THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
and wage levels.
LESSON 1
ECONOMIC POLICY
Economic policy in the era of globalization is
characterized by the need to navigate the
challenges and opportunities presented by an
increasingly interconnected and an
interdependent world economy.
KEY ASPECTS:
1. Trade Policy: Globalization has led to a
surge in international trade, and
countries must formulate trade policies
that balance domestic interests with the
benefits of global market integration.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Attracting foreign direct investment is
crucial for many countries to foster
economic growth and technology
transfer.
3. Financial Market Regulation: In the era
of globalization, financial markets are
more interconnected than ever.
4. Exchange Rate Management:
Globalization exposes countries to
currency fluctuations that can impact
their trade competitiveness and
macroeconomic stability.
5. Macroeconomic Coordination: Given
the interdependence of economies,
coordination of macroeconomic policies
among countries becomes important.
6. Labor Market and Social Policies:
Globalization can lead to shifts in labor
markets, affecting employment patterns
7. Intellectual Property Rights: Protecting
intellectual property rights is crucial for
fostering innovation and technology
transfer in a globalized economy.
8. Global Supply Chains: Policymakers
should recognize the significance of
global supply chains and the need to
ensure their resilience.
9. Sustainable Development: Economic
policies must integrate sustainability
considerations to address environmental
challenges.
10. International Cooperation and
Institutions: Effective economic
policymaking in the era of globalization
requires international cooperation.
11. Inclusive Growth and Income
Distribution: Policymakers need to
focus on inclusive growth strategies to
ensure that the benefits of globalization
12. Adaptability and Flexibility: Economic
policy in a globalized world needs to be
flexible and adaptive.
DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION:
1. Trade Liberalization: Reduction of trade
barriers, such as tariffs and quotas.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Increased FDI has led to the integration
of national economies as companies
invest in.
3. Advancements in Technology:
Technological developments have
revolutionized communication.
 4. Transportation: Improvements in 1. Colonialism and Imperialism: During
transportation infrastructure have made the 15th to 20th centuries, European
it easier and more cost-effective. powers expanded their empires.
5. Financial Flows: Global financial 2. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial
markets and capital flows have become Revolution in the 18th and 19th
more interconnected. centuries brought advancements in
transportation, etc.
IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC POLICY: 3. Post-World War II Reconstruction: After
1. Trade Policy: Nations often adjust their World War II, efforts were made to
trade policies to promote exports. rebuild war-torn economies.
2. Monetary Policy: Countries may have to 4. Advancements in Technology:
manage their monetary policies to Technological innovations in
stabilize exchange rate. transportation, etc.
3. Labor and Employment: Globalization
can lead to the movement of jobs and SOME KEY WAYS GLOBALIZATION HAS
industries to countries with lower labor INFLUENCED THESE ASPECTS:
costs. 1. Trade
4. Regulatory Framework: Nations may a. Increased International Trade
harmonize their regulations and b. Global Value Chains
standards. c. Specialization
5. Income Inequality: Globalization can d. Trade Liberalization
exacerbate income inequality within and 2. Investment
between countries. a. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
6. Income Inequality: Globalization can b. Portfolio Investment
exacerbate income inequality within and c. Investment Treaties
between countries. 3. Production
7. Cultural Exchange: Globalization can a. Offshoring and Outsourcing
lead to cultural convergence and the b. Access to Resources
spread of ideas, etc. c. Technological Transfer
8. Sovereignty and Policy Autonomy: 4. Labor Markets
Nations must balance the benefits of a. Migration
globalization with maintaining b. Wage Pressure
sovereignty. c. Skill Demands
5. Economic Competition
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF a. Increased Competition
GLOBALIZATION: b. Market Access
6. Economic Interdependence
 a. Economic Shocks communication, and expressions that transcend
b. Spillover Effects national boundaries and reach audiences
7. Policy Coordination worldwide.
a. Monetary and Fiscal Policies
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL
LESSON 2 MEDIA CULTURES INCLUDE:
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES 1. Media Convergence: Global media
cultures result from the convergence of
International mass media has played a vital role
different media platforms and
in enhancing globalization as it linked societies
technologies, such as television, radio,
closer, with the exchange of ideas, culture, and
print, film, and the internet.
multiple information.
