Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Petroleum Research
journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
petroleum-research/

Review analysis on cloud computing based smart grid technology in

the oil pipeline sensor network system
E.B. Priyanka a, *, S. Thangavel a, Xiao-Zhi Gao b
a
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, India
b
School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Finland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Natural resources plays efficient contribution in the human world in the way of consuming energy re-
Received 30 August 2020 sources for the daily life cycle. The main concerns rely on the transporting oil from refining to the
Received in revised form consumer usages through different modes. In the transportation passages, its performances are cali-
5 October 2020
brated in the robust manner through sensor network communication and the periodical pigging in-
Accepted 12 October 2020
spection on the pipeline system. This chapter enumerates about the layout of oil pipeline system and its
sensor measurement and instrumentation deliberately placed on the long run pipelines. The evolution of
Keywords:
smart grid application enhances this oil transportation in a much corporate band by accumulatively
Oil pipelines
Smart grid
orienting the sensor network in the utilization of power resources. Further, through the wireless
Pigging communication associated with the smart grid, the pigging inspection gauges are exploited in the
desired geographical area with better power consumption. Existing research on communication tech-
nologies in SG is briefly overviewed with the main focus on Cloud computing approaches. In this paper,
the Smart Grid architecture and its applications are focused on entire oil pipeline from inlet to distri-
bution substations first. The Cloud Computing architecture is explained thoroughly. Then, Cloud
Computing for Smart Grid applications are also introduced in terms of efficiency, security and usability.
Cloud platforms technical and security protocols are analyzed. Finally, the inspection of oil pipeline
system by receiving sensor data of smart pigs incorporated with the cloud computing technique asso-
ciated with smart grid application is elaborated with its SCADA hierarchical architecture. Further,
simulation analysis of wireless sensor nodes with Flexmeter platform for power monitoring over smart
pig case scenario is also presented with its layer-wise characterization.
© 2020 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
The fluid oil pipelines are one that conveys refined oil-based
commodities e gas, stream fuel, kerosene oil and diesel fuel.
There are coarsely around 63,000 Km of refined items pipelines
across the nation. These pipelines convey petroleum products to
extensive fuel terminals with capacity tanks that are then stacked
into tanker trucks. Making availability of oil to the consumers is a
procedure that entails different transportation with storing or
loading facility with high level engineered equipment’s referred as
“midstream”. Midstream elucidates various stages like refining,
transporting and storing of crude oil, including entire procedures
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: priyankabhaskaran1993@gmail.com (E.B. Priyanka),
thangavel.mts@kongu.ac.in (S. Thangavel), xiao.z.gao@gmail.com (X.-Z. Gao).
after once the crude oil is sucked out of the wellheads and before it
has been distributed to the destination terminals. Pipelines are
used for international transportation of natural gas, raw and refined
petrol products and transmission of them to coastal shipping ter-
minals. Depending on the needs of the transport center, pipes of
different diameters are used which are resistant to different pres-
sures. Loading and unloading facilities are used in pipe lines to
equate distribution and demand of oil and different petroleum
products (Coramik and Ege, 2017). Midstream amenities follow
gathering lines and transmission lines incorporating pumping
station, control valve station, dehydration, fractionation, stock-
piling and other requirements based on the necessity of trans-
portation on that location to carry oil to the consumers. The nature
of pipeline transportation fills in as a national system to move the
oil-based vitality assets like gas, stream fuel, kerosene oil, petro-
leum products, and diesel fuel on the requirements from produc-
tion regions or distribution ports all through India to consumers,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.10.001
2096-2495/© 2020 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao, Review analysis on cloud computing based smart grid technology in the oil
pipeline sensor network system, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.10.001
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
airplane terminals, military bases, and industry consistently. The
evolution of the power systems towards the smart grid paradigm is
strictly dependent on the modernization of distribution grids. To
achieve this target, new infrastructures, technologies and applica-
tions are increasingly required (Eze et al., 2017). This paper presents
a smart metering infrastructure that unlocks a large set of possible
services aimed at the automation and management of distribution
grids. The proposed architecture is based on a cloud solution, which
allows the communication with the smart meters from one side
and provides the needed interfaces to the distribution grid services
on the other one based on the power utilization of several sub-
stations of the entire oil pipeline systems.
1.1. Transportation modes and its relative importance
However, there are numerous transportation possibilities for oil,
the pronouncement of which transportation mode to utilize mainly
depends on cost and environmental surroundings. Small distance
transportation is typically completed by either feeder or distribu-
tion pipelines or trucks (Jia et al., 2019). When land paths are
inaccessible, tankers are the main alternative for conveying oil to
advertise. Minimum distance transport can be accomplished uti-
lizing railroad, trucks, or pipelines. Trucks are less effective than
different strategies, yet their specific preference is that they give
direct transportable from the source to the goal. Undeviating
transportation is additionally an advantage of pipelines and tankers
(Priyanka et al., 2016a & 2016b).
Fig. 1 spectacles the mode of oil transportation carried out in
India and infers that the pipelines mode of transportation fetches
the maximum percentage and importance among other way of
modes over a long run transportation [Source: Petroleum Planning
and Analysis Cell].
Significant interstate transmission pipelines ordinarily go be-
tween 24 and 35 inches in diameter. Predominantly gathering
pipelines that conveyance refined oil products to processing ame-
nities and other domain transmission pipelines passages petroleum
products from processing sectors to consumers as shown in Fig. 2.
One valuable wellspring of pipeline area data is the National
Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS). The NPMS indicates pipelines at
the country by area scale (Layouni et al., 2017). Government au-
thorities and country-wise emergency operator consultants have
permission to analyze the occurrences at a highly brief scaled
manner. In the age of the Internet of Things, SCADA has been
incorporated into unpredictable and appropriated enormous scope
applications, for example, shrewd matrix, vehicle-to-lattice ad-
vancements, mist registering, distributed computing, 5G remote
correspondence organizations, blockchain, profound learning, and
so forth. Hence, numerous safety efforts could be applied to such
frameworks, remembering that low over-burden, continuous
interruption ID, and high proficiency are required. The brilliant
Fig. 1. Mode of oil and petroleum products transportation in India.
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lattice is made out of a lot of regulators, PCs, standard correspon-
dence conventions (i.e., UDP, HTTP, TCP/IP), and robotization. These
advancements are interconnected over the Internet to control the
creation and appropriation of energy to purchasers (Barros et al.,
2018). The significant test of building up a shrewd lattice doesn’t
lie in the physical help, yet essentially in the arrangement of se-
curity and protection, and this issue has become a significant region
of enthusiasm for the examination network in network safety
(Priyanka et al., 2018a, 2018b). Accordingly, the significant security
prerequisites and weaknesses, including trust segments, outsider
assurance, non-reputability, auditability, approval, confirmation,
honesty, accessibility, and privacy should be paid more attention in
the cloud computing based smart grid technologies for entire oil
pipeline transportation system to save energy resources by
analyzing the power consumption by visualizing the hierarchical
grid architecture. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of
existing cloud computing-based solutions for smart grid SCADA
systems. We start by providing an overview of the architecture and
the concept of online based smart grid SCADA systems and its main
components of smart pigs.
2. Constituents associated with the long run midstream oil
pipelines
