VOLUME 1 Routine test - test carried out on each and every component or
SECTION A. PRODUCTION MACHINERY equipment to check the specifications which are likely to vary during
Paes 101: 2000
Technical Means For Ensuring Safety – General
(NO TERMINOLOGIES)
Paes 102: 2000
Operator’s Manual – Content And Presentation
Left-hand side - For mobile machines, it is the side which is on the
left when an observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel
of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on
the left when an observer is facing the machine.
Right-hand side - For mobile machines, it is the side which is on the
right when an observer is facing in the normal forward direction of
travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which
is on the right when an observer is facing the machine.
Paes 103: 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Method Of Sampling
Acceptance test - test carried out on samples selected from a lot for
the purpose of acceptance of the lot.
Lot - in any consignment, all components or equipment under study.
production.
Type test - test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of
the relevant specification.
Paes 104: 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Location And Method Of Operation Of
Operator’s Controls – Control For Agricultural Tractors And
Machinery
Agricultural tractor - Self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi
track-laying machine primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or
operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used
for agricultural, forestry and other related works.
Pedestrian-operated machine - Machine, having an integral power
unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed to carry out
agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on
an attachment or trailer.
Right-hand and left-hand - Designations related to the operator
when sitting on the operator’s station.
Self-propelled machine - Having one or more integral power units
which propel and operate the machine, designed to carry out
agricultural operations while on the move.
 PAES 105:2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SYMBOL’S FOR OPERATOR’S
CONTROLS AND OTHER DISPLAYS-COMMON SYSMBOLS
Agricultural machines - Consists of agricultural tractors, self-
propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and
combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations.
Symbol - Visually perceptible figure used to transmit information
independent of language.
PAES 106:2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL TILLAGE AND EQUIPMENT
Tillage action - Action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of
soil manipulation.
Tillage objective - Desired soil condition produced by one or more
tillage operations.
Tillage requirement - Soil physical conditions which can be produced
by tillage and is necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic
considerations.
Broadcast tillage - Overall tillage tillage of an entire area as
contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips.
Deep tillage - Primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a
greater depth than 300 mm.
Earthmoving - Tillage action and transport operations utilized to
loosen, load, carry, and unload soil.
Land forming - Tillage operation which move soil to create desired
soil configurations.
Land grading - Tillage operation which move soil to establish a
desired soil elevation and slope.
Land planing - Tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of
soil to provide smooth, refined surface condition.
Oriented tillage
Tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with
respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field
base lines
Rotary tillage
Tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break
up, and mix soil.
Soil cultivation
Shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants
by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and
moisture conservation or to pest control
Tillage
Mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose.
Primary tillage
Tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates.
Secondary tillage
Tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed
growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before
seeding.
Tillage depth
Tool depth vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified
point of penetration of the tool.
Conservation tillage
System that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil
surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small
grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion
period.
Conventional tillage
System traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given
crop and grown in a given geographical area.
Minimum tillage
System wherein least soil manipulation is performed.
Mulch tillage
System in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a
way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface.
Optimum tillage
Idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given
crop under given conditions.
Precision tillage
Subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for
subsurface drainage.
Reduced tillage
System in which the primary tillage operation is performed in
conjunction with special planting procedures in order to reduce or
eliminate secondary tillage operations.
Reservoir tillage
System in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are
formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water.
Ridge tillage
System in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after
harvest and maintained from year to year in the same location.
Strip tillage
System in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled.
Anchoring
Tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials
such as plant residues or artificial mulches.
Bedding
Ridging listing tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration.
Bulldozing
Pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade.
Chisel plowing
Tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used.
 Operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in
Combined tillage operations conjunction with soil manipulation.
Operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of
tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter Subsoiling
combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a Deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root
field. growth and/or water movement.

Harrowing
Operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for
planting. Vertical mulching
Operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into
Incorporating the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank.
Mixing operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as
pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil. TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

General-purpose tillage implement

Implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting,
breaking and pulverizing the soil.
Middlebreaking
Hilling-up operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a Plow-harrow
furrow midway between two previous rows of plants. Implement which works under the combined principles of the regular
disc plow and harrow.
Off barring
Operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants. Rotary tiller
NOTE This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up. Implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as
chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator.
Moldboard plowing
Operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete Spiral plow
soil inversion. Rotary plow implement which consists of two horizontal power driven
spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically.
Residue processing
Primary tillage implement
Implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to
reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and
fertilizers in the tillage layer.
Chisel plow
Implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of
surface materials.
Disc plow
Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut,
partially or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material,
and pulverize the soil.
Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and
eradicate weeds.
Comb-tooth harrow
Implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent
operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling NOTE It
consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.
Disc harrow Implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better
soil tilth for the seed germination and growth.

Moldboard plow Single-action disc harrow

Implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to Consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil. throw the soil in opposite directions.

Right-hand plow Double-action disc harrow

Turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow. Tandem disc harrow consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of
two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a
Left-hand plow way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction
Turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow. (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the
opposite directions.
Two-way plow
Eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation. Offset disc harrow
Consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at
Subsoiler an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to
Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter the tractor.
compacted subsurface layers.
Field cultivator
Secondary tillage implement Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow
cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage.
 Continuous-tool bar cultivator
Implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the
Packer rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row
Implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil. spacing.

Roller-harrow Separated gang cultivator

Implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and Implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to
smooths and firms the soil surface. provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants.

Rotary hoe NOMENCLATURE FOR TILLAGE TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS

Implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking
soil crust and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after Bed shaper
crop plants emerge. Soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to
predetermined shapes.
Row crop cultivator
Implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to Blade
adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage. Soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is
primarily designed to cut through the soil.
Spike-tooth harrow
Implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and Coulter
staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil. Circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil.

Draft
Spring-tooth harrow Force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal
Implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring and opposite to drawbar pull.
steel.
Effective operating width
Cultivating tillage implement Operating width excluding overlap.
Implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by
loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired Edge clearance angle
vegetation.
Effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line
drawn through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its Lister-planter
immediate edge. Combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a
planting attachment to permit a single listing-seeding operation with
Ground clearance the planter normally being operated in the furrow.
Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially
obstructing machine element. Longitudinal tool spacing
Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two
Hitch tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of
Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a travel.
power source.
Mechanical tillage implement
Implement width Single or groups of soil-working tools together with power
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between transmission structure, control, and protection systems present as an
the outermost edges of the implement. integral part of the machine.

Injector MOLDBOARD PLOW CLEARANCES

Implement used to insert materials into the soil.
Horizontal clearance
Jointer Distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow
Miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small bottoms.
furrow slice directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid
in covering trash. Vertical clearance
Distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially
Lateral tool spacing obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam,
Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on release mechanism, etc.
adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to
the direction of travel. Operating overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement
reworks soil previously tilled.
Line of travel
Line and direction along which the tillage implement travels. Operating width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within Tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the
which an implement performs its intended function. insertion of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers.

Protected zone Soil roller

Soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, Rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by
tool spacing or evasive tool movement. crushing or compacting.

Scouring Soil-sliding path

Shedding soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the Path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool.
tillage tool without significant adhesion.
Soil-sliding path length
Shank Length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides.
Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
or a standard. Soil-ascending angle
Angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along
Shovel the sliding path.
Spade-shaped, v-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various
plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers. Soil-sliding angle
Angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding
Side force path and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of
Side draft horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of the tool.
motion.
Soil-tool geometry
Soil-additive applicator Configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is
Machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil
means of tillage. surface.

Soil-additive incorporator Soil-working surface

Machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil. Portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the
soil.
Soil opener
Specific draft
Unit draft draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross- Tool clearance
section. Minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool
and the nearest potentially obstructing implement element.
Standard
Beam upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement Tool-operating width
frame. Maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over
which a tool performs its intended function.
Sweep
Type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped.

Teeth Orientation, tool

Projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear
soil.
Tillage tool
Individual soil-working element.
Complex tillage tools Tillage tools which rotate or move so that they
present a varying boundary and contact area to the soil.
Dynamic tillage tools
Tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are
in direction other than along the line of travel.
Multi-powered tillage tools
Tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft
and rotating power, or draft and electrical power.
Simple tillage tools
Tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to
the soil.
Position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is
usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel note
orientation is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.
Lift angle
Rake angle angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel,
between a tool axis and the soil surface.
Side angle
Angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which
is perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Tilt angle
Angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel,
between a tool axis and the soil surface.
Tool overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool
operating width coincides with the operating width of another tool.
Tool-skip area
Area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool.
Soil cutting
Tool width Separation of a soil mass by a slicing action.
Maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the
line of motion. Soil failure
Alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical
Vertical tool spacing forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing.
Vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools
when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel. Soil heaving
Lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing.
Wings
Projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the
volume of soil which can be disturbed, or to control the nature and Soil reaction
distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt, and side angles Soil response to the application of mechanical forces.
which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool
and standard. Soil shatter
Pulverization general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the
action of tillage forces.

Soil sliding
Sliding of soil across a surface.
SOIL REACTION NOMENCLATURE
Throw
Soil abrasion Movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy
Scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of imparted to the soil by the tillage tool.
soil.
SOIL NOMENCLATURE
Soil adhesion
Sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels. Additive, soil
Foreign materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or
Soil compaction incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or
Act of reducing the specific volume of soil. environment. Example pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners,
but not foreign bodies such as drain tiles, which have an indirect Resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil
influence that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil.