2. Cultural Exchange: Global media
cultures foster cultural exchange by
Culture in a simpler terms, refers to humans’
introducing audiences to content and
way of life – how we present ourselves, what are
perspectives from diverse cultures and
the choices we make and how, how we relate
societies.
with one another, how we pursue our
3. Homogenization and Heterogenization:
aspirations. A way of life manifested in tangible
On one hand, global media cultures can
objects and intangible ideas we hold dear.
lead to the homogenization of certain
cultural elements as popular media
● Cultural Socialization - we learn culture
products and trends become widespread
from our homes and our communities
across the globe.
through direct instruction from our
4. Influence on Identities: Exposure to
parents or through observations and
global media cultures can shape
participation in community affairs.
individual and collective identities.
● Cultural Exchange - we go out and
5. Language and Translation: Global media
interact with people from other groups,
cultures often require translation and
we experience a different culture.
localization to make content accessible
● Acculturation - adapt to certain values
to diverse linguistic audiences.
and practices of the new culture.
6. Transnational Media Companies: Large
● Accommodation - adopt the new culture
transnational media corporations play a
only when we are in public.
significant role in shaping global media
● Assimilation - we begin to resemble the
cultures by producing and distributing
people in the other group
content that reaches audiences
worldwide.
Global media cultures refer to the diverse and
7. Media Activism and Social Movements:
interconnected forms of media content,
Global media cultures facilitate the
 spread of social and political
movements.
8. Global Media Events: Events like the
Olympic Games, World Cup, and major
entertainment awards ceremonies have
become global media spectacles.
9. Challenges of Cultural Imperialism: The
dominance of certain media cultures
from powerful nations can raise
concerns about cultural imperialism.
10. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations:
The global nature of media requires
careful consideration of ethical practices
and regulatory frameworks.
Global media cultures play a significant role in
shaping how people consume and participate in
media content on a global scale. They have the
potential to promote cultural exchange, mutual
understanding, and interconnectedness among
diverse populations.
GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE
While globalization has been rapid in
contemporary times, the innate desire to expand
one’s horizon by wandering and exploring
different spaces is ingrained in humanity since
its beginnings (Lule, 2014 citing Appadurai, 1996
and Chanda, 2007).
● Cultural Flows – is a term often used to
refer to the dynamics of culture in the
age of globalization.
● Cultural differentialism - also known as
cultural relativism or cultural pluralism,
is an approach or perspective that
recognizes and respects the diversity of
cultures and believes that each culture
should be understood and evaluated in
its own context, without imposing one's
own cultural norms, values, or
standards.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURAL
DIFFERENTIALISM INCLUDE:
1. Respect for Cultural Diversity: Cultural
differentialism advocates for respecting
and valuing the diversity of human
cultures.
2. Avoiding Ethnocentrism:
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view
one's own culture as superior to others.
3. Cultural Relativism: Cultural
differentialism embraces the idea of
cultural relativism, which posits that
each culture's practices and beliefs
should be understood
4. Preservation of Cultural Identity:
Cultural differentialism promotes the
preservation and protection of unique
cultural identities, etc.
5. Cross-Cultural Understanding:
Emphasizing cross-cultural
understanding and dialogue, cultural
differentialism encourages people to
learn.
6. Tolerance and Inclusivity: By
acknowledging and respecting cultural
diversity, cultural differentialism fosters
an environment of tolerance and
inclusivity.
7. Challenges Power Imbalances: Cultural
differentialism challenges power
imbalances and colonial legacies.
 8. Promoting Human Rights: Cultural
differentialism recognizes the
importance of human rights and
acknowledges that some cultural
practices may violate universal human
rights principles.
FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION: THE
ROAD TO MODERNIZATION
The post- World War II period would mark the
prominence of the models of development
through mass media and the free flow of
information, particularly under the leadership of
the United States. Several scholars term the
models of communication and development as
the modernization paradigm which views that
the reason for the absence of modernization in
the developing world is not due to the lack of
natural resources. The primary hindrance to a
country’s development is the lack of human
resources and
education and mass media would have the
fundamental tasks of building human capital.
Mass media were viewed to play critical rules in
development in the modernization paradigm.
Wilbur Schramm – one of the pioneering
students scholars of this paradigm , observed a
positive association between communication
components to that of the social, political and
economic components in national growth.
According to him, “the task of the mass media of
information and the “new media” of education is
to speed and ease the long, slow social
transformation required for economic
development and in particular, to speed and
smooth the task of mobilizing human resources
behind the national effort.
The presence of mass media in societies have
been observed by modernization scholars as
correlated to the social, economic, and political
indices of development. The strength and power
of mass media to influence societies lies in its “
one-way, top-down and simultaneous and wide
dissemination” and its capacity to shape social
processes, create meanings, identities, and
aspirations of a community.