The oil industry is habitually alienated into three foremost
components: Upstream, midstream and Downstream. The
midstream sector encompasses the transportation (by pipeline,
rails, tanker or truck), loading, and comprehensive marketing of
refined petroleum products (Shankar et al., 2015). Pipelines can be
incorporated to transport crude oil from primary production sites
to corresponding refineries and distribute the several refined
products to respective downstream distributors. Pipeline networks
are tranquilized of several complex of equipment that function
together to transfer refined oil products from main site to consumer
location. The main essentials of a pipeline network are:
Initial injection station: Injection station is considered as
“source” or “inlet” station which initiates the commencement of
the transfer system, where the crude oil is inoculated into the
pipeline. Loading facilities, pumps and motors are customarily
allocated at these station locations (Knapp and Langill, 2014).
Compressor/Pump stations: Pumps for oil pipelines and com-
pressors when the pipelines are assigned for gas, are positioned
along the long run line to passage the oil product through the
corresponding pipeline. The location of pump stations is demar-
cated by the topography of the site, a kind of refined product being
conveyed, or environment based operational situations of the
network. Oil is propelled through the large pipelines by the use of
centrifugal pumps. These pumps are primarily situated at the initial
station of the pipeline and then at 28e148 km interludes along the
passing pipeline (Priyanka et al., 2018c).
The length and diameter of the pipeline, kind of oil products being
conveyed, capacity necessities, and topography of the passing terrain
areas all conclude the positioning of the pumps. Most pumps are
actuated by electric motors, but occasionally diesel engines or gas
turbines may implement by considering power sources. Computers
are customarily applied to remotely control the pumps and also other
aspects of pipeline including functional operation. Most pipelines are
functioned and supervised 24 h a day, as by every day of the governing
year. The associated pipeline capable of moving the oil products at
speeds of 6e14 km per hour (Brower and Prescott, 2018). Trans-
porting speed be influenced by the diameter of the carrying pipeline,
the pressure and viscosity under which the petroleum product is
injected primarily, topography of the passing land cover.
Partial delivery station and Block valve/Control valve station:
Partial delivery station is created as “intermediate stations” for the
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
Fig. 2. Schematic view comprising gathering and transmission lines in long run oil pipeline system.
purpose of allowing the pipeline supervisor engineer to convey part
of the oil product being transported. This is executed by combining
Block valve/Control valve station to serve as preliminary stage of
protection for pipelines. By this control valves the engineer can
segregate any segment of the pipeline for maintenance work or for
repairing a rupture or leak (Novo, 2018). Block valve stations are
regularly positioned every 19 to 32 miles (48 km), be contingent on
the category of the pipeline. Nevertheless, it is not under a design
strategy, it is a very standard run-through in liquid pipelines. The
positioning of this stations hinge on entirely on the type of the
product under passage, the trajectory of the pipeline and the
functioning conditions of the pipelines (Maheswari et al., 2017).
Regulator station and Final delivery station: Regulator station
is the special category in the framework, where the engineer can
discharge some of the pressure from the passing pipeline. Regula-
tors are typically placed at the downhill sideways of a peak. Final
delivery station is the last section mentioned as “outlet” or termi-
nals, from where the required refined oil products will be
disseminated to the consumer which could be a tank terminal for
oil pipelines or a connection link for a distribution network in the
case of gas pipelines (Gawade &Meeankshi, 2018).
Product flow: The diverse category of crude oil that can be
pumped through a corresponding pipeline is reliant on the physical
characteristics of a pipeline mainly relies on length and diameter. In
broad-spectrum, batch process or sequencing is activated to carry
one of the refined product or crude oil grade category after one
another on the pipeline transfer.
The interface existing between two categories of refined
products is mentioned as the transmix, and it undergo reprocess
before it is conveyed to the same pipeline. Batch processing ex-
emplifies that different pipelines require diverse batches or vol-
umes rate of petroleum products to be transferred at desired time.
This is followed to minimize cost and to confirm that existence of
transmix as small as possible attained by offering maximum
practical speed through an oil pipeline (Maheswari et al., 2020). As
throughput rises, pressure drop gets maximized as another poster
has enumerated. Hence, pump stations requisite to be more
closely positioned because crude oil inhibits higher viscous than
petrol or diesel which could obliges a maximized pressure to
maintain the same speed from the inlet station or the pressure at
the outlet terminal of a pump station wants to be maximized. But
enhancing the pressure at the pump station outlet entails stronger
pumps and pipe to endure the operating pressure (Bhaskaran
et al., 2020a & 2020b). It proceeds about 9e15 days to transport
oil products over 1550 miles, by representing speed approxi-
mately at the rate of 2.5e5.8 miles per hour [Source: Interstate oil
and gas compact commission]. As Fig. 3 shows the entire oil sta-
tions with sub-units holding various function starting from inlet
to distribution sector with cloud storage and analysis technologies
incorporated.
In the processing sector, once refining is completed, batch pro-
cessing or sequencing is activated to carry one of the refined
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product or crude oil grade category after one another on the
pipeline transfer. The interface existing between two categories of
refined oil products called the transmix, and it must be reprocessed
before it is conveyed to the same pipeline. Batch processing ex-
emplifies that different pipelines require various volumes rate of
petroleum products to be transferred at the desired time (Lee et al.,
2018). Batch processing is followed to minimize cost and to confirm
that existence of transmix as small as possible to offer maximum
practical speed through an oil pipeline. Finally, these various
refined oil products from the refining station are taken off by
transmission lines over very long distances at more prominent
volume and weight, to another storage space or a dissemination
framework for distribution. Fig. 4 enumerates the conceptual
model of smart grid associated with oil substations is provided with
communication and process links for visualization.
During the ongoing years, a ton of nations began conveying
Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMI) and utilizing developing
savvy meters to improve the energy division productivity in the
dissemination space. Ongoing advancement of IoT innovations can
likewise help in making completely worked Smart Grids, where
new IoT gadgets will collaborate to more readily deal with the
status of the appropriation organization. In this situation, a key test
is building up a cloud-based programming stage to oversee such IoT
gadgets and cultivate novel administrations to deal with the lattice
(Fang et al., 2012). Middleware advances can assist with accom-
plishing this reason and can be helpful for creating Smart Grid ar-
rangements that abuse new information sources. The
correspondence over the elements in the framework is accom-
plished misusing both far off technique conjuring and occasion
warning methodologies through incorporating smart grids in the
inspecting device named smart pig devices to evaluate the power
consumptions needed to maintain the pipelines.
3. Inspection and protection techniques for an oil
transmission pipelines
Also, some of the anomaly occurrences were allied with the
reparation or initialization of new facilities. While altering a gas
pipeline to an oil pipeline accompanied changes takes place in the
operating pressure and velocity, may have augmented a large
number of oil leaks on the transformed pipelines. Besides, some
pipeline framework which was fabricated and installed in the
1950s was fetching more vulnerable to leak/burst due to aging
(Reka and Ramesh, 2016). Quite often these pipelines are examined
and cleaned by carrying out of pigging by using devices called Go-
devils or scrapers on a pipeline. Smart pigs are known as intelli-
gence pigs are used to identify abnormalities in the pipe such as
dents, cracking or concerned mechanical damage and metal loss
caused by corrosion. Smart pigs are propelled from pig-launcher
stations and pass inside the pipeline and received at other down-
stream station. The device performs operations like removing
deposition accrued inside the pipe and records the mechanical
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Cloud computing Architecture for an oil pipeline transport system.