Adhered soil bodies Mechanical stability

Masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which
adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool.
Example soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone;
soil sheet, an adhered soil body which covers a large area of tool like
a sheet; soil wedge, an adhered soil body which resembles a narrow
wedge.
Compacted layer
Hard pan plow pan plow soil dense layer of soil immediately below
tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing
forces.
Concretions
Soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together.
Covering depth
Thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement.
Mechanical strength degree of resistance of soil to deformation.
Shear blocks
Clods blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass
by tillage tool action.
Shear surface
Failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared.
Primary shear surfaces
Initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused
mainly by shear.
Secondary shear surfaces
Shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of
the soil after or during the initial displacement. Note secondary shear
surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces.

Soil aggregates
Soil peds agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced
by natural processes.
Foreign materials
All materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil Tillability
additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's Degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific
development. purpose

Mechanical impedance SOIL AND SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS

Back furrow
Raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is Bed height hill height windrow height height of soil above a specified
started from center to side. (initial or subsequent) soil surface.

Dead furrow Root bed

Open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in
between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing note it is
formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each
other.
Furrow
Trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice.
Furrow crown
Peak of the turned furrow slice.
Furrow depth
Ditch depth pit depth trench depth depth of depression below a
specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface.
Soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots.
Root zone
Part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants.
Seedbed
Soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds.
Soil density
Weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis
(including soil and water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most common).

Furrow slice
Soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the
plow bottom. Paes 107 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Hitch For Walking-Type Agricultural
Furrow wall Tractor – Specifications
Undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
Head land unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip. Hitch assembly
Structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement. Note it
Land consists of hitch frame, pin sleeve and hitch pin.
Unplowed soil
Size of primemover
Rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the
manufacturer.
Ridge height
Walking-type agricultural tractor
Pedestrian controlled tractor hand tractor self-propelled machine
having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or PAES 109 :
mounted agricultural implements and machinery. 2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WALKING-TYPE
AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – SPECIFICATIONS PART 1 : PULL-
TYPE

Walking-type agricultural tractor

hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled machine having a single
axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery.

Paes 108 : 2000 Pull type

Agricultural Machinery - Hexagonal Axle And Hub For Walking- traction type capable of pulling various kinds of implements.
Type Agricultural Tractor – Specification

Type 1 PAES 111 : 2000

Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WALKING-TYPE
size of up to 3.4 kw (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kw (5.0 AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – METHODS OF TEST
hp) using gasoline engine.
Applicable work
Type 2 Range of operations that could be performed by the machine as
Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover specified by the manufacturer.
size of 3.5 kw to 10.8 kw (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and
3.8 kw to 11.9 kw ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp) using gasoline engine.
Ground clearance
distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the
tractor.

Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the tractor.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting
upwards are contained between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median
plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, components projecting at the
front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum
length.
Overall width
Distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
the tractor, each plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on
its respective side and with wheels set for minimum track.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting
laterally are contained between these two planes.
Slip
Ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels
or track with load, to the speed without load.
Tractor weight
Total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the
fuel tank filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amount of
cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine is integrated with the
tractor) and with specified wheels.
Walking-type agricultural tractor
Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery
PAES 112 : 2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – LEVER-OPERATED KNAPSACK
SPRAYER – SPECIFICATION
Lever-operated knapsack sprayer (LOKS) Backpack sprayer
sprayer which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on
the back of an operator for spraying.
Pressure chamber
Component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid
pressure and induces more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid.
Tank capacity
Maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when
equipped with all its internal mounting.
PAES 113 : 2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – LEVER-
OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER – METHODS OF TEST
PAES 114 : 2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP – SPECIFICATIONS
Capacity
Discharge at maximum efficiency
Centrifugal pump
Type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which
draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces
water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing by
means of centrifugal force.
Diffuser pump
Turbine pump type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is
surrounded by diffuser vanes. NOTE The diffuser vanes have small
openings near the impeller and enlarge gradually to their outer
diameter where the water flows into the chamber and around to the
pump discharge.
Volute pump
Type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or
volute curve.
NOTE The casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of
water as it flows from the impeller to the discharge, thus changing
velocity head to pressure head.
Head
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the
energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any
arbitrary datum.
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance
characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet.
NOTE It is the statement of the minimum suction conditions required
to prevent cavitation.
Pump
Device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.
Pump efficiency (ηp)
Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
Priming
Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped
air through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing
Shaft power
Power required to drive the pump shaft.
NOTE It is the input power to the pump.
Water power
Theoretical power required for pumping.
NOTE It is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.
PAES 115 : 2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL,
MIXED FLOW AND AXIAL FLOW WATER PUMPS – METHODS OF
TEST
Axial flow pump
Type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head
by propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water.
Base plane
Datum elevation for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the
level of water source to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical
single suction pumps (volute and diffusion vane type), the distance
from the entrance eye to the first stage impeller; for vertical double
suction pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the
impeller discharge horizontal centreline.
Cavitation Total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to
Formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop pump center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping
and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high temperature.
pressure. Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) NPSH as determined
from the actual suction piping conditions.

( )
Centrifugal pump Pa− P
Type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing NPSHA= vp
−H s
Γ
which draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and
forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance
housing by means of centrifugal force.
characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet.
Discharge
Performance curve
Volume of water pumped per unit time.
Curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head,
power, NPSH and efficiency of the pump.
Friction head, hf
Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow
Pump
through the pipe and pipe fittings.
Device that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.
NOTE It is specifically defined by the expression.
2
IQ Priming
h f =k 2 2
C D Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped
air through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing.
Head
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the
energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any
arbitrary datum. Pump efficiency (ηp)
Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump.
Mixed flow pump
Type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal Shaft power
and the axial flow pump and in which head is developed partly by the Power required at the pump shaft.
centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes on the water. Note it is the input power to the pump.

Net positive suction head-NPSH (hsv)

Static discharge head ( hd )
Vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge
water level.
Static suction head ( hs )
Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of
the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is above the center
line of the pump.
Static suction lift ( hs )
Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of
the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is below the
centerline of the pump.
Total discharge head (hd)
Sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge
piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of
discharge. Note as determined on test, it is the reading of a pressure
gauge at the discharge pipe of the pump referred to datum plus
velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
Total head (th)
Measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and
the algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total
suction head. Note total head, as determined on test where suction lift
exists, is the sum of the total discharge head and total suction lift.
Where positive suction head exists, the total head is the total
discharge head minus the total suction head.
Total suction head ( hs )
Vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of
the water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and
fittings, plus any pressure head existing on the suction supply. Note
as determined on tests, it is the reading of a gauge at the suction of
the pump referred to datum plus the velocity head at the point of
gauge attachment. Suction head exists when the total suction head is
above atmospheric pressure.
Total suction lift ( hs )
Sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction
piping.
Note as determined on the tests, it is the reading of the pressure
gauge at the suction nozzle of the pump corrected to the datum minus
the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment. Suction lift exists
where the total suction head at pump datum is below atmospheric
pressure which the flow source vented to atmosphere.
Velocity head (hv)
Pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow.
Note It is specifically defined by the expression
2
v
h v=
2g
(VOLUME 2/SECTION 1) PAES 116: 2001 AGRICULTURAL
MACHINERY – SMALL ENGINE – SPECIFICATIONS

Air-cooled
Direct cooling system system wherein air is used to remove excess
heat from the engine through metal fins or shrouds which are located
around the cylinder thus creating the flow of air to the engine body in
order to maintain its operating temperature.
Cycle
Series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and
repeats the events after the last one has occurred.
Four-stroke
Piston requires four movements to complete one cycle. Note one
movement of piston for each of the events such as intake,
compression, power and exhaust.
Two-stroke cycle
Piston requires two movements to complete one cycle.
Note one downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and
intake and one upward movement of piston for the events
compression and power.
Engine
Heat engine mechanical device that converts heat energy produced
by combustion of fuel into mechanical energy.
Internal combustion engine
Type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the
cylinder.
Compression ignition engine
Diesel engine engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing
the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of
fuel.
Note as the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high
temperature, atomized fuel is injected in the combustion chamber, it
ignites on contact with high temperature air to generate power.
Spark ignition engine
Gasoline engine engine in which combustion occurs through the
initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture.
NOTE Fuel and air mixture is first introduced inside the cylinder in
gaseous condition. It is then compressed and ignited resulting to the
generation of power.
Overhead valve (OHV)
I-head arrangement arrangement of valves wherein the intake and
exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head.
Side valves (SV)
L-head arrangement arrangement of valves wherein the intake and
exhaust valves are located on one side of the cylinder block.
Water-cooled
Liquid-cooled
Indirect cooling system
System in which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling medium
which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine.
PAES 117 : 2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SMALL ENGINE
– METHODS OF TEST
Bore Fuel consumption
Diameter of the cylinder. Volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis.

Compression ratio Fully equipped engine

Ratio of the cylinder volume on top of the piston (piston displacement Engine equipped with all the accessories necessary to perform its
and combustion chamber) when it is at its lowest position to the intended functions such as air cleaner, exhaust system, radiator,
volume remaining above the piston when it is at its highest position generator, starter and related parts.
(combustion chamber).
PD +V Maximum brake power
CR=
V Highest power developed at a given speed.
Net power
Continuous brake power Power output of a “fully equipped” engine.
Power recommended by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation
under continuous duty condition within a specified speed range. Peak brake power
Highest power developed.
Engine
Heat engine Rated brake power
Mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion Power indicated in the specification sheet or plate at a given rated
of fuel into mechanical energy. speed submitted by the manufacturer.