A FIGHT AGAINST CULTURAL
IMPERIALISM
The cultural imperialism paradigm grew in
influence from the 1960s to the 1980s in the
context of the Cold War and the period of
decolonization and post-colonialism. Third
World countries formed the Non-Aligned
Movement with a united purpose stated in the
Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979, also
known as the Havana Declaration.
● Cultural imperialism – the sum of the
processes by which a society is brought
into the modern world system and how
its dominating stratum is attracted,
pressured, forced and sometimes bribed.
● Media imperialism – defined by
Boyd-Barret the process whereby the
ownership, distribution or content of
the media in any one country are singly
or together are subject to substantial
external proportionate reciprocation of
influence by the country so affected.
 ● Cultural domination over
less-developed countries that would
foster desires for Western lifestyles and
products among post-colonial societies.
● The Western dominance in news
broadcasting, specifically of
international news agencies such as
Reuters, AFP, UPI, and AP, have been
viewed by scholars as contributory to
the spreading of biased images and
prejudices of colonialism towards the
South and reducing nations as places of
“corruption, coup and disasters”.
● Forbes compiles our Global list using
data from FactSet Research data to
screen for the biggest public companies
in four metrics: sales, profits, assets and
market value. Our market value
calculation is as of April 22 closing
prices and includes all common shares
outstanding.
● Media companies are organizations that
operate in the media and entertainment
industry, engaging in the creation,
production, distribution, and
broadcasting of various forms of
content.
CULTURAL PLURALISM:
● Criticisms against the cultural
imperialism paradigm would eventually
pave the way for the emergence of new
paradigm termed “cultural pluralism”.
Other scholars would also refer to the
paradigm as “cultural globalization”.
The paradigm shift was a departure
from the “one way” model of cultural
imperialism towards a more nuanced
and sophisticated analysis of
“multidirectional flows” among country
relations.
● Heterogenization is anchored on the
meaning of globalization as
hybridization, synchronization,
re-territorialization, and indigenization.
CRITICISMS OF HETEROGENIZATION
1. It is systematically Marginalizing the
role of the State ( think global, act local -
Glocalization idea).
2. The power it provides the audience
without taking into account the
inequality of their access to media and
communications.
3. Neglect of the economic clout of global
media firms
4. Concentration in the United States
5. It is not also reflective of the
assumptions of the paradigm
LESSON 3
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
● Religion – a unified system of beliefs
and practice related to faith, the sacred,
higher moral values.
● Secularization – diminishing role of
religion in the society.
● Globalization of Religion –
intermingling of universal and local
religious beliefs.
THE CONCEPT OF RELIGION
 ● In its spiritual sense - idea of
transcendence, relation to sacredness/
holiness, relation of people to the
ultimate condition of existence.
● In its material sense - beliefs capable of
motivating individuals/groups to
mobilize to achieve political goals,
suppress mass actions as a tool of
repression.
KEY ASPECTS:
1. Transnational Religious Networks:
Globalization has enabled the formation
of transnational religious networks,
linking believers, religious leaders, and
organizations across different countries
and continents.
2. Migration and Diaspora Communities:
Globalization has led to increased
migration, resulting in the
establishment of diaspora communities
around the world.
3. Religious Media and Technology: The
internet and social media platforms have
become powerful tools for religious
outreach and communication.
4. Interfaith Dialogue and Encounter:
Globalization has facilitated greater
interfaith dialogue and encounter.
5. Religious Syncretism and Hybridization:
The encounter of different religious
traditions in a globalized world can lead
to religious syncretism and
hybridization.
6. Religious Tourism: Globalization has led
to an increase in religious tourism, with
people traveling to visit sacred sites,
pilgrimage destinations, and religious
events.
7. Global Religious Movements: Some
religious movements have gained
international prominence, attracting
followers and support beyond their
countries of origin.
8. Challenges to Tradition and Authority:
The globalization of religion can
challenge traditional religious
authorities and practices.
9. Ethical and Human Rights Concerns:
The globalization of religion raises
ethical and human rights concerns when
religious beliefs and practices clash with
universal human rights principles, such
as gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights.
On one end, globalization has affected religion
in various ways. (1) It paved way of the rise of
religious nationalism, (2) turn of religion into
public life, (3) the proliferation of international
terrorism, (4) the increase of religiosity.
(Roudometof, 2014).