Fig. 4. Conceptual characterization layout of smart grid with oil substations.

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E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

condition status of the desired pipes along the transmission line encountered at the initial stage because the existing pigging pro-
(Bonomi et al., 2012). cess can not predict it. Because if the crack or leakage or blockage
starts to formulate inside the oil pipeline after the execution of
pigging process, then it will not be noticed until the next sched-
3.1. Smart pigs (Pipeline Inspection Gauges)
uling time for that particular pipeline section arrives which leads to
greater risks during oil transportation (Shen et al., 2019). Table 1
To assure the protection of the pipeline system, presently oil
gives the limitation of present techniques incorporated with
pipeline transport system relies only on the “smart or intelligent
smart pigs executed on the oil transport pipelines.
pig” technique. Pigging involves cleaning and maintenance process
refers to “Pipeline Inspection Gauge” using a different methodology
4. Existing remote monitoring and control system in oil
like ultrasonic, magnetic flux, laser, eddy current, thermal infrared,
pipeline system
acoustic resonance, etc. Smart pigging is carried out during trans-
portation along with oil products without affecting the production
Nowadays, oil industries require a more reliable, accurate,
at the termination points (Zhang et al., 2019). The four important
robust and efficient control system for detecting leaks, cracks or
functions of pigs are.
bursts over the pipeline system. Since oil pipeline systems subjects
to transportation kinematics and associated thermodynamic in-
1. Separating distinct oil products passing through the trans-
teractions, conventional linear controllers are inadequate to
mission lines by the physical mean.
perform control operations over a very long tenure of the operating
2. Cleaning the oil pipelines internally
set point. In this scenario, it influences major research on designing
3. Inspecting the conditions of the pipelines periodically
robustly advanced controllers for various operating circumstances
4. Catching and storing symmetrical information of the oil pipe-
with its dominant fluid influencing parameters. However, due to
lines like crack, size, wall thickness, dents, wax depositions, etc.
improvement in the new technology of instrumentation and
measurement, modern computers assure speedy and accurate
Smart pigs serve as important maintenance and cleaning pro-
performance over conventional methodology (Zahoor et al., 2018).
cedure be especially mandatory when the flow velocity of the
For remote monitoring and control of an oil pipeline system pres-
passing oil products having 3 ft/s. In multiphase oil pipelines,
ently called as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
reduction of slug volume and control of oil products hold up are
system to monitor pressure, flow rate and temperature of the oil
due to the formation of particle deposition which occurs naturally
products being transported through the pipelines. But industrial
during the passage of oil in the pipelines which are to be pigged
networking has become an important way to connect process-
recurrently (Maheshwari et al., 2013).
oriented tasks in industrial automation. The oil industry usually
Smart pig is performed by utilizing two gadgets, which are
has highly featured engineering equipment for measurement,
launcher and pig catcher or receiver, as shown in Fig. 5. In the
which uses a digital control system since many controllers have
launcher station, smart pigs are inserted into the oil pipeline, which
switched from analog into the digital. SCADA system is a software
is propelled further by the pressure of the flowing oil products
package positioned on top of hardware and is interfaced with in-
inside the transmission lines. Pigs collect all necessary information
dustrial processing units through Programmable Logic Controllers
and send this data to the outside world once it is trapped at the
(PLC) or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) which performs monitoring
receiver station. There is no direct communication when it is
and control process for the entire oil pipeline systems (Eltayieb
functioning inside the pipelines. Pig launcher and receiver location
et al., 2019). SCADA involves receiving and transmitting data from
are fixed based on the pipeline diameters (Mehmi et al., 2014). In
the embedded field-sensor devices and displays the trend on the
the oil industry, through various advanced technology emerges on
desired parameters and stores the data in the industry database
concentrating in the design of smart pig devices, yet there is no
management system. The emergency warning system is generated
other way of data mining/analysis to evaluate the occurrences of
in the SCADA when data logging performance results get increased
crack and particle deposition rather than pigging technique
or decreased from its safety threshold limit bounds (Priyanka et al.,
occurring inside the pipelines (Priyanka et al., 2019a & 2019b). It is
2020a & 2020b).
crucial to determine when and where to perform the pigging
As time progresses, the amount of data acquired and stored from
process. In general, pigging is performed at a timely basis to obtain
the various field work station becomes insignificant. Supervisory
pipeline infrastructure information resulting in loss of time and
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are not accessible,
maintenance cost. Though it is carried out in a periodical manner,
owing to truncated compactness concerning time and space. Due to
the identification of leakage or particle deposition cannot be
lavish in standings of equipment and repairs, not interoperable in
terms of hardware and software, inflexible when there is a need for
protocol change and software updating, and provides data and
result with a long delay (Popeang a, 2012). Since SCADA is a soft-
ware field control-based platform where data processing using a
complex algorithm for a huge amount of data is not feasible. In the
recent literature pointing out the issues and challenges in estab-
lishing an oil pipeline system with effective monitoring and control
techniques. When remote monitoring and control plays a major
role, then the wireless sensor network is serving as a modern
spectrum tool with every day upgradation in its applications. The
traditional monitoring system incorporates sensors placed on the
pipelines and communicated through copper or fiber optical cables
to central control with limited advantages (Mayilvaganan and
Sabitha, 2013). Later, RFIDs (Radio Frequency IDs) and portable
robot approaches were implemented along with existing wireless
Fig. 5. Smart pig inserting into the oil pipeline at launcher station. sensor network systems based on the field and scope of
5
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Table 1
Limitation of existing smart pig techniques.

