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1. Consider the following: register the respective healthcare
1. Aerosols facility/institution in ABDM, it is essential for all
2. Foam agents the healthcare professionals serving the said
3. Fire retardants facility/institution to register in Healthcare
4. Lubricants Professionals Registry so that the institution
In the making of how many of the above are can become fully integrated with the National
hydrofluorocarbons used? Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE). It is possible
a. 1, 2 and 3 for a healthcare professional to be a part of
b. 1, 2 and 4 two facilities/hospitals, one of which may be a
c. 2, 3 and 4 part of NDHE and the other one may not be a
d. All part NDHE. In such a case, the healthcare
Answer: a professional will be required to use their
Explanation: Healthcare Professional ID (HPID) only in the
 HFCs are commonly used in aerosols as institution which is participating in the
propellants. ecosystem.
 HFCs can be used as blowing agents in the 3. With reference to the casual workers
production of foam materials. employed in India, consider the following
 HFCs may be used in fire retardant statements:
formulations to enhance fire safety. 1. All casual workers are entitled to
 However, HFCs are not typically used as employees Provident Fund Coverage
lubricants. 2. All casual workers are entitled to regular
working hours and overtime payment
2. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital 3. The government can by notification
Mission, consider the following statements: specify that an establishment or industry
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt shall pay wages only through its bank
it. account.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health Which of the above statements are correct?
coverage, every citizen of India should be a. 1 and 2 only
part of it ultimately. b. 2 and 3 only
3. It has seamless portability across the c. 1 and 3 only
country. d. 1, 2 and 3
Which of the statements given above is/are Answer: D
correct? Explanation:
a. 1 and 2 only  Casual workers (should) have all those rights
b. 3 only that are enjoyed by regular workers, since the
c. 1 and 3 only definition of employee includes casual labour
d. All as per Supreme Court guidelines. Employees in
Answer: b India are entitled for regular working hours and
Explanation: overtime payment according to Minimum
 Participation in ABDM is voluntary including for Wages Rules, 1950.
citizens. Participation of a healthcare facility or  All casual workers are entitled to Employee
an institution is also voluntary and shall be Provident Fund (EPF) coverage. Casual workers
taken by the respective management can be eligible for EPF coverage if they meet
(government or private management). certain criteria, such as working in an
However, once the management decides to

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 establishment covered under the EPF Act and
earning wages below a specified threshold.
 The government can specify that an
establishment or industry shall pay wages only
through its bank account is correct. The
government can mandate that wages be paid
through electronic means, such as bank
transfers, to ensure transparency and
compliance with labor laws.
4. Consider the following statements:
1. Carbon markets are likely to be one of
the most widespread tools in the fight
against climate change.
2. Carbon markets transfer resources from
the private sector to the State
Choose correct options
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both
d. None
Answer: C
Explanation:
 carbon markets are likely to be one of the most
widespread tools in the fight against climate
change. Carbon markets, also known as
emissions trading systems or cap-and-trade
systems, are mechanisms that put a price on
carbon emissions. They create economic
incentives for reducing emissions by allowing
entities to buy and sell carbon credits. This
helps to create a market-based approach to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and has
been adopted by many countries and regions
as a strategy to mitigate climate change.
 Carbon markets are a mechanism designed to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by putting a
price on carbon. They create a market for
buying and selling carbon credits, which
represent the right to emit a certain amount of
greenhouse gases. In carbon markets,
companies or entities that emit fewer
greenhouse gases than their allotted limit can
sell their excess credits to those who exceed
their limit. This allows for a more efficient
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allocation of emission reduction efforts. While
carbon markets involve financial transactions
and can transfer resources from the private
sector to the state. Instead, they facilitate the
exchange of emission allowances between
entities, which can include both private and
public entities.
5. Which of following are true
1. the International Organization for
Migration (IOM) launched its flagship
World Migration Report 2022.