The interaction of region and culture resulted
in a global-local religion. (Roudometof (2014).
1. Vernacularization – refers to blending
of universal religions with local
languages.
2. Indigenization – transform a universal
religion to suit the specifics of a
particular ethnic group.
3. Nationalization – constructs a link
between the nation and church.
4. Transnationalization – has
complemented religious nationalism by
 focusing groups on identifying specific
religious traditions of real or imagined
national homeland.
● The globalization of religion brought
two opposing results. Starting from the
late 20th century, religion has been a
source of globe conflict and peace.
● Juergensmeyer (2014) claims that the
conflicts are about identity and
economics and privilege and power.
SECULARIZATION: CONSEQUENCE OF
MODERNIZATION
It refers to the belief that religion would lose its
significance with economic development and
modernization. The thesis can be traced back to
the classical works of:
1. Auguste Comte – one of the first
theorists of secularization, posited that
society undergoes three stages:
theological stage, metaphysical stage,
and the positivist/scientific stage.
2. Max Weber – argued that the men will
undergo modernization which is a
process of the disenchantment of the
universe with the replacement of
bureaucratization, rationalization, and
secularization.
3. Emile Durkheim – He argues that the
individualization of societies breaks the
bonds of community.
4. Karl Marx – views religion as the opium
of the people created by the material
conditions. Marx believed that religion
would have no place in a communist
society where all individuals are treated
equally with the eradication of class
division and the existence of the state.
● Tschannen (1991) Secularization
Paradigm - is a theoretical framework
that suggests a decline in the
significance and influence of religion in
modern societies.
● The secularization paradigm, as
proposed by sociologists like Peter L.
Berger and James A. Tschannen
encompasses several core concepts that
characterize the process of
secularization in modern societies.
Among these concepts, three key
elements stand out:
1. Differentiation refers to the
process of separating various
societal institutions and
functions from religious
influence.
2. Rationalization:
Rationalization is closely linked
to secularization and refers to
the shift from traditional,
religious explanations of the
world to rational, scientific, and
empirical explanations.
3. Worldliness: Worldliness, in the
context of secularization, refers
to a focus on the material world
and earthly matters, rather than
on spiritual or otherworldly
concerns.
GORSKI(2000)’S FOUR BASIC POSITIONS
IN UNDERSTANDING THE THEORIES
 1. The Disappearance of Religion Thesis:
This position asserts that modernity and
secularization will inevitably lead to the
disappearance or extinction of religion.
2. The Decline of Religion Thesis: The
decline of religion thesis acknowledges
that religion may lose its dominant
position in society as modernization
progresses, but it does not predict its
complete disappearance.
3. The Privatization Thesis: The
privatization thesis contends that
modernization leads to the confinement
of religion to the private sphere of
individual belief and practice.
4. The Transformation Thesis: The
transformation thesis posits that
modernity and secularization bring
about changes in religious institutions
and beliefs rather than their
disappearance.
GOLDSTEIN(2009)’S UNILINEAL
CONCEPTION OF THE SECULARIZATION
PROCESS
1. Functionalists view secularization as a
natural consequence of societal
development and modernization.
2. Phenomenologists take a more nuanced
approach to secularization, focusing on
the subjective experiences and meanings
of religion for individuals.
3. Dialectic theorists propose a more
complex and dialectical view of
secularization.
AZZOUZI (2013)- THE RESURGENCE OF
RELIGION
1. Amartya Sen (1999) shares the same
criticism of the inadequate recognition
of Samuel Huntington of the
heterogeneities with cultures.
2. Edward Said cites Eqbal Amad and his
articles in (1999 as cited in Said, 2005)
who criticized the religious right
constituted by fanatical and absolutists
tyrants
LESSON 4
THE GLOBAL CITY
In the contemporary world, the concept of the
global city has emerged as a significant
phenomenon that encapsulates the
interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and
societies.
A global city, also known as a world city or
known by other terminologies as “alpha city” or
world center is a city regarded as a primary node
in the global economic network. a global
metropolis, is a major urban center that plays a
central role in the global economic system and
serves as a key node in the networks of finance,
commerce, culture, and communication.
The concept of global cities was popularized in
the late 20th century by sociologist Saskia Sassen
and urban studies scholar John Friedmann. They
identified certain cities as having unique
characteristics that set them apart as global
players in the contemporary world.
