothermic reaction
and an exothermic reaction? Give
one example of each.
Ans:
Endothermic Reaction:
A chemical reaction during which
heat is taken in from the
surroundings is called
endothermic reaction.
Example: Photosynthesis is an
endothermic reaction because it
take in heat from the sunlight.
Exothermic Reaction:
A chemical reaction during which
heat is
given out to the surroundings is
called exothermic reaction.
Example: Respiration is an
exothermic reaction because it
releases heat energy to the
surroundings.
*****
Q12. What is meant by the word
"fuel"? Give four examples of
fuels.
Ans-
Fuel:
A fuel is a substance which can be
burned to give out heat and light
energy.
Four Examples:
Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Wood.
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Q13. What is a hydrocarbon?
Ans-
Hydrocarbon:
A hydrocarbon is a compound of
hydrogen and carbon. Most of our
fuels are hydrocarbons.
Examples:
Methane, Ethylene.
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Q :14 What are the advantages
and disadvantages of the use of
fertilizers on crops and the soil?
Ans-
Advantages of Fertilizers:
Fertilizers contain mineral salts
that can help plants to grow better
and produce high yield of crops.
Disadvantages of Fertilizers:
Use of excess fertilizers can
weaken the plants and they die
quickly.
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Q15. What is hydrogen gas used
for during the manufacture of
margarine?
Ans- Margarine is made from
liquid vegetable oil. Hydrogen gas
is mixed with liquid vegetable oil at
60 °C and a solid margarine is
produced.
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Q16. What are the advantage of
the use of plastic instead of
metals?
Ans- Advantages of Using Plastics
Instead of Metals:
1- Plastic do not rot or corrode.
2- They are very light in weight.
3- They can be made in many
colours and shapes.
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Q17. If you open a bottle of
perfume in a room, the smell of
the perfume soon
spreads throughout the room.
Explain why this is.
Ans: When someone open a bottle
of perfume in a room, the particles
of perfume start diffusion and the
smell of the perfume soon spreads
throughout the room.
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Q18. What is PVC? What are its
properties and uses?
Ans:
PVC:
PVC or polyvinyl chloride is a type
of plastic made from vinyl chloride
gas.
Properties:
PVC is strong and can be
moulded to any shape.
Uses:
1- Gutters and pipes are made
from PVC.
2- PVC can be used as insulators
on electrical cables.
3- Raincoats, soles for shoes and
decorative wallpapers are made
from PVC.