Compression-ignition engine Rated engine speed

Engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a Speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer.
high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.
Specific fuel consumption
Spark-ignition engine Quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per
Engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on horsepower hour.
the fuel and air mixture.
Stroke
Engine performance Length of the piston travel.
Maximum brake power, fuel consumption and operating
characteristics of the engine at different speeds. Torque
Product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of
action of that force to the axis of rotation and is expressed in kg-m.
VOLUME 2 _ SECTION A. PRODUCTION MACHINERY
PAES 110: 2001 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WALKING-TYPE
AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – SPECIFICATIONS PART 2:
ROTARY TILLING-TYPE
Rotary tilling type
A type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller
which cuts, breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues.
Walking-type agricultural tractor
Hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled machine having a single
axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery.
PAES 118: 2001 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FOUR-WHEEL
TRACTOR – SPECIFICATIONS
Drawbar
Bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched.
Drawbar power
Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
20 meters.
Our-wheel tractor
Self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry,
pull or propel agricultural implements and machines.
Four-wheel drive
Type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels.
Two-wheel drive
Type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels
with small front wheels being pushed along.
Linchpin
Retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs.
Lower hitch point tire clearance
Clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower hitch
point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement in raised
position and all side sway removed from the links.
Lower hitch point tractor clearance
Horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the tractor in
the area between the two lower links and the horizontal line through
the two lower hitch points throughout the range of vertical movement
of the hitch points. Note the power-take-off master shield may be
removed, if necessary to meet this dimension.
Power-take-off (pto) shaft
External shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational
power to implements and machines.
Pto output power
Power measured at the pto shaft.

Roll-over protective structure (rops)
Roll-over protective device (ropd)
Safety frame
Two- or four-post structural frames primarily used to protect a seat-
belted operator from being crushed in case the machine rolls over.
Three-point linkage
Combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to
the tractor and the implement at opposite ends in order to connect the
implement to the tractor.
Hitch point
Articulated connection between a link and the implement. Note for
geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the
articulated connection between a link and the implement.
Leveling adjustment
Adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved
vertically with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an
inclination of the implement.
Link point
Articulated connection between a link and the tractor. Note for
geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the
articulated connection between a link and the tractor.
Upper hitch pin
Pin that connects the upper link to the implement.
Upper link pin
Pin that connects the upper link to the tractor.
Wheel tread
Center to center distance between two front or rear wheels.
Paes 119: 2001 agricultural machinery – four-wheel tractor –
methods of test
Ballast
Any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction
or stability.
Engine power
Power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft.
Ground clearance
Distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the
tractor.
Maximum drawbar pull
Mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a
given distance, the pull being exerted horizontally and in the vertical
plane containing the longitudinal axis of the tractor.
Tractor weight
Total weight of the tractor excluding tools with the fuel tank filled to 80
percent capacity and with normal amounts of cooling water and
lubricating oil when the tractor is at work.
Overall height
Distance between the supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the tractor.
Overall length
Distance between the two vertical planes at right angles to the median
plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities.
Overall width
Distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
the tractor, each plane touching the outermost point of the tractor on
its respective side.
Radius of turning area
Radius of clearance circle radius of the smallest circle described by
the outermost point of the tractor.
Radius of turning circle
Radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median
plane of the outermost wheel of the tractor.
PAES 120: 2001 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – DISC HARROW
– SPECIFICATIONS
Concave disc
Circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil.
Disc spacing
Transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges. Note this can
be obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of spool.
Disc harrow
Implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the
seed germination and growth. Note it consists of two or four gangs of
concave steel disc.

Rated engine speed Single-action disc harrow

Speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer. Consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions.
Wheel slip
Slip of the driving wheels is determined by the following formula. Tandem disc harrow
Consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows
N 1−N 0 behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on
wheel slip= x 100
N1 the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and
the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction.
Specific fuel consumption
Quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per Offset disc harrow
horsepower hour. Consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at
an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to
the tractor centreline.
Frame Disc angle angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a
Structure on which the gangs are fitted. line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel.

Gang Spool
Set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and Flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to
separated by a spool. prevent the lateral movement of the discs on the shaft.

Gang angle Width of cut

Angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the Transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the
direction of motion. end discs.

Gang angling mechanism

Mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted.
Paes 121:2001 a-85 agricultural machinery – disc plow –
Gang axle specifications
Shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted.
Concave disc
Ground clearance Circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil.
Vertical distance between the ground and the lowest edge of the disc
when the trailed harrow is supported on transport wheels. Concavity
Vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the
Hitch disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface.
Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the
power source. Disc plow
Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut,
Included angle partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and
Angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs. pulverize the soil.
Note blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to
Scraper the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil
Component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the displacement.
disc.
Side angle Frame
Structure on which the standards are fitted.
Grain seeder
Hitch Seeder
Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a Planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop
power source. production.
Note it can be a manually-operated, animal-drawn or tractor power-
Scraper driven seeder.
Component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the
disc. Field efficiency
Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity.
Side angle note the field efficiency is determined by the following formula:
Disc angle angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a
line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel. efc
Ef= x 100
efc
Standard
Beam
Upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame. Effective field capacity
Actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.
Tilt angle Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
Angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
between a tool axis and the soil surface.
Theoretical field capacity
Width of cut Computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.
Transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of
the end discs. Seed delivery rate
Note for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to Amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area.
25 . For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at
18 to 20 . PAES 123: 2001 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SEEDER AND
PLANTER – METHODS OF TEST

Paes 122: 2001 agricultural machinery – seeder and planter – Fuel consumption
specifications Volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis.
 Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
Wheel slip of seeder or planter and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.
Wheels slip is determined by the following formula:

N 1−N 0
Wheel slip= x 100
N1
Paes 125: 2002 agricultural machinery – sprinkler head –
specifications part 1: rotating impact-driven type
VOLUME 3 _ SECTION A. PRODUCTION MACHINERY
Nozzle
Paes 124: 2002 agricultural machinery – walking-type agricultural Aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is discharged.
tractor – specifications part 3: special type (float-assist tiller) Note a sprinkler head may contain one or several cylindrical nozzles
or nozzle of other shapes and sizes.
Float-assist tiller
A special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted Radius of throw
tilling wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a
waterlogged fields. point at which liquid is deposited.
Flotation structure
Float Rotating sprinkler head
Hull Rotating sprinkler device which by its rotating motion around its
Component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the tiller. vertical axis distributes liquid over an area.

Tilling wheel Impact-driven sprinkler head

Consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling Type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or spring-
blades attached to a common shaft or axle, supported and powered loaded arm which is propelled by the liquid stream and hits the
by the transmission. sprinkler body.

Walking-type agricultural tractor Sprinkler head

Hand tractor Hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid
Pedestrian tractor through a nozzle.
Trajectory angle rotating sprinkler head
Angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged Rotating sprinkler device which by its rotating motion around its
from the sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure. vertical axis distributes liquid over an area.

Part-circle sprinkler
Rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area,
either with or without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire Paes 127: 2002 agricultural machinery – drilling rig –
circular area. specifications

Range of effective pressure Drilling rig

Pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, p min, and the Structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of
maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as water-well construction.
the pressure range in which the sprinklers operate effectively. Note
the pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point Drilling pipe
situated about 0.20 m below the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with Serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel.
the pressure gauge situated in the same plane as the main nozzle.
Drill bit
Paes 126: 2002 agricultural machinery – rotating sprinkler head – Bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact
methods of test with the soil formation and serves as cutting device during drilling
operation.
Base pressure
Pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least Main rig assembly
five times the nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream Structure which supports the entire drilling system.
direction change or change in pipe crosssectional area.
Surging stem
Nozzle Jetting stem light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting)
Aperture of the sprinkler through which the liquid is discharged. operation.

Radius of throw
Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a PAES 128: 2002 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – DRILLING RIG –
point at which liquid is deposited. METHODS OF TEST
PAES 129: 2002 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – ELECTRIC
MOTOR – SPECIFICATIONS
Ampacity
Current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under
the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
Disconnecting means
Switch device, or group of devices, or other means by which the
electric motor can be disconnected from the power supply.
Duty rating
Time rating refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long
it will run each time it is started.
Electric motor
Machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Enclosure
Case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact
with energized parts and protect the motor from physical damage.
Frame designation
Standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by
national electric manufacturers association (nema) or international
electrotechnical commission (iec).
Locked-rotor current
Maximum current required to start the motor.
Phase
Number of individual voltages applied to the motor.
Three-phase
Has three individual voltages applied to the motor.
Note the three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other
so that peaks of voltage occur at even time intervals to balance the
power received and delivered by the motor throughout its 360 degrees
of rotation.
Single-phase
Has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave.
Rotor
Armature winding rotating part of electric motor which is typically
constructed of a laminated steel core containing current-carrying
copper wires.
Service factor
Indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the
motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe
temperature range.
Stator
Field poles
Stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is
placed in a laminated iron core.
Temperature rise
Temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is
above ambient temperature.
Thermal protector Flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which
Device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload cuts the soil vertically.
or failure to start.
Frame
Torque Structure to which the standards are fitted.
Twisting or turning force produced by the motor.
Frog
Breakdown torque Central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside
Pull out torque maximum torque a motor can develop during overload are attached.
without stalling.
Hitch
Starting torque Part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source.
Locked rotor torque motor torque at zero speed or the maximum
torque required to start the load. Landside
Part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall,
providing lateral stability during operation.
Paes 130: 2002 agricultural machinery – electric motor – methods
of test
Landside heel
Part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load
of the plow bottom to the furrow bottom.