S.No. Techniques Limitations

1. Visual techniques like mobile robots, Surface discontinuities can be detected with less accuracy due to minimum capturing resolution rate
cameras
2. Laser penetrating techniques Causes due to radiation and for rugged surface this technique is ineffective
3. Ultrasonic wave techniques Poor detection and size estimation of short or narrow cracks and echo loss cannot be controlled
4. Magnetic flux leakage technique If defects are very narrow, flux leakage cannot detect precisely due to small flux orientation on that surface and poor in sizing.
(MFL)
5. Acoustic resonance techniques Sensor losses its contact when the transmitting oil velocity changes and accuracy is poor when applied for large size.
6. Eddy current technique For a rough surface, detection of the crack is good only when its features are high for small range, magnetization time high;
hence, accuracy is also less.

Fig. 6. Modernized SCADA representation with cloud-based computing for smart monitoring and control application.

applications. Fig. 6 shows the modernized SCADA architecture
associated with cloud server designed for the oil industry towards
the smart monitoring of the field and power parameters.
The pioneering researched related to pigging (Pipeline Inspec-
tion Gauge) system in pipelines to find the characterization of the
inner pipeline areas. On the result of the reviews, 39 types of
research methodology identified cracks using magnetic flux
leakage techniques on cylindrical test species and 9 studies utilized
eddy current methods and also 18 types of research concentrated
on applying infrared thermography techniques to carry out pigging
in the online real-time inspection (Chen et al., 2012). But there is a
lack of research on formulating standard methodology in carrying
out pigging for long oil pipelines by considering criteria like speed,
energy consumption, cost and time management. Further proposed
a surveillance system for oil pipeline using a Multi-Agent System
(MAS). This framework is for the integrated oil pipeline monitoring
and incident identification system, which overcomes all the
shortcomings of the current wireless sensor network applied in oil
pipeline surveillance system. It utilizes motion camera and seismic
sensor on the Master Control Unit (MCU) of 32-bits to acquire
pipeline information from the real-field monitoring and it
incorporates Wi-Fi module with ZigBee for low power consumption
at data nodes (Simmhan et al., 2011). This framework performs
case-based reasoning to perform proactive action on the pipeline
monitoring to detect a crack, third party attack, corrosion, and
leakage. Simulation result of data fusion using support vector ma-
chine performs better result with more accuracy rather than neural
network and decision tree.
Also developed a pipeline leakage monitoring system based on
fiber bragg grating hoop strain sensors. Many hoop strain data are
received from fiber bragg grating sensor placed at various points on
the oil pipelines. Support vector regression analysis was imple-
mented to detect the location of leakages by optimizing kernel
functions of Gaussian white noises. Based on the radial kernel
values of average mean square values, the location accuracy is
predicted with boundary limit ranges (Xin et al., 2011). But when
the mounting of hoop strain sensors on the pipeline increases, the
multiple received signals shows more irregularities with highest
Gaussian noises. The simulation study shows that the localization
error for multiple signals with more noises becomes less sensitive
when the noise rate becomes lesser than 30%. As advanced pro-
cedure, by designing a system for identifying and sizing of defects