KEY FEATURES OF GLOBAL CITIES 8. Influence on Global Affairs: Global
INCLUDE: cities often have a significant impact on
1. Economic Significance: Global cities are global affairs.
economic powerhouses, hosting
headquarters of multinational INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY:
corporations, major financial 1. Economic Power
institutions, and global business centers. 2. Economic Opportunities
2. Cultural Diversity: Global cities are 3. Economic Competitiveness
melting pots of cultures, with diverse 4. Global cities are also centers of
populations representing various authority
nationalities, ethnicities, and languages. 5. Political Influence
3. Connectivity and Transportation: Global 6. Higher Learning and Culture
cities have excellent transportation
infrastructure, including international DOWNSIDES IN THE GLOBAL CITY
airports, extensive public transit 1. High housing cost
systems, and efficient logistics 2. Long working hours
networks. 3. Competitive and precarious labor
4. Knowledge and Education: Global cities market
are home to prestigious universities, 4. Long commuting times
research institutions, and think tanks. 5. Urban anonymity and relative social
They attract scholars, students, and isolations
professionals from all over the world. 6. A fear of strangers and crime after dark
5. Tourism and Hospitality: Global cities 7. Residential hyper mobility
often draw a large number of tourists 8. Challenges of neighborliness and
due to their cultural attractions, multiculturalism
landmarks, entertainment options, and
world-class hospitality services. THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
6. Financial Centers: Many global cities ● The rich grow richer and the poor get
are prominent financial centers, hosting poorer through the egalitarianism of
stock exchanges, investment banks, and exchange class division.
financial services firms. ● Gentrification - phenomenon of driving
7. Cultural and Creative Industries: Global out the poor in favor of newer wealthier
cities are hubs for the arts, residents
entertainment, media, and creative
industries. ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
● GaWC stands for "Globalization and
World Cities." It is a research network
 and academic project that studies the Global Power City Index 2011” considered
relationships between cities and their several functional areas:
roles in the global economy. The term 1. Economy – refers to market
"Global Cities" refers to cities that play attractiveness, economic vitality,
significant roles in the interconnected business environment, regulations, and
world economy, acting as major hubs for risk.
finance, commerce, culture, and 2. Research and development – refers to
information exchange. research background, readiness for
accepting and supporting researches,
GLOBAL CITY INDEX and research achievement.
Global City Index consists of indicators and 3. Cultural interaction – refers to
parameters used to determine and measure the trendsetting potential, accommodation
categories of global cities and to what extent environment, dining and shopping, and
they function as global cities. volume of interaction
1. Business activity – presence of 4. Livability – refers to working
headquarters, services firms, number of environment, cost of living, security, and
international conferences, value of safety, and life support functions
goods through ports and airports. 5. Environment – refers to ecology,
2. Human capital – size of foreign-born pollution, and natural environment.
population, quality of universities, 6. Accessibility – refers to international
number of international schools, transport infrastructure and inner city
international student population. transportation infrastructure.
3. Information exchange – accessibility of
major TV news, number of international TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER CITIES
schools, international student 1. London
population. 2. New York
4. Cultural experience – number of 3. Tokyo
sporting events, museums, performing 4. Paris
arts venues. 5. Singapore
5. Political engagement – number of 6. Amsterdam
embassies, consulates, international 7. Seoul
organizations, political conferences. 8. Berlin
Global Power City Index evaluates and ranks 9. Melbourne
the major cities of the world according to their 10. Shanghai
magnetism or their comprehensive power to
attract people, capital, and enterprises from GLOBAL CITY AND MOBILITY
around the world. In 2011, a report called “The
 ● Mobility refers to the movement of
people, goods, and ideas within and
between urban areas. It is a critical
aspect of urban life and plays a crucial
role in a city's economic development,
social cohesion, and overall
functionality.
● Urbanization statistics warn us that the
quality of life in many cities will be
decided by the degree to which major
cities can implement intelligent,
sustainable transport solutions.
● The worsening traffic in Metro Manila
now costs P3.5 billion in lost
opportunities per day.
LESSON 5
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Global demography under the contemporary
world is a critical field of study that examines
the dynamics of human populations on a global
scale. It delves into the complex interplay of
factors influencing population growth,
distribution, and composition across different
regions and countries. In the 21st century,
unprecedented advances in technology,
communication, and healthcare have led to
significant changes in global demographics,
shaping the current and future landscape of
humanity.
PATTERNS OF GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGE
● The current world population of 7.2
billion is projected to increase by 1
billion over the next 12 years and reach
9.6 billion by 2050, according to a
United Nations report.