Moldboard
Part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one
side.

Volume 4 _ section a. Production machinery General-purpose moldboard

Plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used
Paes 131: 2004 agricultural machinery – moldboard plow – easily for stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover land.
specifications
Slatted moldboard
Colter
Plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour Plow body working part of the plow which includes the share,
on solid moldboard. moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog.

Sod moldboard Share

Plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a Part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice
gradual twist that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with horizontally.
minimum breakage.
Shin
Leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside.

Stubble moldboard Standard

Plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along Beam
the top edge and is suited to work in soil which has been cultivated Leg
from year to year. Upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement
frame.
Moldboard plow
Sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer Suction, horizontal
of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials NOTE: Main component Horizontal clearance distance by which the point of the share is bent
consists of share, moldboard and landside. out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width.

Left-hand plow
Throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction .
Suction, vertical
Right-hand plow Vertical clearance distance by which the point of the share is bent
Throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction. downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth.

Two-way plow Tailpiece

Reversible plow Optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve
Throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s direction. inversion of the furrow slice.
Note: it consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one
type being used at a time. Trash board
Plow bottom
Optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the
upper edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom.
Paes 132: 2004 agricultural machinery – disc/moldboard plow –
methods of test
Disc plow
Rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a
layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials.
Four-wheel tractor
Self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry,
pull or propel agricultural implements and machines.
headland
Unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially
used for turning the draft animal/tractor and implement.
moldboard plow
Sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer
of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials.
side angle
Disc angle horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of
travel.
tilt angle
Angle made by the disc with the vertical line.
walking-type agricultural tractor
Two-wheel tractor hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled
machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel
trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.
width of cut – disc plow
Transverse distance between the cutting edges of the end discs at
their depth of cut.
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15
to 25°. For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set
at 18 to 20°.
width of cut – moldboard plow
Distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share.
PAES 133: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – DISC HARROW
– METHODS OF TEST
disc harrow
Implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used
for additional pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the
soil, leveling and firming the soil, closing of air pockets and eradication
of weeds.
gang
Set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and
separated by a spool.
PAES 134: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FURROWER –
SPECIFICATIONS
furrower row marker
lister Toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the
ridger furrower for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing.
bedder
Tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and share
one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and Part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice
trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes. horizontally.

standard
furrower bottom beam
Lister bottom working part of the furrower which includes the share leg
and moldboard. Upright support which connects the furrower bottom to a toolbar.

blackland bottom toolbar

Bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better Structure to which the standards are mounted.
scouring in sticky soils.

general-purpose bottom PAES 135: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FURROWER –

Bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high METHODS OF TEST
speeds in most soil conditions.
furrower
hard-ground bottom lister
Bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in ridger
combination with disc openers to open hard-baked. bedder
Tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and
hitch one right wing used to make ridges and beds for planting and
Part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor. trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes.

moldboard furrowing
Part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of listing
soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions. ridging
bedding
Tillage and land-forming operations using the furrower which lifts, gross load
inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite Gross weight sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer
directions. expressed in metric tons.

furrow ground clearance

Trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow Vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the
slices. trailer. NOTE In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be
loaded to its payload and the tires shall be inflated at the
row marker recommended pressure.
Toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the
furrower for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing. over-run brake
Brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer
and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer.
PAES 136:2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – AGRICULTURAL
TRAILER – SPECIFICATIONS parking brake
Brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or
agricultural trailer parked position.
Trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power
of its own. payload
net weight
balanced trailer Uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by
Agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles the trailer expressed in tons.
with four or more wheels when detached from the towing tractor.
service brake
semi-trailer Brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving
Agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, trailer.
part of its load is transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the
load is carried on its axle. tow eye
Hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor.
axle load
Total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle. unladen mass
Tare weight mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any parking brake
load. Brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or
parked position.
wheel base
Horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels payload
measured at the center of the ground contact. Net weight uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be
transported by the trailer expressed in tons.
wheel tread
wheel track service brake
Distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured Brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving
at the center of ground contact. trailer.

unladen mass
PAES 137:2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – AGRICULTURAL Tare weight mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any
TRAILER – METHODS OF TEST load.

agricultural trailer wheel base

Trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power Horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels
of its own. measured at the center of the ground contact.

gross load wheel tread

Sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons. wheel track
Distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured
ground clearance at the center of ground contact.
Vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the
trailer.
NOTE In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its PAES 138: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GUIDELINES ON
payload and the tires shall be inflated at the recommended pressure. AFTER-SALES SERVICE
over-run brake
Brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer after-sales services
and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer.
Consists of parts and services provided by the
manufacturers/distributors/dealers to the end-user to ensure
continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery.
agricultural machinery
Consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-
operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used
for agricultural operations.
dealer
Authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to
supply, trade, sell and service agricultural machinery to end-users.
distributor
Trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or
manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers.
manufacturer
Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity
involved in the production and distribution of agricultural machinery.
warranty
Guarantee expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and
workmanship of the products offered for sale or length of satisfactory
use to be expected from a product under normal use.
PAES 139:2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – ROLL-OVER
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES (ROPS) – SPECIFICATIONS
roll-over protective structure (ROPS)
Cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or minimize
injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation.
seat index point (SIP)
Point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to ISO 5353.
PAES 140:2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – ROLL-OVER
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES (ROPS) – METHODS OF TEST
crushing test
Application of a vertical load through a beam placed laterally across
the uppermost members of the protective structure.
horizontal loading test
Application of a horizontal load to the rear, front and side of the
protective structure.
NOTE As loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause
the direction of loading to change. This is permissible.
impact test
Application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting as a
pendulum.
roll-over protective structure (ROPS)
Cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or minimize
injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation.
seat index point (SIP)
Point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to PAES 139.
tractor mass Percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation.
Mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks and radiator
full, protective structure with cladding, and any track equipment or weeding efficiency
additional front-wheel drive components required for normal use. Weeding index percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit
NOTE The operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel area.
equipment, special equipment and loads are not included.
weeder
Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural
PAES 141: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WEEDER – land.
SPECIFICATIONS
weeds
weeding efficiency Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for
Weeding index nutrients, moisture and sunlight.
Percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area.

weeder
Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural VOLUME 5 _ SECTION A. PRODUCTION MACHINERY
land.

weeds PAES 141: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WEEDER –

Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for SPECIFICATIONS
nutrients, moisture and sunlight.
weeding efficiency
Weeding index percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit
PAES 142: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WEEDER – area.
METHODS OF TEST
weeder
damaged plants Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural
Plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted land.
plant) that may affect crop growth.
weeds
percent damaged plants
Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for
nutrients, moisture and sunlight. drum hopper
Part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered.

PAES 142: 2004 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WEEDER – drum seeder

METHODS OF TEST Planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields.

damaged plants ground wheel

Plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted Part of the seeder which provides traction and activates rotation of the
plant) that may affect crop growth. hopper for seed discharge.

percent damaged plants seeding rate

Percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation. Amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area.

weeding efficiency skid

Weeding index percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit Part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from
area. sinking.

weeder
Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural
land.
PAES 144: 2005 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – RICE DRUM
weeds SEEDER – METHODS OF TEST
Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for
nutrients, moisture and sunlight. effective field capacity
Actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area.

PAES 143: 2005 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – RICE DRUM
SEEDER – SPECIFICATIONS
adjusting ring
Metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate.
NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time
spent for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine
trouble.
damaged seed
Seed distinctly injured during operation.
field efficiency
Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity.
hopper capacity
Maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to the hopper.
percent damaged seeds
Percentage of seeds injured during operation.
seeding rate
Amount of seeds planted per unit time or area.
theoretical field capacity
Computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area.
PAES 145: 2005 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULAR
FERTILIZER APPLICATOR – SPECIFICATIONS
application rate
Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area.
Furrow opener
Device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer.
Granular fertilizer applicator
Device for applying granular fertilizer.
Ground wheel
Part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device.
Metering device
Mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged.
PAES 146: 2005 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULAR
FERTILIZER APPLICATOR – METHODS OF TEST
Application rate
Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area.
Effective field capacity
Actual area covered per unit time.
NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time
spent for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine
trouble.

Delivery tube Field efficiency

Part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity.
field.

Furrow closer Fuel consumption

Device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow. Volume of fuel consumed by the engine.
Theoretical field capacity Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
Computed area covered per unit of time. normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates.

Secondary tillage
Any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which
VOLUME 8 _ SECTION A. PRODUCTION MACHINERY are designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is
planted.
PAES 147:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FIELD
CULTIVATOR – SPECIFICATIONS Shank
Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.
Field cultivator
Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow Shovel
cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with Spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various
spring steel shanks. plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers.