6
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
based on metal-loss in oil and gas pipelines. Using pattern recog-
nition and machine learning techniques on signals from the mag-
netic flux leakage scan of the pipelines provides the
characterization of fault types like dents, cracks, and corrosions.
When the magnetic scan of the pattern signals received, a part of
metal-loss faults is separated and undertaken to the artificial neural
network to estimate the depth rate of the defects (Ugale et al.,
2011). The proposed design can be applied to the pipeline where
the analytical model knowledge is not required and magnetic scan
signals are simulated for the depth rate of 1 cm with a reference
pattern of cylindrical shape. Further, it is inferred that noise affects
the wavelet transform of magnetic scan signal regarding metal-loss
in pipelines and causes higher amplitude sampling rate results in
lesser accuracy in detection and another shape pattern like spher-
ical, cuboidal, etc. were evaluated. It is concluded that artificial
neural network offers better depth prediction rate of ±2, 5 and 8%
than linear regression when the signal to noise ratio is at 3, 5 and
10 dBs respectively (Genge et al., 2014).
From the literature review, the entire oil pipeline system in-
volves the monitoring and control of field and transportation pa-
rameters by paying lower attention to the power supply criteria and
its contribution in the pigging process where 63% of power is uti-
lized in the oil industry (Priyanka et al., 2020c). In this chapter, it
shows the application of smart grid to the sensor network associ-
ated in the long run transporting pipelines in the mid-stream sector
and its correlation with the pigging performance. From this anal-
ysis, the smart grids application paves the way to compute the
power dissipated in the oil pipeline with each sensor nodes and
consumed power during pigging process (Bai et al., 2012). In this
paper, a cloud-based brilliant metering framework is introduced,
which permits taking care of savvy meters estimations and sup-
porting the computerization of future conveyance lattices and its
keen administration and control. As for writing arrangements, the
proposed cloud-based programming foundation for Smart Meter-
ing (otherwise known as Flexmeter) targets cultivating novel ad-
ministrations for Smart Grid the executives. It empowers genuine
interoperability between heterogeneous IoT gadgets and frame-
works, giving equipment deliberation. It abuses both solicitation/
reaction and distribute/buy in correspondence standards. In reality,
it actualizes the MQTT convention and gives REST Web Services to
get to data (Jin et al., 2011). In this stage, distribute/buy in is
Fig. 7. Flexmeter platform with layer wise utilities with data accessing prospects.
7
Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
predominantly used to trade information among various sub-
stances in (close) constant. At last, Flexmeter additionally in-
corporates versatile programming segments for information
stockpiling, resources and gadget the executives, and network
protection functionalities. Fig. 7 shows the flexmeter platform or-
ganization in layer wise functionalities.
The Message Broker courses all occasions to and from the
Communication Engine module that is responsible for dealing with
a bidirectional association with DIAs gathering estimations into the
Data Storage and sending orders to gadgets. The Communication
Engine comprises of two sub-segments: (I) Event Sources and (ii)
Command Destinations. The Event Sources are MQTT supporters
that sign up to include points utilized by DIAs to distribute esti-
mations (Fang et al., 2016). Occasion Sources check the respect-
ability of the approaching message payload and drive it into the
Inbound Pipeline. Inbound Pipeline is a keen support that oversees
network traffic spikes to mitigate the information base interface
from clog and to guarantee the estimations stockpiling. Flexmeter
additionally permits accepting order solicitations to target gadgets.
Order demands are overseen by the Command Destinations. They
are MQTT distributers that course order solicitations to the correct
gadgets. Outbound Pipeline, planned as the Inbound Pipeline,
forestall spikes in order asks for and send the payload substance to
Command Destinations and afterward to the objective gadget
(Zheng et al., 2011a). The Data Storage module licenses to deal with
the association with various time-arrangement information bases
and non-social data sets which are explicitly created for Big Data
the executives. The Assets Manager is a product module that
oversees distinctive data with respect to individuals, spots and
things that are called resources in the Flexmeter stage (Singh,
2012).
5. Wireless sensor network equipments and calibaration of
pressure and flow in oil industry
This section gives detail representation of sensors utilized for oil
transportation at different substation and its calibration and stan-
dards. It gives sensors communication network mainly involved in
pressure and flow measurement and its control logic using either
PLC or DCS platform structure.
5.1. Diaphragm type and differential pressure transmitter
A metallic diaphragm type non-incentive pressure transmitter
of 3-wire type is implemented in oil station for investigating the
pressure parameter of the transporting oil through pipelines. A
direct contact type pressure transmitter of AST4300 is mounted on
the bottom of the oil pipeline which has stainless steel construction
of 19 mm diameter threaded mounting compatible with the oil
medium. It requires the input DC power supply of 0e12 V to pro-
vide the output of 4e20 mA analog current signal and measures the
maximum pressure scale of 0e10 bar. It is designed with an accu-
racy of ±0.25% and high durability to tolerate even high ambient
temperature over 0e50  C (Chekired and Khoukhi, 2017). When the
transported oil passes through the mounted pressure transmitter
with a constant area, the diaphragm gets deflected. Normally the
diaphragm is fixed with the resistor through which electric current
flows to the output signal wire. The current from this fixed resistor
gives the measurement of the transporting oil pressure in the
output signal wire (Priyanka et al., 2020d).
Differential pressure transmitter requires the input supply of
10.5e42 V DC to provide the output signal of 04e20 mA DC with
maximum withstanding pressure of 16Mpa (MegaPascal). It pos-
sesses accuracy of ±0.0055% accuracy and ±0.1% stability with a
minimum response time of 90 ms. The differential pressure
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
transmitter consists of two portions such as process flanges and
sensor modules along with amplifier and wiring connections
enclosed within the electronic housing. The pressure sensor
mounted at the upper side of the sensor module is positioned on
the micro diaphragm acts as a separator between the sealed fluid
ports (Okay and Ozdemir, 2016). When the transporting oil passes
into this sensor chamber and acts on these two ports, the isolation
diaphragm in each port starts to compress based on the existing
differences. The deflection of the isolation diaphragm causes the
same effect between the two sealed fluid chambers, which will be
sensed by the sensor module as a voltage signal. The sensor module
passes this millivolt signal to high gain-linear amplifier board uses
24 V DC power supply and 25U load resistance. Hence the current
from this load resistance provides output current signal of