● Crude Birth and Death Rate - the
global birth rate was showing a
declining trend. Birth rate refers to the
number of live births per 1,000 people in
a given population during a specific
time period (usually a year).
● Infant and Child mortality decline
refers to the number of deaths of infants
under one year of age per 1,000 live birth
in a given population during a specific
time period (usually a year).
● Global Life Expectancy refers to the
average number of years a person can
expect to live, assuming current
mortality rates remain constant
throughout their lifetime.
● Working Age Population is defined as
the group of individuals between certain
age ranges who are considered to be of
working age and are typically engaged in
or available for employment.
● The baby boom generation refers to a
significant increase in birth rates that
occurred after World War II, mainly
between the years 1946 and 1964. It is
called the "baby boom" because during
this period, there was a notable surge in
the number of births in many countries,
leading to a larger-than-usual cohort of
individuals being born.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Demographic change is consequential with
respect to economic and social development.
Demographic change, which includes shifts in
population size, age structure, fertility rates,
mortality rates, and migration patterns, has
significant economic implications under global
demography.
KEY ECONOMIC IMPACTS
1. Labor Force and Productivity: Changes
in the size and age composition of the
population directly affect the size and
composition of the labor force.
2. Economic Growth: Demographic
changes can influence economic growth
rates.
3. Dependency Ratios: Changes in the age
structure of the population affect
dependency ratios, which represent the
number of non-working individuals
(children and the elderly) relative to the
working-age population.
4. Healthcare Expenditure: Aging
populations typically require more
healthcare services, which can lead to
increased healthcare expenditures for
governments and individuals.
5. Pension Systems and Social Security:
Demographic changes impact pension
systems, as a growing number of retirees
relative to the working-age population
can strain funding.
6. Consumer Behavior and Demand:
Changes in age structure can influence
consumer behavior and demand
patterns.
7. Immigration and Global Workforce:
Migration patterns also play a
significant role in demographic change
and economic impact.
8. Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
Demographic changes can influence
innovation and entrepreneurship.
THOMAS MALTHUS POINT OF VIEW
● In 1978, Thomas Malthus, perhaps the
first of the population pessimists,
argued that the world’s resources would
be unable to keep pace with population
growth. Malthus had a pessimistic view
of demographic change and its
economic impact, and his ideas are often
referred to as the "Malthusian theory.“
● In terms of economic impact, Malthus
believed that overpopulation and
resource scarcity would result in
poverty, misery, and social unrest.
● He proposed two main principles:
1. The Principle of Population: Malthus
believed that population tends to
increase exponentially, whereas the
growth of food production increases
arithmetically.
2. Checks on Population Growth:
Malthus identified two types of checks
that limit population growth: positive
checks and preventive checks.
POPULATION NEUTRALISM
● also known as population stabilization
or population stability, is a concept in
global demography that advocates for
maintaining a stable population size
over time.
 ● Other factors such as openness to trade,
educational attainment and the quality
of institutions determine whether
economic progress can keep pace with
population expansion.
● In the Philippines, the advocates of the
controversial Reproductive Health Law
argues that if the population of the
country could be checked using policy
measures such as RH Law, then progress
and development can be easier attained.
THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL
CHANGES TO GLOBALIZATION
It goes without saying that Demographical
changes affect the phenomenon of Globalization
to a large extent. For instance, the changes in
population distribution and population growth
might impact economic and political policies of
nation states. In fact, according to a World Bank
report in 2013, ageing, migration, educational
convergence and women’s growing participation
in the labor force all linked to the underlying
demographic transition help to shape countries’
comparative advantage.
WAYS IN WHICH DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGES INFLUENCE GLOBALIZATION
1. Labor Force Dynamics: Changes in the
size and composition of the global labor
force can influence the availability and
cost of labor in different countries
2. Migration and Diaspora Communities:
Demographic changes, such as
population growth in certain regions
and economic disparities between
countries, can drive migration flows.
3. Consumer Markets: Changes in
population size, age structure, and
income levels impact consumer markets
globally.
4. Aging Population and Social Services:
The aging population in many advanced
economies is influencing global trade
patterns.
5. Health and Pandemics: Global
demographic changes can influence the
spread of infectious diseases and the
demand for healthcare products and
services.
6. Technological Connectivity:
Demographic changes, such as
increased internet usage and digital
literacy, can enhance global connectivity
and facilitate globalization.
7. Health and Pandemics: Global
demographic changes can influence the
spread of infectious diseases and the
demand for healthcare products and
services.