Gauge wheel Spike

Auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform Type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper
depth of cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the penetration.
three-point hitch every time you set a cultivator down.
Sweep
Ground clearance Type of shovel which is wing-shaped.
Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially
obstructing machine element. Transverse tool bar
Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.
Main frame
Part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge
wheels together. PAES 148:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FIELD
CULTIVATOR – METHODS OF TEST
Primary tillage
Draft
Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
implement. Theoretical field capacity
Function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per
Drawbar power hour.
Power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.
Transport height
Effective field capacity Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to
Function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed its lowest point.
in hectares per hour.
Transport length
Field efficiency Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the implement to the mounting point.
the theoretical maximum productivity.

Implement wheel slip

Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Implement width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between
the outermost edges of the implement.
Nose angle
Angle formed by the edges of the sweep.
Operating width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within
which an implement performs its intended function; distance between
the outermost shanks of the field cultivator.
Reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached
implement.
PAES 149:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUBSOILER–
SPECIFICATIONS
Gauge wheel
Auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform
operating depth and for adjusting depth of cut.
Main frame
Part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together.

Stem angle Primary tillage

Angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface
or to its base, respectively.
Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates. PAES 150:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUBSOILER –
METHODS OF TEST
Ripper point
Tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil. Draft
Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
Shank implement.
Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.
Drawbar power
Soil abrasion Power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.
Scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of
soil. Effective field capacity
Function of field speed, working width and field efficiency expressed in
Subsoiler hectares per hour.
Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter
compacted subsurface layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks Field efficiency
either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame. Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.
Subsoiling
Deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening Implement
soil for root growth and/or water movement. Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.

Transverse tool bar Implement width

Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.
Wear shin
Metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance
durability of the shank.
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between
the outermost edges of the implement.
Operating width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within
which an implement performs its intended function; distance between
the outermost shanks of the subsoiler.
Sweep angle
Angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the Grasping fork
direction of travel. Part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings.

Theoretical field capacity Mechanical rice transplanter

Function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per Machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and
hour. leveled field.

Tip angle Paddle wheel

Angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point. Modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the
field.
Transport height
Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to
its lowest point.

Transport length Root-washed seedlings

Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of Rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots
the implement to the mounting point. are washed thoroughly to remove the soil.

Wing lift Soil-bearing seedlings

Length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle.
Wing lift angle
Angle measured between the two sides of the wing.
Wing width
Distance between the tip of each wing.
Rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is
retained with the roots for transplanting.
Transplanting
Method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in
a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields,
15 to 40 days after seeding.

Transplanting arm
Part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and
PAES 151:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MECHANICAL transplanting seedlings into a puddled field.
RICE TRANSPLANTER – SPECIFICATIONS
 PAES 152:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MECHANICAL
(VOLUME 10) RICE TRANSPLANTER – METHODS OF TEST
PNS/PAES 151:2015
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MECHANICAL RICE Actual field capacity (PAES 152:2015)
TRANSPLANTER – SPECIFICATIONS Actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time.

Grasping fork Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
Part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings. for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.

Mechanical rice transplanter

Machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and Effective field capacity
levelled field. Function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed
in hectares per hour.
Paddle wheel
Modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the Effective working width
field. Total width per row of transplanting arm.

Soil-bearing seedlings
Rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is
retained with the roots for transplanting.
Transplanting
Method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in
a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and levelled fields.
Transplanting arm
Part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and
transplanting seedlings into a puddled field.
Field efficiency
Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.
Hills
Points in the field where a seedling is transplanted.
Overall length
Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter
along its longer side including all protruding parts.
Overall width
Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter
along its shorter side including all protruding parts.
Percent damaged hill Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
Ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.
bending or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills
expressed in percentage. Effective operating width
Total width of the two outermost transplanting arms.
Percent missing hill
Ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number Field efficiency
of hills expressed in percentage. Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.
Planting efficiency
Ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hill Hills
expressed in percentage. Points in the field where seedlings are transplanted.

Rows Overall length

Series of hills in a field. Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter
along its longer side including all protruding part.
Theoretical field capacity
Function of speed of transplanter and the width of operation
expressed in hectares per hour. Overall width
Measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter
along its shorter side including all protruding parts.
Tray angle
Angle between the bottom of the seedling tray and the horizontal. Percent damaged hills
Ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting,
(VOLUME 10) bending or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills;
PNS/PAES 152:2015 expressed in percent (%).
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MECHANICAL RICE
TRANSPLANTER – METHODS OF TEST Percent missing hills
Ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number
Actual field capacity of hills, expressed in percent (%).
Actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time.
Planting efficiency
Ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hills,
expressed in percent (%). Handle
Lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often
Rows includes some mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight
Series of hills in a field. of the water being lifted up the draw pipe.

Theoretical field capacity Outlet

Computed product of the effective operating width and speed of Spout assembly of pump where water comes out.
operation of the mechanical rice transplanter.
Plunger
Piston
Part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which
forces water up the draw pipe.

Pump head
Pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle
outlet assembly.

PAES 153:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – HAND PUMP –

SPECIFICATIONS

Check valve Pump rod

Valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw Plunger rod
pipe while the plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke. Steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly
within the cylinder.
Discharge valve
Valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the Pump stand
body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction Pedestal
of flow of water only. Base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the
draw pipe.
Hand pump
Water pump powered by the movement of human arms. Stroke
Maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved. Overall height
Measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or
Suction inlet pedestal.
Inlet to which the suction pipe is connected.
Overall length
Suction pipe Measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer
Pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water side including all protruding parts.
moves up and out to the pump spout during pumping.
Overall width
PAES 154:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – HAND PUMP – Measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter
METHODS OF TEST side including all protruding parts.

Base plane Static suction head (h1)

Center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its Vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level of
highest position. water source.

Discharge rate Static discharge head (h2)

Volume of water pumped per unit time. Vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the discharge
water level.
Friction head
Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow Total static head (hg)
through the pipe and pipe fittings. Vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level, the
sum of the static suction and discharge heads.
Full stroke
Operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its Volumetric efficiency
lowest position. Ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston or
plunger displacement in one stroke.
Head
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the Water power
energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any Theoretical power required for pumping.
arbitrary datum.
PAES 155:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MIST BLOWER –
SPECIFICATIONS

Cut-off valve PAES 157:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER

Valve used to stop the flow of fluid. SPRAYER FOR MANGO – SPECIFICATIONS

Mist Cut-off valve

Fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into Valve used to stop the flow of fluid.
the air.
Lance
Mist blower Metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer.
Equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist.
Power sprayer for mango
Wand Equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to
Part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower. spray fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height.

Nozzle
PAES 156:2010 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MIST BLOWER – Tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out.
METHODS OF TEST
Pressure relief valve
Blower range Component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure.
Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
Runoff
Number median diameter Overflow of water from the nozzle.
Diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets
into two equal halves.

Volume median diameter PAES 158:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER

Diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets SPRAYER FOR MANGO – METHODS OF TEST
into two equal halves.
Mean diameter
Average diameter of droplets.
Number median diameter
Diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal halves. Shank
Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
Sprayer range or a standard.
Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
Sugarcane billet
Volume median diameter Sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material.
Diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves.
Sugarcane planter
Agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets.

PAES 159:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE

PLANTER – SPECIFICATIONS
PAES 160:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE
Drawbar PLANTER – METHODS OF TEST
Bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached
Draft
Feeder Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
Person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow implement.

Feeding shank Drawbar power

Component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
and drops it into the furrow. 20 meters.

Gauge wheel Effective field capacity

Auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain Actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.
uniform depth of furrows.
Field efficiency
Main frame Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
Part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and the theoretical maximum productivity.
gauge wheels together.
Implement Wheel slip
Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor. Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached
implement.

Implement width PAES 161:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER –

Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between SPECIFICATIONS
the outermost edges of the implement.
Auger head
Operating width Drill bit
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within Boring part of the soil auger.
which an implement performs its intended function.
Extension rod
Accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool.
Percent cutting
Ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the Soil auger
reservoir expressed in percentage. Tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and
analysis or for digging post holes by means of a rotating helical
Percent damaged stalk eyes flighting.
Ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to the total
number of billets dropped expressed in percentage. PAES 162:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER –
METHODS OF TEST
Plant distance
Distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row. Boring depth
Maximum depth that the soil auger can reach.
Transport height
Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to Boring efficiency
its lowest point. Ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time
expressed in percent.
Transport length
Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of Minor diameter, d
the implement to the mounting point. For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread.
 PAES 163:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH
Overall length HARROW – SPECIFICATIONS
Measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its
opposite end along its longitudinal side. Field efficiency
Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
Overall width the theoretical maximum productivity.
Measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger
along its lateral side. Harrowing
Operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for
Pitch, P planting.
Distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis,
between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same Lever assembly
axial plane on the same side of the axis. Mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition.

Pitch diameter, D Main frame

For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
whose surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to
make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove equal.
Sampling efficiency
Ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and the
theoretical volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed
in percent.
Part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and
lever assembly together.
Runner
Auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the
main frame to facilitate easy turning.
Secondary tillage implement
Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and
eradicate weeds.

Spring-tooth harrow
Secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth made Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
of spring steel
Which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end Implement width
pointed to give good soil penetration. Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between
the outermost edges of the implement.
Tooth
Tine Operating width
Part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within
operation. which an implement performs its intended function; distance between
the outermost teeth of the spring-tooth harrow.
Transverse tool bar
Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached. Transport height
Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to
its lowest point.
PAES 164:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH
HARROW – METHODS OF TEST Transport length
Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
Draft the implement to the mounting point.
Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
implement. Wheel slip
Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement
Drawbar power attached.
Power requirement of an implement being towed.