4e20 mA corresponding to the pressure of the oil passing through
pipelines.
5.2. Turbine type flow transmitter
A turbine type flow meter is installed for measuring the flow
rate of the oil at the destination of oil station. It provides accurate
measurement of flow having a wide range of flow rate possessing
accuracy of ±0.25% to ±0.5% and excellent repeatability range of
±0.25% to as precision as ±0.02%. A flow meter consists of multi-
bladed turbine wheel having each blade inclined at 90 angle to
each other. A turbine wheel is mounted in the bearing of the shaft
inside the housing which is placed in line to the measuring fluid
flow direction (Birman et al., 2011). When the oil reaches the flow
meter based on the velocity of the oil acting on the blades, the
turbine wheel starts to rotate about its axis. Rotation of the turbine
wheel is proportional to the velocity of the flowing oil. When the oil
flow is stopped, the turbine wheel stops its rotation immediately
ensures fast response on flow measurement in oil pipelines. A
pickup sensor made up of permanent magnet with coil windings is
placed nearer to the turbine wheel at the uppermost side of the
housing. When the turbine wheel blade passes through the mag-
netic pickup coil setup, it creates electric current pulses for every
blade passage. This current pulse gives a direct measure of the flow
rate of the passing oil through the pipelines. A corresponding
electric current pulse is taken as output signal with the range of
04e20 mA for calibrating 0e1000 lpm.
5.3. Orifice flow transmitter
Orifice flow transmitter is one of the type of differential pressure
flow meter accompanied by an orifice throttling manifold to mea-
sure a flow rate of 0e1000 lph. A single stage restriction orifice
plates are fitted before to the differential pressure transmitter in a
series manner along with the flow measuring oil pipeline. It is
operated with an input power of 10.5e42 V DC with maximum
tolerating pressure rate of 14 Mpa (Wang et al., 2010). An orifice
plate is supported with ring type flanges on each side in a
perpendicular direction to the measuring flow. A pressure differ-
ence is initiated when the oil enters into the primary unit of orifice
manifold. This orifice manifold introduces constriction in the
positioned pipeline leading to the pressure drop across the flow
meter. When the oil gets more impacts on the orifice plate, more
pressure drop exists. Hence the pressure of the flowing oil gets
reduced when it enters into the single restriction orifice unit every
time. Impulse piping transfers this created pressure differences to
the differential pressure transmitter (Mohsenian-Rad and Leon-
Garcia, 2010). Then the pressure transmitter estimates the exist-
ing pressure difference and provides the corresponding flow rate of
the passing fluid as a current signal with a scale of 04e20 mA at the
output terminal wire with an accuracy of ±0.065%.
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5.4. Pneumatic actuated control valve
Pneumatic actuated control valve is implemented in the
experimental setup of the oil station to directly control the flow and
pressure parameters of the passage oil through the pipelines. The
pneumatic actuator suits best for the application where high-
pressure drops exist or pressure and flow rate get varied greatly
by external influences. Hence pneumatic actuated control valve is
selected for the oil pipeline experimental setup fabrication to have
direct control on pressure and flow rate of the transporting oil. It
consists of a plug supported by the valve positioner to actuate the
stem position to regulate the flow and pressure (Subramaniam and
Bhaskaran, 2019).
The implemented control valve plug exhibits an equal per-
centage (EQP) flow characteristic for adjusting the valve position.
The equal percentage indicates that increments in the opening of
the control valve produce an equal percentage rise in the existing
flow rate of the oil through the pipelines. Its corresponding char-
acteristic curve of the control valve on the flow rate is given in
Fig. 8. The upscale curve is obtained when the percentage of the
opening is increased from 0% to 100%. Similarly, the downscale
curve is obtained by decreasing the percentage of opening the valve
from 100% to 0%, which ensures the less hysteresis between upscale
and downscale readings (Baek et al., 2014). The controller sends the
control signal in 4e20 mA analog current form which then trans-
ferred to I/P converter converts this current signal to the respective
pressure signal of 0-35psi. This pressure signal is directed to the
valve positioner, which either increases or decrease the air load
pressure acting on the stem until it reaches the position to balance
the control signal. A control valve is associated with FRL (filter
regulator and lubricator) unit for the effective functioning of the
pneumatic component and to prevent wear between the moving
parts (Chennippan et al., 2020).
5.5. Centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump serves as the initial power source for the oil
to get transported from inlet to the desired substation. It offers
steady and consistent flow at the output terminal with increased
pressure and its size is compact, energy efficient compared to other
pump types having the same output characteristics. It has a
maximum speed of 3000 rpm (revolution per minute) with single
volute suction casing design with semi-open impeller giving
maximum outlet pressure of 10e12 bar (Priyanka et al., 2020e). It
provides the flow discharge of 55.2 lph with a maximum working
temperature of 250  C. Semi-open impeller leads to pushing the oil
from the tank to the inlet port of the pipeline by curved vanes ar-
ranged along its axis. When the oil enters into the pump, the
Fig. 8. Flow characteristics of the control valve.
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
rotational energy of the curved vanes pushes the oil towards the
pump casing along its circumference by centrifugal force (Markovic
et al., 2013). An impeller rotation speed, in turn, increases the oil
velocity and pressure of the sucked oil and pushes towards the
pump outlet.
5.6. Compact Logix PLC
Compact Logix PLC plays a vital role in machine level control
application supported with compact I/O modules with enhanced
security features relies on the digitally signed controller firmware.
In oil station 1, the pressure and flow transmitter are connected to
the analog current input module and control valve I/P convertor is
interfaced to the analog current output module. Through Ether-
net/IP ports, the programming is embedded into the user memory
space of 3 MB to process the acquired analog signals. Through RS
Logix programming software, the acquired sensors data are pro-
cessed and analyzed to tune the PID control block (Zheng et al.,
2011b). The desired sensor and actuator signals were tagged in
Factory Talk View Studio platform in which SCADA of the oil sta-
tion is developed. The corresponding tune values for PID
controller in Compact Logix PLC is entered on the SCADA by the
operator based on the received pressure transmitter data. By real-
time Modbus TCP connectivity by open socket capability, the
desired control output is given to I/P convertor of the control valve
to regulate opening and closing operation through device net
communication feature. Now the entire undertaken sensors and
interconnected and wireless node networks are formulated and
interfaced with the SCADA. Further, the sensors are embedded
with the smart grid to analyze the power usage and to implement