2. The Philippines experienced the highest
absolute number of new disaster
displacements in 2020
3. Due to Covid 19, migration was lower in
the year of 2020
Code
a. 2 only
b. 1 and 3
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2
Answer: d
Explanation:
 In the International Organization for
Migration's (IOM) flagship World Migration
Report 2022, it was highlighted that the global
landscape of migration and displacement is
undergoing significant changes. One of the
most striking observations is the substantial
increase in the number of international
migrants, which has grown from 84 million in
1970 to a staggering 281 million in 2020. This
surge in international migration reflects the
evolving dynamics of our interconnected world.
 Conversely, the report also shed light on the
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global
travel. The number of air passengers
plummeted by a staggering 60 percent in 2020,
dropping from 4.5 billion in 2019 to 1.8 billion.
This sharp decline was a direct result of travel
restrictions and safety measures put in place to
combat the pandemic.
 Simultaneously, internal displacement due to
disasters, conflict, and violence witnessed a
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 worrying uptick. The year 2020 saw a rise to and Innovation (S3i) initiative focuses on all four of
40.5 million internally displaced persons, the mentioned infrastructure sectors:
compared to 31.5 million in the preceding year.  Affordable housing
Notably, Asia bore the brunt of this  Mass rapid transport
displacement, with the Philippines experiencing  Health care
the highest absolute number of new disaster-  Renewable energy
related displacements, amounting to  The S3i initiative aims to invest in projects and
approximately 5.1 million. China and India also initiatives that promote sustainable
reported significant figures, with five million development and address infrastructure
and nearly four million new displacements due challenges in various sectors, including these
to disasters, respectively. four.
 The underlying causes of this increase in
internal displacement are complex, and the 7. Consider the following statements:
report highlights that this trend persisted 1. Recently, all the countries of the United
despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 Nations have adopted the first-ever
pandemic. Most notably, climate-related compact for international migration, the
events emerged as a predominant driver of Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and
displacement. The rise in climate-related Regular Migration (GCM).
disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires, 2. The objectives and commitments stated
and droughts, has forcibly uprooted in the GCM are binding on the UN
communities and exacerbated the global member countries.
displacement crisis. These events underscore 3. The GCM addresses internal migration or
the urgent need for international cooperation internally displaced people also in its
and proactive measures to address the growing objectives and commitments.
impacts of climate change on vulnerable Which of the above statements are correct?
populations. a. 1 only
b. 2 only
6. Consider the following infrastructure sectors: c. 1 and 3 only
1. Affordable housing d. 3 only
2. Mass rapid transport Answer: d
3. Health care Explanation:
4. Renewable energy  The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and
On how many of the above does UNOPS Regular Migration is an intergovernmental
Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and agreement, prepared under the overall aegis of
Innovation (S3i) initiative focus for its the United Nations. It is the first inter-
investments? governmental agreement covering
a. 1 international migration in a holistic and
b. 2 comprehensive manner.
c. 3  So far only 163 countries have adopted the
d. All Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular
Answer: d Migration (GCM), the United States, Hungary,
Explanation: Israel, Czech Republic and Poland are some of
The United Nations Office for Project Services the countries that voted against the compact.
(UNOPS) Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure

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 The Global Compact for Migration is a non-
legally binding agreement. It is grounded in
values of state sovereignty, responsibility-
sharing and recognises that a cooperative
approach is needed to optimise the overall
benefits of migration.
 The global compact comprises 23 objectives for
better managing migration at local, national,
regional and global levels. Hence it is true that
the global compact in its objectives includes
the commitment to address internal as well as
international migration.
8. Consider the following statements in the
context interventions being undertaken under
Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy:
1. It provides prophylactic calcium
supplementation for pre-school children,
adolescents and pregnant women.
2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord
clamping at the time of child-birth.
3. It provides for periodic deworming to
children and adolescents.
4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of
anaemia in endemic pockets with special
focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies
and fluorosis.