Effective field capacity

Actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time. PAES 165:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE
APPLICATOR– SPECIFICATIONS
Field efficiency
Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and Agitator
the theoretical maximum productivity. Part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through
continuous stirring or rotation.
Implement
Granule Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
Generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 20 meters.
2 to 4 mm.
Effective field capacity
Granule applicator Actual area covered per unit time.
Agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the
field.

Hopper Field efficiency

Part of granule applicator where granules are loaded. Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.
Orifice
Opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass Fuel consumption
through. Volume of fuel consumed by the engine.

Power take-off shaft Transport height

External shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to Overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to
implements. its lowest point.

Spinner plate Transport length

Part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules. Overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
the implement to the mounting point.

PAES 166:2011 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE Wheel slip

APPLICATOR – METHODS OF TEST Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached
implement.
Draft
Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the Width of application
implement. Farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel.

Drawbar power
VOLUME 10
 Standard
PNS/PAES 167:2015 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – DISC PLOW Beam
FOR WALKING TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – Upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame.
SPECIFICATIONS

Concave disc Tilt angle

Circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil. Angle made by the disc with the vertical line.

Concavity Width of cut

Vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the Transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of
disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface. the end discs.

Disc plow Note for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to
Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, 25°. For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at
partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and 18° to 20°.
pulverize the soil.

Note blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to PNS/PAES 168:2015 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – DISC PLOW
the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil FOR WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – METHODS
displacement. OF TEST

Frame Headland
Structure on which the standards are fitted. Unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially
used for turning the tractor and implement.
Hitch
Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a Walking-type agricultural tractor
power source. Two-wheel tractor
Hand tractor
Side angle Pedestrian tractor
Disc angle Power tiller
Horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel. Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.
 Peg tooth harrow
Secondary tillage implement consisting of long spikes that break the
soil clods after plowing.

Tooth
Tine
Part of the implement that engages with the soil during operation.

PNS/PAES 169:2015
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPIKE TOOTH HARROW FOR
WALKING TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR
– SPECIFICATIONS PNS/PAES 170:2015 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPIKE
TOOTH HARROW FOR WALKING TYPE AGRICULTURAL
Field efficiency TRACTOR – METHODS OF TEST
Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity. Draft
Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
Harrowing implement.
Operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for
planting. Drawbar power
Power requirement of an implement being towed or pulled.
Main frame
Part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth. Actual field capacity
Function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency, expressed
Secondary tillage implement in hectares per hour.
Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and Field efficiency
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
eradicate weeds. the theoretical maximum productivity.

Spike tooth harrow Implement

Comb harrow Any agricultural tool hitched to the tractor.
 Planting equipment used to mechanically drop seeds in the soil for
Implement width crop production.
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between
the outermost edges of the implement. Precision seeder
Precision planter
Operating width Type of planting equipment that accurately drops the seeds or group
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within of seeds in equidistant spaces along a furrow.
which an implement performs its intended function. Seeding rate
Amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area, expressed in kg/ha

Theoretical field capacity PNS/PAES 172:2015

Function of speed and operating width, expressed in hectares per AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – RICE PRECISION SEEDER –
hour. METHODS OF TEST

Overall height Actual field capacity

Height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest Actual rate of planting for a given area per unit of time.
point.
NOTE The time includes the time spent for turning at headland,
Overall length adjustment of machine and machine downtime.
Length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point. Damaged seed
Seed distinctly damaged during operation.
Wheel slip
Reduction on the distance travelled by the tractor due to the attached Field efficiency
implement. Ratio of actual field capacity to the theoretical field capacity.

PNS/PAES 171:2015 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – RICE Hopper capacity

PRECISION SEEDER – SPECIFICATIONS Maximum allowable amount of seeds (kg) which can be loaded to the
hopper.
Grain seeder
Seeder Note shall follow manufacturer’s recommendation.
 Continuous flow dryer
Percent damaged seeds Dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying
Percentage of seeds damaged during operation. chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged
without being recirculated.
Theoretical field capacity
Computed area planted per unit of time. Concurrent flow type
Parallel flow type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the
VOLUME 1_SECTION B. POSTHARVEST MACHINERY same direction as drying air.

PAES 201:2000 Counter-flow type

Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one
Specifications direction and the drying air moves in the opposite direction.

Batch type Cross-flow type

Mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the
drying chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired
moisture content.
Flat bed type
Shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held
stationary in a horizontal grain holding bin.
Continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the
direction of flow of the grain being dried.
Mixing type
Continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar
drying bin except that it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as
the grain flows through the system.

Recirculating type Non-mixing type

Batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of Continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows
grain during the drying operation. through the column in a
Straight path.
Vertical bin type
Columnar type NOTE. It consists of two parallel screens or columns of louvers. The
Batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a space between the two columns is the plenum chamber where heated
vertical grain holding bin. air is introduced and forced through the grain.
Cracked grain Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters. eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain.

Dryer, direct-fired Heated-air mechanical grain dryer

Dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact Device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air through
with the product being dried. the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained.

Dryer, indirect-fired
Dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with Heating system efficiency
the products being dried. Product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency.

Drying efficiency Moisture gradient

Heat utilization efficiency
Ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to
the amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in percent.
Dust collecting system
Device used to collect dust ( i.e. Consist of aspiration fan, cyclone,
etc.)
Fan
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
grains at the desired air flow rate and pressure.
Difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture
content randomly sampled after drying.
Multi-pass dryer
Mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles
or stages through a drying chamber either by mechanical means or by
gravity with subsequent cooling and tempering until the grain reaches
the desired moisture content.
Plenum
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of
the heated air through the grain mass.

Grain dryer Safety device

Device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to
forced or natural the parts and components of the dryer during the operation and
Convection with or without addition of heat. automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of
malfunction
Head rice
(Volume 10)
PNS/PAES 201:2015 Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain, measured
Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain
Specifications bed.

Drying rate
PAES 202:2000 Amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – HEATED-AIR MECHANICAL hour.
GRAIN DRYER – METHODS OF TEST
Drying system efficiency
Airflow rate Ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per fuel expressed in percent.
second.
Foreign matter
Burner efficiency All matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt,
Furnace efficiency pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds
Ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat released and other crop seeds.
by the fuel.
Fuel consumption
Combustion efficiency Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time.
Ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available
from the fuel. Grain holding capacity
Load capacity
Conventional energy source Continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of
Source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as stable operation batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the
kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil. dryer at the input moisture content.

Damaged grains Heat utilization

Grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or Total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means. expressed in kj/kg of h2o.

Drying air temperature Immature grains

Palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture.

Moisture reduction rate
Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the
grain, to drying time, expressed in percent per hour.
Non–conventional energy source
Source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as
biomass and solar energy.
Purity
Percentage of grains free of foreign matter.
Scattered grains
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the
drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer,
expressed in percent.
Static pressure
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform
distribution of air flow through the grain mass, expressed in pascal.
Tempering
Temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the
moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the surface of
the grain to equalize.
PAES 203:2000
MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION FOR RICE AND CORN
Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis.
NOTE calculated as:
M O −M 1
Moisture Content , % w . b .= x 100
MO
Primary method
Method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of
water either by convection heating (oven method) or distillation.
Secondary method
Method of grain moisture determination based on some
characteristics of the grain sample such as electrical resistance and
capacitance which are related to moisture content and must be
periodically calibrated against an official primary method.
PAES 204:2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – MECHANICAL RICE THRESHER
– SPECIFICATIONS
Axial flow thresher
Throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a
helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of
moving the material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets.
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan,
to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent.
Chaff Moisture content
Empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
chamber. weight of the sample (wet basis).

Concave grate NOTE It is calculated as:

Concave component
Iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the M O −M 1
threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants. Moisture Content , % w . b .= x 100
M1

Cracked grains
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters.

Grain-straw ratio Palay

Grain content Paddy
Ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total Rice
weight of the grain and straw in the same sample. Rough rice
Unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk.
Hold-on thresher
Type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the Peg-tooth cylinder
threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held Type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the
during the threshing operation. periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements.

Mechanically damaged grain Purity

Grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result Ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean
of threshing operation. grains sample, expressed in percent.

Mechanical rice thresher Rasp-bar cylinder

Machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles. Type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder
NOTE It may or may not have a grain cleaning unit. and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave grate.

Rated engine speed
Engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine
shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal
continuous load.
Scattering loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during
threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent.
Threshing drum
Part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped
with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery.
Threshing efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent.
Threshing element
Attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop and
rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles.

Threshing recovery
Separation loss Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain
Ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed
with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, in percent.
expressed in percent.
Through flow thresher
Straw length Throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the
Cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the rotating cylinder and
panicle. Stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged
out of the threshing chamber tangentially.
Threshed grain
Grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of Throw-in thresher
mature, immature, and damaged grains. Type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants
into the machine.
Threshing unit
Threshing chamber Total grain input
Part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated Sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss
from the panicles. during threshing.

Threshing cylinder Unthreshed loss

Ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the
plants fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input Cylinder length
of the thresher, expressed in percent. The distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base
axis.
Wire-loop cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are Cylinder peripheral speed
attached on the The equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
Periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the operating speed, expressed in m/s.
threshing concave.
Effective cylinder diameter
PAES 205:2000 Outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Methods of threshing elements.
Test
Grain-straw ratio
Actual capacity Grain content
The weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet The ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
per unit time. total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample.
Clean threshed grain
Threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and
other impurities. Lower concave
A semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower
Concave clearance portion of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate
The clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave from the panicles.
component
Primemover
Concave component An electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the
An iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the thresher.
threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants.
Threshing output
Corrected capacity The weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet.
The corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content
(wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity. Total grain input
The sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing Grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-
losses. tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain.