energy efficient transportation. Its power consumptions are ac-
quired from the smart grids and it is continuously monitored
through the SCADA (Bera et al., 2014). Fig. 9 shows the interfacing
representation of sensor and actuator to the DCS (Distributed
Control System) platform and its association with the smart grids.
The acquired pressure and flow rate data are cloud computed by
Fig. 9. SCADA view of the oil station with cloud computing based smart grid metering frame structure.
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undergoing the standardization of schematic architecture of smart
grid.
Shared verification in the keen network is where two hubs of a
correspondence interface verify one another; explicitly, a customer
confirms the worker and the other way around. Along these lines,
the clients in the brilliant network can be guaranteed that they are
solely collaborating with authentic hubs, and the workers can be
certain that all potential clients are attempting to acquire genuine
access. To give shared verification between the local passage and
savvy meters in the shrewd framework, proposes a validation plot
that coordinates key trade procedures and grid based public-key
encryption (Rusitschka et al., 2010). In the key foundation stage,
the plan chooses arbitrarily the private data, which can oppose
assailants that are outfitted with quantum PCs (e.g., key reuse as-
saults). The outcomes from the usage show low correspondence
and capacity costs since the hash estimations of public messages
are scrambled in the key foundation stage. Then, the normal vali-
dation time increments slowly when the quantity of shrewd meters
increments.
6. Hierarchical architecture of smart grid with cloud
computing
An electric network with the data and correspondences inno-
vation (ICT) is known as a Smart Grid. In SG, data about shoppers’
power utilization conduct is gathered consequently with the utili-
zation of the ICT. This helps increment the effectiveness, unwa-
vering quality and execution of the electric matrix. The European
Technology Platform is setting up a SG approach to conquer
numerous difficulties in flow power supply, as far as dependability,
flexibility, efficiency, load change, top force cut, permanency,
market organic market reaction support. Unwavering quality is
furnished by a SG with its highlights, for example, the capacity for
issue location and self-recuperating. In SG applications, bidirec-
tional vitality stream considers adaptable system topology with
conveyed age. The interest side administration highlight of the SG
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
guarantees productivity in vitality utilization (Yigit et al., 2014).
Business procedures of vitality makers, clients and transmission
organizations are performed by a specialist organization, which is
the third area of the SG calculated model. Tasks in the system, for
example, checking of system activity, organize control, deficiency
location and announcing are acknowledged with the fourth activ-
ities domain. Transportation of power from sources to dispersion
are accomplished by utilizing the transmission space. Specialist co-
ops streamline streams by the organization of the transmission
area and interface with clients by means of the circulation space
which accomplishes constant observing of power utilization. The
last SG space is the clients who let their vitality use be overseen.
Fig. 10 shows the conceptual layout of the smart grid with desired
requirements specific to the application with common foundations
(Mehmi et al., 2017).
Gigantic measures of information, for example, vitality control/
utilization and market information, is handled systematically by CC
with its dispersed information preparing focuses which gives an
adaptable burden adjusting innovation in the SG. Control frame-
works in a SG need the continuous reaction highlight of CC to give
fast response against a blackout. Be that as it may, Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI) additionally needs low deferral for
moving and showing control signals and valuing data for request
the executives in the framework condition (Ye et al., 2015). This
shows CC gives chance to screen, process and confirm coming in-
formation streams from numerous SG sources continuously
through its stockpiling and handling capacities. Utilizing CC, time
basic uses of a SG are proficiently acknowledged and not influenced
from evolving conditions. Fig. 11 shows the enhancement of smart
Fig. 10. Conceptual layout of smart grid irrespective of specific application.
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Fig. 11. Challenges in the smart grid with cloud computing.
grid layer by applying cloud computing challenges (Dileep, 2020).
Recuperation in crisis circumstance is the greatest worry of SG
utilities since CC disperses information to numerous servers in
various topographical zones. Thusly, enough dependability can’t be
given by CC to SG applications when information in a specific time
isn’t characterized. In the present circumstance, SG utilities know
the area of their information and access it in the long run when a
catastrophe recuperation occurs. In any case, in CC framework, CSPs
can outsource advantages, administrations and furthermore recu-
peration forms from different gatherings and this circumstance
causes an entangled issue when information isn’t hold by the pri-
mary CSP (Li et al., 2012). SG utilities that are feeling the squeeze
need to improve their practices to manage high outstanding
burden. Be that as it may, not very many of these utilities mindful of
security basic occasions regardless of the SG applications’ valida-
tion, exactness, accessibility and similarity prerequisites.
Evaluations show that open cloud offers a decent answer for SG
utilities which need less intricate and high institutionalized ad-
ministrations. A private cloud is additionally exceptionally effective
as far as security for SG applications, notwithstanding, it is pro-
hibitive for SG utilities because of its inward access confinement
include. Albeit an outside help cloud can play out the cloud activity
in a private cloud, it is hard to incorporate all SG utilities as for an
SLA (Xue and Yu, 2017). Half and half cloud are another method-
ology for SG utilities as talked about above. It gives advantages to
utilities in a SG by joining open and private mists. This CC
arrangement model is the best model for SG utilities because of its
countrywide versatility highlight by giving a predominant job to
CSPs. foundation can be offered as an assistance by CC to SG utili-
ties. CC stages can share or give foundation to SG utilities who pay
for their equipment utilization. Computational and capacity abili-
ties are given by this model the CC virtualization idea. IaaS can run
SG applications that need superior by dealing with outstanding
tasks at hand. Accordingly, utilizing this administration model can
be productive for SG utilities. IaaS execution can likewise be
expanded altogether if SG utilities re-appropriate CC, assets and the
framework from different gatherings. Right now, become just
answerable for its upkeep and fix, and debacle recuperation can be
taken care of right away (Kumar et al., 2016). Adaptability is addi-
tionally one of the upsides of this model is helpful for satisfying a
SG’s enormous need reaction prerequisites by effectively including
new information stockpiling gadgets as the interest increments.
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 12. Hybrid cloud features and processing done with the smart grid application.