Which of the above statements are correct
a. 1 and 2
b. 1, 2 and 3
c. 2, 3 and 4
d. All
Answer: c
Explanation:
 Prophylactic Iron Folic Acid supplementation
(not Prophylactic calcium) given to children,
adolescents, women of reproductive age and
pregnant women, irrespective of anemia is a
key continued intervention.
 Promotion and monitoring of delayed clamping
of the umbilical cord for at least 3 minutes (or
until cord pulsations cease) for newborns
across all health facilities will be carried out for
improving the infant’s iron reserves up to 6
months after birth. Simultaneously, all birth
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attendants should make an effort to ensure
early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour
of birth.
 The Anemia Mukt Bharat, also integrates
deworming of women of reproductive age and
for pregnant women as part of the NDD
strategy. Bi-annual mass deworming for
children in the age groups between 1-19 years
is carried out on designated dates – 10th
February and 10th August every year under
National Deworming Day (NDD) programme.
 The Anemia Mukt Bharat strategy attempts to
intensify awareness and integrate screening
and treatment for non-nutritional causes of
anemia with special focus on malaria,
haemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
9. Consider the following statements regarding
mercury pollution:
1. Gold mining activity is a source of
mercury pollution in the world.
2. Coal-based thermal power plants cause
mercury pollution.
3. There is no known safe level of exposure
to mercury.
Choose the correct option
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2
c. 3 only
d. All
Answer: d
Explanation:
 Gold mining activity is a source of mercury
pollution in the world. Mercury is often used in
small-scale gold mining operations to separate
gold from ore. This can result in the release of
mercury into the environment, which is a
significant source of mercury pollution.
 Coal-based thermal power plants cause
mercury pollution. Burning coal can release
mercury that is naturally present in coal into
the atmosphere. This mercury can then be
deposited into water bodies and soil, leading to
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 pollution. Coal-fired power plants are a notable
source of anthropogenic mercury emissions.
 There is no known safe level of exposure to
mercury. Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that
can have harmful effects on human health,
particularly on the nervous system. Even low
levels of exposure to mercury over time can
lead to health problems. Therefore, it is
generally considered that there is no safe level
of exposure to mercury, and efforts are made
to minimize exposure to this toxic substance.
10. Consider the following statements wrt
theories of regional imbalances
1. Gunnar Myrdal Theory predicts
convergence in regional incomes
2. neo-classical school believes in
divergence of regional per capita
incomes
3. Resource Curse Theory implies negative
correlation between resource abundance
and economic growth
Choose the correct options from below codes
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. All
Answer: c
Explanation:
 The Neo-Classical Theory of Convergence: The
neo-classical school is a believer in market
forces and flexible prices. Its perspective on
regional developmental disparities is drawn
from Solow‟s growth model. One implication
on Solow‟s growth model is that the countries
with different levels of per capita income over
time tend to converge to one level of per capita
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income. Although the convergence hypothesis
was originally about international disparities in
per capita income, the hypothesis is often
tested for disparities of inter-regional
development levels especially within large
countries like India, China etc. Lack of
unanimity of empirical support for the
convergence hypothesis lead to emergence of
several other theories.
 Gunnar Myrdal Theory: He argues that due to
industrialization and gain in productivity, rich
regions benefit more. He does not deny that
growth spreads to poor regions through access
to larger markets and trade opportunities.
However, he insists that gains are offset by
stronger backwash effects generated by
deteriorating terms of trade resulting from high
productivity gains in industrialization in rich
regions. Therefore, the theory predicts
divergence in regional incomes.
 Resource Curse Theory: According to this
theory, some of the faster growing economies
over recent decades are regions with little
natural resource endowments, whereas some
countries with enormous natural resource
endowments suffer from poor economic
performance. This phenomenon of the negative
correlation between resource abundance and
economic growth is called the resource curse. It
was formally presented by Auty in 1993. For
example: Japan relatively having less natural
resources compare to India developed faster.
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