Upper concave Huller

A semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing Dehuller
cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the Component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma)
straw. from the grains.
Hulling efficiency
PAES 206:2000 Product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Specifications grains, expressed in percent.

Bran Input capacity

Outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering Weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
the endosperm of the rice grain. expressed in kilogram per hour.

Broken grains Milled rice

Grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less
than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain.
Brown rice
Dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact.
Coefficient of hulling
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls.
Coefficient of wholeness
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without
breaking the grain.
Head rice
Grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran.
Milling capacity
Quantity of palay that the rice mill can process to a specified quality
per total milling time, expressed in kilogram per hour.
Milling degree
Extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed
as a result of whitening.
Milling recovery
Ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay,
expressed in percent.
Milling recovery index
Ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling
recovery obtained fromthe laboratory test mill.

Multi-pass rice mill
Rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machine.
Palay
Paddy
Rough rice
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa l.,that is grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain.
Percent head rice
Ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling
and with a size of three-fourth (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the
total weight of milled rice, expressed in percent.
Percent head rice index
Ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent
head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill.
Polisher
Auxiliary device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining small bran
particles on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance.
Rice hull
Outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma)
consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn.
Rice mill
Machine used to remove the hull and bran of the palay to produce
milled rice and consists mainly of hulling and whitening assembly.
Cone “cono” type
Type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical
cone whitener.
Rubber roll type
Type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or
combination of other types of whitener.
Single-pass rice mill
Rice mill that employs only one whitening machine.
Well-milled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and
the greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of
the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on less
than 15% of the sample grains.
Whitener
Component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice.
Abrasive type
Type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated
with abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar materials
enclosed in a perforated steel housing.
Friction type
Type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in Auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on
a perforated steel housing. the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance.

PAES 207:2000 Pre-cleaner

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Methods of Test Auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the
paddy before milling.
Brewers rice
“binlid” Regular milled rice
Chips Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the
Small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of
round perforations 1.4 millimeters in diameter. the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 15%
to 40% of the sample grains.
Destoner
Auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown Undermilled rice
rice. Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the
Output capacity lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on more than
Weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in kg/h. 40 % of the sample grains.

Overmilled rice Well-milled rice

Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have
been completely removed.
Paddy grader
Auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness.
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the
lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on less than
15% of the sample grains.

Paddy separator
Auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice. PAES 208:2000
Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller –
Polisher Specifications
Pearler
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the
weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in
percent.
Closed-frame cylinder
Type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or
formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous
cylinder.
Machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the
cobs.
Cylinder-type
Type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements
such as knife bar or pegtooth.
Note the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.

Note the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of Cracked kernels
a cylinder or at the longitudinal bars. Kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters.

Concave component Disc-type

Iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the Type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface.
shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the corn ear with or
without husk. Note the disc rotates along horizontal axis.

Corn cob Ear corn

Part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached. Dehusked corn
Corn-in-cob
Unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed
mechanically or manually.
Corn ear
Pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays L., enclosed with a leaf- Hopper-fed type
like protective covering known as husk. Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling
chamber by gravity.
Corn husker-sheller
Machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and Kernel
clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation. Dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn.

Corn sheller Kernel-ear corn ratio

Ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that fell out from the machine
weight of the ear corn. during shelling operation to the weight of the total corn kernel input of
the sheller, expressed in percent.
Mechanically damaged kernels
Kernels that were broken and/or scratched as a result of shelling Separation loss
operation. Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that come out of the shelling
chamber with the cobs at the cob outlet, to the weight of the total corn
Moisture content kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
Amount of moisture in the kernel expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis. Shelled kernels
Whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after
Note calculated as: shelling.

M O −M 1 Shelling cylinder
Moisture Content , % w . b .= x 100 Shelling drum
Mo
Part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped
Net cracked kernel with pegs on its periphery.
Difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and
after the shelling operation. Shelling efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at all outlets,
Open-frame cylinder to the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
Type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to
the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically. Shelling recovery
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at the main
outlet, to the total weight of the corn kernel input of the sheller,
Purity expressed in percent.
Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of unclean
corn kernels sample, expressed in percent. Shelling unit
Shelling chamber
Scattering loss Part of the sheller where the kernels are detached and separated from
the corn cobs.
Table-fed type
Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling
chamber with the application of external force.
Unshelled kernels
Kernels that remain in the cob after shelling.
Weight of unshelled corn fed into the sheller per unit of time.
Foreign matter
All matters other than corn kernels such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop
seeds.

Unshelled loss Output capacity

Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that remained in the cobs of the Weight of shelled kernel collected per unit of time.
corn fed into the shelling chamber, to the weight of the total corn
kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent. Oscillating screen
Wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or
Whole kernels small particles.
Unbroken kernels after shelling.
Primemover
Electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the sheller.
PAES 209:2000
Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods Total kernel input
of Tests Sum of the weight of collected shelled kernels and all the shelling
losses.
Clean shelled kernel
Shelled kernel free from foreign matter. Total losses
Sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a
Concave clearance sheller, expressed in percent by weight.
Clearance between cylinder shelling elements and concave
component.

Corrected capacity
Actual capacity of the sheller corrected at 20% kernel moisture PAES 210:2000
content (wet basis), and 100% purity. Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Specifications

Feed rate Bran

“tahop” Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm.
Coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during
the milling process. Grit # 18
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm.
By-product
Refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran. Conditioning
Rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content
By-product recovery and tempering it to
Ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel Make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove.
input, expressed in percent.
Corn mill
Note it is calculated as: Equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process.
Wt .of the by− product , kg
% By−Product Recovery= x 100
Total weight of input , kg Degerminator
Machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel.
Corn kernels
Shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties. Degerminator efficiency
Ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial
Corn grits weight of the sample, expressed in percent.
Milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been
removed and with particle size of not less than 0.86 mm. Dry milling
Process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and
Grit #10 pericarp with or without conditioning.
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm.

Grit # 12
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm. Floured corn
Fines
Grit # 14 “tiktik”
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm. Fine powder by-product of corn milling process.

Grit # 16 Germ
“sungo” M O −M 1
Embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process. Moisture Content , % w . b= x 100
MO

Grit # 20 Roller mill

Corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm. Major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into
corn grits.
Grit # 24
Corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm.
PAES 211:2000
Input capacity Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Methods of Tests
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour. Aspirator
Cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn
Main product kernels/corn grits such as floured corn, germ and bran.
Refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18.
Bulk density
Main product recovery Ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m3).
Ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel
input, expressed in percent. Degerminated corn kernels
Shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been
Note it is calculated as: removed.
Wt . of the main product ,kg
% Main Product Recovery= x 100
Total weight of input , kg Feed rate
Weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time.

Foreign matter
Moisture content Impurity
Amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the Any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn
total weight of the sample, wet basis. kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth,
clay, mud, weeds and other crop seeds.
Note calculated as:
Input capacity
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, Wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth
expressed in kilogram per hour. direction, permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and
larger particles to remain on top.
Laboratory sieve shaker
Equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the
milled materials using standard screen sieves.

Milling capacity VOLUME 4

Quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn SECTION B.
grits per unit of time. POSTHARVEST MACHINERY

Output capacity PAES 212: 2004

Weight of the milled corn collected per unit of time. Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications

Precleaner Actual field capacity

Auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material. Actual rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of time.

Primemover Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
Electric motor, or gasoline-fed, or diesel-fed engine used to run the for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and machine
corn mill. trouble.

Purity Conveying loss

Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of Free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at
uncleaned corn kernels, expressed in percent. the side of the reaper during operation.

Field efficiency
Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity,
expressed in percent.
Sifter
Oscillating screen Header loss
Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting
operation.

Reciprocating cutter knife
Cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating
upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank
connected to the gear box or belt drive.
Rice reaper
Machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop.
Rotary knife
Cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed
blade which rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame.
Theoretical field capacity
Computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.
PAES 213: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Methods of Test
Cutting width
Distance between two outermost divider tips.
Lodging angle
Degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the
imaginary line where the stalk lodges.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the reaping unit.
Note all parts of the reaping unit projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the reaping unit and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note all parts of the reaping unit, in particular, components projecting
at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes.
Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
minimum length.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
the reaping unit, each plane touching the outermost point of the
reaper on its respective side.
Note all parts of the reaping unit projecting laterally are contained
between these two planes.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments
prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.

Potential yield PAES 214: 2004

Maximum yield per unit area. Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill –
Specifications
Metal drum core Coefficient of hulling
Cylinder where rubber is bonded. Measure the ability of the huller to remove the hulls.

Rubber roll Coefficient of wholeness

Component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum Measure the ability of the huller to remove the hull without breaking
core use for hulling. the grain.

Rubber thickness Damaged grain

Depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core.
Size
Specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core
diameter of the rubber roll.
Width
Longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter.
Grain which is heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or
distinctively damaged by insects, water, fungi, and/or any means.
Foreign matter
All matters other than paddy such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed
seeds and other crop seeds.