Fig. 12 pinpoint the structure of cloud with utilities offered to the

smart grid application.

7. Performance evaluation of smart gris in the oil pipeline

sector

In order to analyze the performance of the smart grid in the oil

pipeline system, the sensor node in all the substations are
sequenced. From inlet, pumping, distribution, control valve station
and finally production substations, the pressure and flow rate data
are associated with the smart grid.
Due to the continuous acquisition and storage of the current
signal from each sensor and its node assignment, the data are
transmitted to the hybrid cloud with proper encryption and
authentication (Napoli et al., 2015). For data mining purpose, the
data are stored in the MySQL database for manual records. Through
the SCADA screen the proper flow oil product to the destination is
monitored and controlled till it undergoes any fluctuation in the
threshold regions.
Fig. 13 shows the flow chart for the perfect oil transportation
data processing and management in association with smart grid.
Initially it starts with the data and virtualization layer which
combining algorithm is executed to develop the data structure to
send to the cloud. Operating system of the cloud executes the file
management system to form the segregation of data falling on the
same category to speed up the procedure, where cloud computing
techniques are decided (Kumari et al., 2019). In the middleware
Fig. 13. Flow chart for smart grid layer-wise functioning decided during oil
sector, the runtime and complexity are determined and it is stored
transportation.
with proper IP addresses. When the stack gets fulfilled, automati-
cally the next stack is originated with new IP and its pocket seg-
mentation is decided based on the smart grid processing time and
speed (Luo et al., 2012). From the SG application layer, the entire loads connected to the MV level and two is a distribution plant, also
monitoring and fault isolation is done by executing determined directly connected to MV.
machine learning techniques to intimate the inspection engineer In the accompanying tests, a requirement on the outspread ac-
about the any false or risk occurrences during oil transportation in tivity of the matrix is thought of. One of the branches (between
the pipeline. hubs MV_017 and MV_005) is considered as regularly open and this
To test the proposed administrations, an example circulation speaks to a reference situation for the tests. To survey the Network
framework, made out of a 10 kV MV lattice and 195 V LV matrices, Topology Reconfiguration administration, in any case, the likeli-
has been imitated in recreation condition. To evaluate transmission hood to open/close any of the MV lines is thought of (continually
exhibitions of the proposed framework, correspondence tests have keeping the referenced limitation on outspread activity). State Es-
been done to gauge the time required by the various entertainers in timators and Network Topology Reconfiguration work both as
the framework to send and get information through the MQTT distributers and endorsers, while Building Concentrators act simi-
convention. As shown in Fig. 14, the used grid is composed of 17 larly as distributers. From here onwards in this segment, we will
buses on the MV side, of which one is the primary HV/MV sub- allude to every one of these entertainers as either distributers or
station, eleven are nodes connected to MV/LV substations supply- endorsers, contingent upon their present job. Tests have been acted
ing pumping substations loads, four are pressure relief substation in a Wide Area Network (WAN) condition. Along these lines,
11
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
Fig. 14. MV side of the case study evaluation test bed with 17 nodes.
distributers, supporters and message dealer are in various areas
and convey over the Internet. Tests have been performed sending
an information payload of about 2.1 Kbyte each 650 ms.
7.1. Pigging performance analysis using smart grid
In the oil pipelines, the pigging inspection gauges are put into
the pipeline and it received at subsequent substations. When the
pig launcher is received at another end, its data related to the
pipeline and oil product characterization is taken out for data
mining to infer the health status of the pipe. Due to the smart grid
emergence, the pig is interfaced with smart grid, once the pig is
launched, its power requirements and consumptions are retrieved
from the smart grid and it pass the information to the SCADA screen
simultaneously through wireless manner (Sivapragash et al., 2012).
Fig. 15 gives the processing step run on the smart grid archi-
tecture to complete the pigging process when it is launched into the
oil pipeline for cleaning and inspection operations. The top layer
performs request reaction assignments remembering for request
recovering constant savvy meter data, distinguishing variations
from the norm in a brief timeframe for diminishing inactivity to
give basic reaction (Stojmenovic and Wen, 2014). Advancing keen
meter information by utilizing semantic information, updating
request conjecture as indicated by most recent coming data and
giving focused on reaction when pinnacle load occurs by speaking
Fig. 15. Pigging technique flow sequence in combination with smart grid.
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with clients, and the second layer of the model incorporates ad-
vances that are utilized to understand these errands [66].
Depending on this set-up arrangement, the reproduction is per-
formed running in various machines the Concentrator level SE, the
LV level SE, the MV level SE and the Network Topology Reconfi-
guration. All the calculations are actualized in Matlab and everyone
is associated with a MQTT distributer/supporter that sudden spikes
in demand for Node.js. The MQTT distributer/endorser permits the
correspondence with the Flexmeter cloud, which is in an alternate
area as for all the different calculations, and empowers the gath-
ering/sending of the sources of info/yields of the calculations. At the
point when important (to be specific when an adjustment in the
organization geography is alarmed), the calculations additionally
access the planned Network Topology Web administration
(through REST) to alter likewise the considered matrix geographies
in the recreation As for the LV side, every MV/LV substation sub-
tends a LV framework made out of various feeders and an alternate
number of transports in every feeder.
Fig. 16 shows as an illustration the geography of the LV frame-
work downstream hub MV_004. The figure likewise shows (be-
tween bracket) the quantity of private clients associated with every
feeder transport, for stage a, b and c, separately. Each private client
is straightforwardly associated with the feeder transport through a
LV line, in this manner making such a star association leaving from
the feeder hub. The considered test network is consequently
E.B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel and X.-Z. Gao
Fig. 16. Reference profile obtained for the smart grid clod computing based monitoring with smart pig.
imitated down to the single-stage association of each private client
to the primary matrix. Fig. 17 shows the impact of information
obtaining hub separation length (l) on the most extreme handling
time. With the host, field meter with shrewd lattice and cloud
worker attributes staying steady, as ‘l’ expanded from 1000 di-
rections to 11,000 guidelines, the greatest preparing time likewise
expanded from 182 s to 693 s. The cloudlet fulfillment time is the
capacity of cloudlet length and limit of the host. As the quantity of
guidelines in a cloud examination is expanded, more information
will be moved to information supervisor in the distributed
computing stage and subsequently host will set aside more effort to
execute the information mining.
Specifically, 17 mesh topology network changes have been set
off shows the little distinction in the outcomes is halfway because
of the pervasive interest of the mechanical burdens, yet in addition
on account of the truly precise data accomplished at the observed
MV/LV substations joined with brilliant pigs, which permits
refining the force utilization assessment at the unmonitored hubs.
Through the reconfiguration of the organization this circumstance
can be evaded and when high age is available, this can be legiti-
mately connected to the mechanical burdens, which are the most
requesting loads in the recreated network, so as to have a superior
harmony among produced and requested force in a similar feeder.
8. Conclusions
Novel communication technologies have the potential to bring
immense improvements in the field of SG monitoring and control
systems. As greater observability of traditional distribution net-
works is expected in the near future, a large amount of measure-
ment data will require more efficient communication architectures.
This paper provides a brief overview of the existing research on
applications of Cloud-based communication systems in SG. Special
analysis of selected SG functions indicated two basic communica-
tion architectures for power monitoring of oil pipeline substations
with smart pigs with its simulation analysis in flexmeter platform.
The theoretical concept of the proposed SCADA and Cloud-based
Fig. 17. Cloud computing data processing time based on the separation distance be-
tween the nodes.
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communication architectures for SG monitoring is used as a basis
for the development of communication system models. In this
paper a smart metering architecture based on a cloud platform has
been presented to enable different services for the management
and the automation of future distribution grids. Further, flexibility
towards different requirements associated to different services, due
to the simultaneous presence of both publish/subscribe and
request/response mechanisms to access needed data given by the
use of standard interfaces for the communication with the cloud.
Shifting the processing function from the Cloud further to the edge
of SG to achieve more enhancement could be the one of the main
directions of the future research. The application of small, low cost
and power efficient online-based devices (Raspberry Pi, Arduino,
etc.) could be the best solution for IoT computing application layer.
In the future scope, the proposed schematic representation is
executed in the real-world oil and gas industry. Further, the
communication is enhanced with 5G technology by processing big
data with Hadoop platform with scheduling algorithm.
Acknowledgement
This research work is accompanied with the financial support
from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-HRDG EMR
group under Senior Research Fellowship.
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