PAES 215: 2004 Hull

Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Methods of Husk
Test Outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma)
consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn.
Broken brown rice
Grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less Hulling capacity
than eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain. Quantity of paddy that the huller can dehulled per total hulling time,
expressed in kilogram per hour.
Brown rice
Dehulled paddy with bran layer still intact. Hulling efficiency
Product of the coefficient of hulling and coefficient of wholeness,
Cracked grain expressed in percentage.
Grain which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters.
Immature grain PAES 216: 2004
Paddy which are light green and chalky with soft texture. Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Specifications

Moisture content Fineness modulus

Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total Classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the
mass of the sample (wet basis). resultant product; sum of the weight fractions retained above each
M O −M i sieve divided by 100.
Moisture content ( % wet basis )= x 100
MO
Hammer mill
Device use for grinding which is a result of the impact between the
particles and hammers, which are mounted on a shaft rotating along a
Paddy horizontal axis.
Palay
Rough rice Reduction ratio
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa L.,that is grain with hull enclosing the Ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product.
grain.

Purity PAES 217: 2004

Amount of rice grains free of foreign matter expressed as percentage
of the total weight of the sample.
Running-in period
Pre-test operation of the rice huller to make various adjustments prior
to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.
Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Methods of Test
Fineness modulus
Classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the
resultant product and is defined as the sum of the weight fractions
retained above each sieve divided by 100.

Foreign matter
Impurity
Whole brown rice All matters other than input materials such as sand, gravel, dirt,
Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than pebbles, stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw,
eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain. weed seeds and other crop seeds.

Hammer mill
Device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a
heavy perforated screen at the bottom.
Input capacity
Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake
pit, expressed in kilogram per hour.
Laboratory sieve shaker
Equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort size of the milled
materials using standard screen sieves.
Milling capacity
Quantity of input materials that the hammer mill can process to
produce milled materials per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per
hour.
Output capacity
Weight of the milled materials collected, expressed in kilogram per
hour.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the hammer mill.
NOTE All parts of the hammer mill projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the hammer mill and touching its front and rear extremities.
NOTE All parts of the hammer mill, in particular, components
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be
set at minimum length.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
the hammer mill, each plane touching the outermost point of the
hammer mill on its respective side.
NOTE All parts of the hammer mill projecting laterally are contained
between these two planes.
Primemover
Electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the hammer
mill.
Purity
Amount of input materials free of foreign matter expressed as
percentage of the total weight of the sample.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments
prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.
PAES 218: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Specifications
Blow-up type
Type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up
through the blow-up pipe.
Cutterhead
Cutting rotor
Devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with reasonable
consistency within a range of optional settings.
Cylinder cutterhead
Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the
knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation.
Feedroll
Cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather,
compress and advance the crop into the cutterhead.
Flywheel cutterhead
Knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing
a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
Forage chopper
Machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths.
Let-fall type
Type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are dropped
down to the bottom of machine.
Precision-cut forage chopper
Forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four or
more feed rolls to partially orient and advance the crop at a consistent
rate into the cutting mechanism.
NOTE this type of forage chopper is capable of producing the shortest
and most uniformly cut particles.
Random-cut forage chopper
Forage chopper without a distinct feeding mechanism, usually
employing flails to impact-cut and chop crop directly into shorter
pieces.
Note this type of forage chopper usually produces the longest mean
particle lengths, and the least uniformly cut particles.
Semi-precision-cut forage chopper
Forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of two
feed rolls, or other means such as an auger, to advance the crop to
the cutting mechanism.
Note mean particle lengths and particle uniformity are intermediate
between those obtained with precision cut and random-cut forage
choppers.
Stationary knife
Shear bar
Fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead
knives shear the crop.
Throw-away type
Type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are thrown away
to the front area of the machine.
PAES 219:2004 Note all parts of the forage chopper, in particular, components
Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Methods of Test projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be
Chopping efficiency set at minimum length.
Ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all
outlets, to the total fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed Overall width
in percent. Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
the machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the forage
Forage chopper on its respective side.
Any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with
fermenting agents. Note all parts of the forage chopper projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Feeding table
Part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are Prime mover
loaded. Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the forage
chopper.
Output capacity
Weight of processed material collected per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour. Running -in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments
Overall height prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the forage chopper.
PAES 220: 2004
Note all parts of the forage chopper projecting upwards are contained Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Specifications
between these two planes.
Blower loss
Overall length Ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
plane of the forage chopper and touching its front and rear
extremities. Damaged kernel
Wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel. Shell outlet
Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine
Kernel with blower(s).
Edible part of peanut.
Shelled kernels
Main kernel outlet Whole and damaged kernels freed from shell.
Outlet at which shelled kernel moves out of the machine.
Shelling efficiency
Peanut sheller Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at all outlets, to the
Machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
the pods.
Shelling recovery
Pod Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at the main outlet,
Unbroken shell with kernel inside. to the total weight of the kernel input of the sheller, expressed in
percent.
Purity
Amount of kernels free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of
the total weight of the sample.

Scattering loss Unshelled loss

Ratio of the weight of kernels that fell out from the machine during Ratio of the weight of kernels that remained in the pods collected from
shelling operation to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, all outlets, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller,
expressed in percent. expressed in percent.

Separation loss Whole kernel

Ratio of the weight of kernels that come out of the shelling chamber at Unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel.
the shell outlet, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller,
expressed in percent.
PAES 221: 2004
Shell Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Methods of Test
Hull of the pod.
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of kernel blown with the shell by the sheller fan to Weight of the shelled kernel received at the main kernel outlet per unit
the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight. time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

Cracked kernel Overall height

Kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures.
Input capacity
Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake
pit, expressed in kilogram per hour.
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the shelling unit.
Note all parts of the shelling unit projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.

Kernel Overall length

Edible part of peanut. Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the shelling unit and touching its front and rear extremities.
Kernel-pod ratio
Ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as Note all parts of the shelling unit, in particular, components projecting
percent. at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes.
Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
Main kernel outlet minimum length.
Outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine.
Note in the case of the machine with no separating devise or in case Overall width
of machine with blowers, shelled and unshelled and partially-shelled Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of
pods also come out. the shelling unit, each plane touching the outermost point of the
sheller on its respective side.
Mechanically damaged kernels
Broken kernels and/or scratched as a result of shelling operation. Note all parts of the shelling unit projecting laterally are contained
between these two planes.
Net cracked kernel
Difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and after Partially-shelled pod
the shelling operation. Pod being left with kernels in it after shelling.

Output capacity Pod

Unbroken shell with kernel inside.

Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments
prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.
Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of the kernel that comes out of the shelling cylinder
with the shell, to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by
weight.
Shell outlet
Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine
with blower(s).
Shelling efficiency
Shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel
input expressed as percentage by weight.
Shelling recovery
Ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to
the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight.
Total kernel input
Sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and
the clean kernel from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss
and scattering loss.
Unshelled loss
Ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after
feeding into the shelling cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as
percentage by weight.
PAES 222: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Specifications
Chip
Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm.
Chipping machine
Chipper
Size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called
chips.
Chipping capacity
Amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h.
Cutterhead
Cutting rotor
Devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable
consistency within a range of optional settings.
Discharge chute
Opening through which chipped material is thrown out.
Flywheel type
Type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting
edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
Guard
Component intended to provide protection for the operator or
bystander from injury.
Drum type
Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the
knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation.
Chipping capacity
Amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h.
Chipping efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the chips collected at all outlets, to the total
weight of the input of the chipper, expressed in percent.
Chipping recovery
Ratio of the weight of the chips collected at the main outlet, to the total
weight of the input of the chipper, expressed in percent.

Cutting disc
Rotating part of the chipping machine that holds the cutting knives.

Foreign matter
PAES 223: 2004 All matters other than root crops/banana such as sand, gravel, dirt,
Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Methods of Test pebbles, stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw,
weed seeds and other crop seeds.
Blade bevel angle
Angle of the cutting edge of the blade. Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
Chip plane touching the uppermost part of the chipping machine.
Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm.
Note all parts of the chipping machine projecting upwards are
Chipping machine contained between these two planes.
Chipper
Size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is Overall length
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
chips. plane of the chipping machine and touching its front and rear
extremities.
Note all parts of the chipping machine, in particular, components Blower
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two Cleaning fan
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be Rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and
set at minimum length. cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than
grains.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of Concave
the chipping machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the Concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing
chipping machine. cylinder or threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing.

Note all parts of the chipping unit projecting laterally are contained Note in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in
between these two planes. whole or in part, it has the important secondary function of primary
separation.
Plate angle
Angle of orientation of the chipping plate with respect to the horizontal Crop elevator
plane. Auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing
cylinder.
Primemover
Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the chipping Field efficiency
machine. Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity,
expressed in percent.
Rake angle
Angle of inclination of the blade with respect to the chipping plate. Grain elevator
Device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments Grain loss
prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable. Loss classified according to source, including all field losses
attributable to the machine.

PAES 224: 2005 Grain pan

Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine – Specifications
Pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through Shaker shoe
cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger. Shoe
Oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which
Grain tank may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension.
Bin
Tank used to hold the threshed grain. Straw walker
Assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and
Header separates the remaining grains from straw.
Feed table
Portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, Stripper beater
cutting, and picking the crop. Rear beater
Element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear
ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to
assist the deflection of straw on straw walker.
Header loss
Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting Threshing cylinder
operation. Threshing drum
Balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars, beater bars or
Impurities spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop,
All matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and which, in conjunction with a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted
weeds. primarily to enhance threshing, where the crop being threshed is
contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than
Reel 360°.
Revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar
to hold the crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a Theoretical field capacity
conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger. Computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.
Rice combine
Mobile grain-harvesting for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up
crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain
hopper and depositing harvest residue onto the ground.